Zipangizo zophatikizika zikupita patsogolo kwambiri pakupanga zida zamagetsi zamagetsi. Kafukufuku wokhudza mphamvu ya zinthu ndi zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito akuwonetsa kuti pali zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, makamaka pazida zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono.
Nkhaniyi yawunikidwa ndi kusinthidwa mogwirizana ndi ndemanga zomwe zachitidwa ndi akatswiri awiri kapena kuposerapo omwe ali ndi ukadaulo woyenera. Owunikira anzawo awa amafufuza zolemba pamanja kuti aone ngati zili zolondola, zothandiza, komanso kufunika kwake m'makampani opanga magetsi.
Kukwera kwa zipangizo zatsopano kumapereka mwayi wosangalatsa kwa makampani opanga magetsi amadzi. Matabwa — omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawilo oyambira amadzi ndi ma penstock — adalowedwa m'malo ndi zigawo zachitsulo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Chitsulo chimasunga mphamvu zake chifukwa cha kutopa kwambiri ndipo chimalimbana ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi dzimbiri. Makhalidwe ake amamveka bwino ndipo njira zopangira zigawo zake zimapangidwa bwino. Kwa mayunitsi akuluakulu, chitsulo chidzakhalabe chinthu chosankhidwa.
Komabe, poganizira kukwera kwa ma turbine ang'onoang'ono (osakwana 10 MW) kupita ku ma turbine ang'onoang'ono (osakwana 100 kW), ma composites angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchepetsa kulemera ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopangira komanso kuwononga chilengedwe. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri poganizira kufunika kopitilira kwa magetsi. Mphamvu yamagetsi yoyikidwa padziko lonse lapansi, pafupifupi 800,000 MW malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2009 wa Norwegian Renewable Energy Partners, ndi 10% yokha ya mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ingatheke komanso 6% ya mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ingatheke. Kuthekera kobweretsa mphamvu yamagetsi yochulukirapo yomwe ingatheke m'dziko lamagetsi yomwe ingatheke kumawonjezeka ndi kuthekera kwa zigawo zophatikizana kupereka ndalama zambiri.
Kupanga zinthu zosakaniza
Kuti apange penstock mwanzeru komanso ndi mphamvu zambiri nthawi zonse, njira yabwino kwambiri ndi kukulunga ulusi. Mandrel yayikulu imakulungidwa ndi zokokera za ulusi zomwe zadutsa mu bafa ya resin. Zokokerazo zimakulungidwa mu hoop ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kuti apange mphamvu ya kupanikizika kwamkati, kupindika kwakutali ndi kugwira ntchito. Gawo la zotsatira pansipa likuwonetsa mtengo ndi kulemera pa phazi lililonse la kukula kwa penstock ziwirizi, kutengera mtengo wochokera kwa ogulitsa am'deralo. Mtengowo unawonetsa kuti makulidwe a kapangidwe kake adayendetsedwa ndi zofunikira pakukhazikitsa ndi kugwira ntchito, osati kupsinjika kochepa, ndipo kwa onse awiri anali 2.28 cm.
Njira ziwiri zopangira ma wicket gates ndi ma stay vanes zinaganiziridwa; wet layup ndi vacuum infusion. Wet layup imagwiritsa ntchito nsalu youma, yomwe imalowetsedwa mwa kutsanulira utomoni pa nsalu ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma rollers kukankhira utomoni mu nsalu. Njirayi si yoyera ngati vacuum infusion ndipo nthawi zonse siimapanga kapangidwe koyenera kwambiri pankhani ya fiber-to-resin ratio, koma imatenga nthawi yochepa kuposa njira ya vacuum infusion. Vacuum infusion imasunga utomoni wouma m'njira yoyenera, ndipo chowuma chimayikidwa m'thumba la vacuum ndipo zowonjezera zimamangiriridwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti utomoni uperekedwe, womwe umakokedwa mu gawolo pamene vacuum ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Vacuum imathandiza kusunga kuchuluka kwa utomoni pamlingo woyenera ndikuchepetsa kutulutsa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zosasunthika.
Chikwama chokokera chidzagwiritsa ntchito kuyika manja m'magawo awiri osiyana pa nkhungu yachimuna kuti chitsimikizire kuti mkati mwake muli bwino. Magawo awiriwa adzalumikizidwa pamodzi ndi ulusi wowonjezeredwa kunja pamalo olumikizirana kuti zitsimikizire kuti mphamvu yokwanira. Kupanikizika mu chikwama chokokera sikufuna chophatikiza champhamvu kwambiri, kotero kuyika konyowa kwa nsalu ya fiberglass yokhala ndi epoxy resin kudzakhala kokwanira. Kukhuthala kwa chikwama chokokera kumachokera pa kapangidwe komweko monga penstock. Chigawo cha 250-kW ndi makina oyenda a axial, kotero palibe chikwama chokokera.
Choyendetsa turbine chimaphatikiza mawonekedwe ovuta komanso zofunikira kwambiri. Ntchito yaposachedwa yawonetsa kuti zigawo za kapangidwe kamphamvu kwambiri zitha kupangidwa kuchokera ku SMC yodulidwa yokonzedwa bwino yokhala ndi mphamvu komanso kulimba kwabwino.5 Mkono woyimitsidwa wa Lamborghini Gallardo unapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zingapo za SMC yodulidwa yodziwika kuti forged composite, compression molded kuti ipange makulidwe ofunikira. Njira yomweyo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa Francis ndi propeller runners. Choyendetsa Francis sichingapangidwe ngati gawo limodzi, chifukwa kusinthasintha kwa tsamba kungalepheretse gawolo kuti lisatulutsidwe mu nkhungu. Chifukwa chake, masamba othamanga, korona ndi bande zimapangidwa padera kenako nkumangiriridwa pamodzi ndikulimbitsidwa ndi mabolts kudzera kunja kwa korona ndi bande.
