Izinto ezidityanisiweyo ziyangena ekwakhiweni kwezixhobo zoshishino lwamandla ombane ngamanzi. Uphando malunga namandla ezinto kunye nezinye iindlela zokumisela lubonisa ezinye iindlela ezininzi zokusetyenziswa, ingakumbi kwiiyunithi ezincinci nezincinci.
Eli nqaku lihlolwe kwaye lahlelwa ngokuhambelana nophononongo olwenziwe ziingcali ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezinolwazi olufanelekileyo. Aba bahloli abangontanga bajonga imibhalo-ngqangi ngokuchaneka kobuchwephesha, ukuba luncedo, kunye nokubaluleka ngokubanzi kwishishini lombane wamanzi.
Ukwanda kwezinto ezintsha kunika amathuba anomdla kwishishini lombane wamanzi. Umthi — owawusetyenziswa kumavili amanzi okuqala kunye neepenstocks — wathatyathelwa indawo yinxalenye yezinto zentsimbi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1800. Intsimbi igcina amandla ayo ngenxa yomthwalo onzima kwaye imelana nokukhukuliseka kwe-cavitation kunye nokugqwala. Iimpawu zayo ziqondwa kakuhle kwaye iinkqubo zokwenza izinto ziphuhlisiwe kakuhle. Kwiiyunithi ezinkulu, intsimbi iya kuhlala iyeyona nto ikhethwayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokunyuka kweeturbines ezincinci (ezingaphantsi kwe-10 MW) ukuya kwiiturbines ezincinci (ezingaphantsi kwe-100 kW), ii-composites zingasetyenziselwa ukonga ubunzima kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa kunye nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu xa kujongwa isidingo esiqhubekayo sokukhula kobonelelo lombane. Umthamo we-hydro ofakiweyo kwihlabathi liphela, phantse i-800,000 MW ngokutsho kophando luka-2009 yiNorwegian Renewable Energy Partners, yi-10% kuphela yamandla anokwenzeka ngokwezoqoqosho kunye ne-6% yamandla asebenzayo ngokwezobugcisa. Amandla okuzisa amanzi amaninzi anokwenzeka ngokwezobugcisa kwinqanaba lezoqoqosho ayanda ngokwamandla eenxalenye ezidibeneyo ukubonelela ngoqoqosho oluphezulu.
Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo
Ukuze kwenziwe ipenstock ngendlela engabizi kakhulu kwaye enamandla aphezulu rhoqo, eyona ndlela ilungileyo kukujija i-filament. I-mandrel enkulu isongelwe ngee-tows zefayibha eziye zasetyenziswa kwi-resin bath. Ii-tows zisongelwe ngeepatheni ze-hoop kunye ne-helical ukuze zenze amandla oxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, ukugoba kunye nokuphathwa kwe-longitudinal. Icandelo leziphumo elingezantsi libonisa ixabiso kunye nobunzima ngenyawo nganye kwiisayizi ezimbini zepenstock, ngokusekelwe kwisicatshulwa esivela kubathengisi basekuhlaleni. Isicatshulwa sibonise ukuba ubukhulu boyilo buqhutywa ziimfuno zokufakelwa kunye nokuphathwa, endaweni yomthwalo woxinzelelo ophantsi, kwaye kuzo zombini yayiyi-2.28 cm.
Iindlela ezimbini zokwenza izinto ziqwalaselwe kwiigeyithi zewicket kunye ne-stay vanes; i-wet layup kunye ne-vacuum infusion. I-wet layup isebenzisa ilaphu elomileyo, elifakwa ngokugalela i-resin phezu kwelaphu kunye nokusebenzisa iirola ukutyhala i-resin kwilaphu. Le nkqubo ayicocekanga njenge-vacuum infusion kwaye ayisoloko ivelisa isakhiwo esiphucukileyo ngokwemilinganiselo ye-fiber-to-resin, kodwa ithatha ixesha elincinci kunenkqubo ye-vacuum infusion. I-vacuum infusion ibeka i-dry fiber kwindawo echanekileyo, kwaye i-dry stack emva koko ifakwa kwi-vacuum bag kwaye kuqhotyoshelwe izinto ezongezelelweyo ezikhokelela ekunikezelweni kwe-resin, etsalwa kwindawo xa i-vacuum isetyenziswa. I-vacuum inceda ukugcina ubungakanani be-resin kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo kwaye inciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo.
Ibhokisi yokuskrola iza kusebenzisa ukubekwa ngesandla kwiindawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwisikhunta samadoda ukuqinisekisa ukuba umphezulu wangaphakathi uthambile. Ezi nxalenye zimbini ziya kuhlanganiswa kunye nefayibha eyongeziweyo ngaphandle kwindawo yokubophelela ukuqinisekisa amandla aneleyo. Umthwalo woxinzelelo kwibhokisi yokuskrola awudingi i-composite enamandla aphezulu, ngoko ukubekwa okumanzi kwelaphu le-fiberglass eline-epoxy resin kuya kwanela. Ubukhulu bebhokisi yokuskrola busekelwe kwiparameter yoyilo efanayo nepenstock. Iyunithi ye-250-kW ngumatshini we-axial flow, ngoko akukho bhokisi yokuskrola.
I-turbine runner idibanisa i-geometry entsonkothileyo kunye neemfuno zomthwalo ophezulu. Umsebenzi wakutshanje ubonise ukuba izinto zokwakha ezinamandla aphezulu zinokwenziwa kwi-prepreg SMC eqoshiweyo enamandla nokuqina okugqwesileyo.5 Ingalo yokumiswa yeLamborghini Gallardo yayiyilwe kusetyenziswa iileya ezininzi ze-prepreg SMC eqoshiweyo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-forged composite, i-composite molded ukuvelisa ubukhulu obufunekayo. Le ndlela ifanayo ingasetyenziswa kwi-Francis kunye ne-propeller runners. I-Francis runner ayinakwenziwa njengeyunithi enye, njengoko ubunzima bokugqubana kwe-blade buya kuthintela inxalenye ukuba ikhutshwe kwi-mold. Ke ngoko, ii-runner blades, i-crown kunye ne-band zenziwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye emva koko zidityaniswe kunye kwaye ziqiniswe ngee-bolts ngaphandle kwe-crown kunye ne-band.
Nangona ityhubhu yokukhupha ilula kakhulu ukwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-filament winding, le nkqubo ayizange ithengiswe kusetyenziswa imicu yendalo. Ngoko ke, kukhethwe i-hand layup, njengoko le yindlela eqhelekileyo yokwenza, nangona iindleko zomsebenzi ziphezulu. Ukusebenzisa i-mold yesilisa efana ne-mandrel, i-layup ingagqitywa nge-mold ethe tye ize ijikwe imile ukuze iphiliswe, ithintele ukugoba kwelinye icala. Ubunzima beendawo ezidityanisiweyo buya kwahluka kancinci ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani be-resin kwinxalenye egqityiweyo. La manani asekelwe kubunzima be-fiber obuyi-50%.
Ubunzima obupheleleyo be-turbine yentsimbi kunye ne-composite 2-MW yi-9,888 kg kunye ne-7,016 kg, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ii-turbine zentsimbi kunye ne-composite ezingama-250-kW ziyi-3,734 kg kunye ne-1,927 kg, ngokwahlukeneyo. Iitotali zicinga ukuba ii-wicket gates ezingama-20 ze-turbine nganye kunye nobude be-penstock obulingana nentloko ye-turbine. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba i-penstock iya kuba nde kwaye ifuna izixhobo, kodwa eli nani linika uqikelelo olusisiseko lobunzima beyunithi kunye nezinto ezihambelanayo. Ijenereyitha, ii-bolts kunye ne-gate actuating hardware azifakwanga kwaye zithathwa njengezifanayo phakathi kweeyunithi ze-composite kunye nentsimbi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uyilo olutsha lwe-runner olufunekayo ukuze kujongwane noxinzelelo olubonwa kwi-FEA luya kongeza ubunzima kwiiyunithi ze-composite, kodwa ubungakanani buthathwa njengobuncinci, malunga ne-5 kg ukuqinisa amanqaku ngoxinzelelo oluxinzelelweyo.