Ngakhale kuti chubu chodulira chimapangidwa mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito filament winding, njirayi sinagulitsidwe pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, kuyika kwa manja kunasankhidwa, chifukwa iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yopangira, ngakhale kuti ntchito zimawononga ndalama zambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito nkhungu yamphongo yofanana ndi mandrel, kuyika kwa nkhungu kumatha kumalizidwa ndi nkhungu yopingasa kenako nkusinthidwa kuti iume, kupewa kugwedezeka mbali imodzi. Kulemera kwa zigawo zophatikizika kumasiyana pang'ono kutengera kuchuluka kwa utomoni m'gawo lomalizidwa. Manambalawa amachokera pa kulemera kwa ulusi wa 50%.
Kulemera konse kwa turbine yachitsulo ndi composite 2-MW ndi 9,888 kg ndi 7,016 kg, motsatana. Ma turbine achitsulo ndi composite 250-kW ndi 3,734 kg ndi 1,927 kg, motsatana. Kulemera konsekonse kumaganiza kuti zipata 20 za wicket za turbine iliyonse ndi kutalika kwa penstock kofanana ndi mutu wa turbine. N'zotheka kuti penstock ingakhale yayitali ndipo imafuna zolumikizira, koma nambala iyi imapereka kuyerekezera koyambira kwa kulemera kwa unit ndi zolumikizira zogwirizana nazo. Jenereta, mabolts ndi gate actuating hardware sizikuphatikizidwa ndipo zikuganiziridwa kuti ndizofanana pakati pa unit ya composite ndi chitsulo. Ndikofunikiranso kudziwa kuti kusintha kwa runner komwe kumafunika kuti kuwerengere kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika komwe kumawoneka mu FEA kungawonjezere kulemera kwa unit ya composite, koma kuchulukako kumaganiziridwa kuti ndi kochepa, pa dongosolo la 5 kg kuti kulimbikitse mfundo ndi kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika.
Ndi zolemera zomwe zaperekedwa, turbine ya 2-MW composite ndi penstock yake zitha kunyamulidwa ndi V-22 Osprey yothamanga, pomwe makina achitsulo amafunikira helikopita ya Chinook twin rotor yocheperako komanso yosasinthasintha. Komanso, turbine ya 2-MW composite ndi penstock zitha kukokedwa ndi F-250 4×4, pomwe chipangizo chachitsulo chimafuna galimoto yayikulu yomwe ingakhale yovuta kuyiyendetsa m'misewu ya m'nkhalango ngati kukhazikitsako kuli kutali.
Mapeto
Ndizotheka kupanga ma turbine kuchokera ku zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kuchepa kwa kulemera kwa 50% mpaka 70% kunawonedwa poyerekeza ndi zinthu zachitsulo wamba. Kulemera kochepa kungathandize kuti ma turbine opangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana aikidwe m'malo akutali. Kuphatikiza apo, kusonkhanitsa nyumba zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyanazi sikufuna zida zowotcherera. Zigawozi zimafunikanso zigawo zochepa kuti zilumikizidwe pamodzi, chifukwa chidutswa chilichonse chingapangidwe m'gawo limodzi kapena awiri. Pa ntchito zazing'ono zopangira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu kafukufukuyu, mtengo wa nkhungu ndi zida zina ndi zomwe zimalamulira mtengo wa zigawozo.
Kuyenda pang'ono komwe kwasonyezedwa pano kukuwonetsa ndalama zomwe zingawononge kuyamba kafukufuku wowonjezera pa zipangizozi. Kafukufukuyu akhoza kuthana ndi kuwonongeka kwa cavitation ndi chitetezo cha UV cha zigawozo mutakhazikitsa. Zingatheke kugwiritsa ntchito elastomer kapena ceramic coating kuti muchepetse cavitation kapena kuonetsetsa kuti turbine ikuyenda mu kayendedwe ka madzi ndi mutu zomwe zimaletsa cavitation kuchitika. Kudzakhala kofunikira kuyesa ndikuthetsa mavuto awa ndi ena kuti zitsimikizire kuti mayunitsiwo akhoza kukhala odalirika mofanana ndi ma turbine achitsulo, makamaka ngati ayikidwa m'malo omwe kukonza sikudzakhala kofala.
Ngakhale pa ntchito zazing'onozi, zinthu zina zopangidwa ndi chitsulo zingakhale zotsika mtengo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ntchito yofunikira popanga. Mwachitsanzo, chikwama cha 2-MW Francis chingakhale chodula $80,000 kuti chilumikizidwe kuchokera ku chitsulo poyerekeza ndi $25,000 popanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo. Komabe, poganizira kuti mapangidwe a turbine opangidwa bwino, mtengo wopangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi woposa zinthu zofanana ndi chitsulo. Chogwirira cha 2-MW chingagule pafupifupi $23,000 popanga kuchokera ku chitsulo, poyerekeza ndi $27,000 kuchokera ku zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo. Mitengo ingasiyane malinga ndi makina. Ndipo mtengo wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo ungatsike kwambiri pa ntchito zambiri zopangira ngati nkhungu zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito.
Ofufuza afufuza kale za kapangidwe ka ma turbine othamanga kuchokera ku zinthu zopangidwa ndi ...
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-15-2022