Ngobunzima obunikiweyo, i-turbine edityanisiweyo ye-2-MW kunye ne-penstock yayo inokuphakanyiswa yi-V-22 Osprey ekhawulezayo, ngelixa umatshini wentsimbi ubuya kufuna i-helikopta ye-Chinook twin rotor ecothayo nengashukumiyo kakhulu. Kwakhona, i-turbine edityanisiweyo ye-2-MW kunye ne-penstock zinokutsalwa yi-F-250 4×4, ngelixa iyunithi yentsimbi ibiya kufuna ilori enkulu ebekuya kuba nzima ukuyiqhuba kwiindlela zasehlathini ukuba ukufakwa bekukude.
Izigqibo
Kuyenzeka ukwakha iiturbines ngezinto ezidityanisiweyo, kwaye kubonwe ukwehla kobunzima obuyi-50% ukuya kwi-70% xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zentsimbi eziqhelekileyo. Ubunzima obuncitshisiweyo bunokuvumela iiturbines ezidityanisiweyo ukuba zifakwe kwiindawo ezikude. Ukongeza, ukuhlanganiswa kwezi zakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo akudingi zixhobo zokuwelda. Ezi zixhobo zikwafuna iindawo ezimbalwa ukuba zibotshwe kunye, njengoko isiqwenga ngasinye singenziwa kwicandelo elinye okanye amabini. Kwimisebenzi emincinci yemveliso eboniswe kolu phononongo, ixabiso leemolds kunye nezinye izixhobo zokusebenzisa izixhobo zilawula ixabiso lezinto.
Ukuqhuba okuncinci okubonisiweyo apha kubonisa ukuba kuya kubiza malini ukuqala uphando olongezelelekileyo ngezi zinto. Olu phando lunokujongana nokukhukuliseka kwe-cavitation kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-UV kwezinto emva kokufakwa. Kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa i-elastomer okanye i-ceramic coating ukunciphisa i-cavitation okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-turbine isebenza kwiindlela zokuhamba kunye neentloko ezithintela i-cavitation ukuba ingenzeki. Kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuvavanya nokusombulula le micimbi kunye neminye ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiyunithi zinokufikelela ekuthembekeni okufanayo kwiiturbine zentsimbi, ingakumbi ukuba ziza kufakelwa kwiindawo apho ukugcinwa kuya kuba kungenzeki rhoqo.
Kwanakule misebenzi mincinci, ezinye izinto ezidityanisiweyo zinokuba nexabiso eliphantsi ngenxa yokuncipha komsebenzi ofunekayo ekwenzeni. Umzekelo, ityala le-scroll case yeyunithi ye-2-MW Francis lingabiza i-$80,000 ukuze lidityaniswe ngentsimbi xa kuthelekiswa ne-$25,000 yokwenza izinto ezidityanisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uyilo oluphumeleleyo lwezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo, iindleko zokubumba izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo zingaphezulu kwezixhobo zentsimbi ezifanayo. Isixhobo esidityanisiweyo se-2-MW singabiza malunga ne-$23,000 ukwenza ngentsimbi, xa kuthelekiswa ne-$27,000 esenziwe ngezinto ezidityanisiweyo. Iindleko zinokwahluka ngomatshini. Kwaye iindleko zezinto ezidityanisiweyo zingahla kakhulu xa imveliso iphezulu ukuba izinto ezidityanisiweyo zingaphinda zisetyenziswe.
Abaphandi sele bephande ngokwakhiwa kwee-turbine runners ngezinto ezidityanisiweyo.8 Nangona kunjalo, olu phononongo aluzange lujongane nokukhukuliseka kwe-cavitation kunye nokwenzeka kokwakhiwa. Inyathelo elilandelayo lee-composite turbines kukuyila nokwakha imodeli yesikali eya kuvumela ubungqina bokwenzeka kunye noqoqosho lokwenziwa. Le yunithi inokuvavanywa ukuze kuchongwe ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusetyenziswa, kunye neendlela zokuthintela ukukhukuliseka kwe-cavitation engaphezulu.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Februwari-15-2022
