Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ziyathuthuka ekwakhiweni kwemishini yemboni yamandla kagesi. Uphenyo ngamandla ezinto kanye nezinye izindlela zokuhlola luveza ukusetshenziswa okuningi, ikakhulukazi kumayunithi amancane namakhulu.
Lesi sihloko sihlolwe futhi sahlelwa ngokuhambisana nokubuyekezwa okwenziwe ochwepheshe ababili noma ngaphezulu abanolwazi olufanele. Laba babuyekezi abangontanga bahlulela imibhalo ngokunemba kobuchwepheshe, ukuba usizo, kanye nokubaluleka okuphelele embonini kagesi wamanzi.
Ukwanda kwezinto ezintsha kunikeza amathuba ajabulisayo embonini kagesi wamanzi. Izinkuni — ezazisetshenziswa kuma-waterwheels okuqala kanye ne-penstocks — zathathelwa indawo yizingxenye zensimbi ekuqaleni kwawo-1800. Insimbi igcina amandla ayo ngokulayisha okukhathala okukhulu futhi imelana nokuguguleka kwe-cavitation kanye nokugqwala. Izakhiwo zayo ziyaqondakala kahle futhi izinqubo zokwenziwa kwezingxenye zithuthukiswe kahle. Kumayunithi amakhulu, insimbi cishe izohlala iyizinto ezikhethwayo.
Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa ukwanda kwama-turbine amancane (ngaphansi kuka-10 MW) kuya kuma-turbine amancane (ngaphansi kuka-100 kW), ama-composite angasetshenziswa ukonga isisindo nokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nomthelela emvelweni. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma kubhekwa isidingo esiqhubekayo sokukhula kokuhlinzekwa kukagesi. Umthamo wamanzi omhlaba ofakiwe, cishe u-800,000 MW ngokusho kocwaningo lwango-2009 yiNorwegian Renewable Energy Partners, u-10% kuphela wamandla kagesi asebenzayo ngokomnotho kanye no-6% wamandla kagesi asebenzayo ngokobuchwepheshe. Amandla okuletha amanzi amaningi asebenzayo ngokobuchwepheshe endaweni yamandla asebenzayo ngokomnotho ayanda ngekhono lezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe lokuhlinzeka ngomnotho wesilinganiso.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe
Ukuze kwenziwe i-penstock ngokwezomnotho nangokuqinile okuqhubekayo, indlela engcono kakhulu ukugoqa i-filament. I-mandrel enkulu isongwa ngezimbobo zefayibha eziye zadlula ebhavini le-resin. Izimbobo zisongwa ngamaphethini e-hoop kanye ne-helical ukuze kudalwe amandla okucindezela kwangaphakathi, ukugoba nokuphatha okude. Isigaba semiphumela esingezansi sibonisa izindleko nesisindo ngonyawo ngalunye losayizi ababili be-penstock, ngokusekelwe esicashunweni esivela kubaphakeli bendawo. Isicashunwe sibonise ukuthi ubukhulu bomklamo buqhutshwa yizidingo zokufaka nokuphatha, kunomthwalo wokucindezela ophansi, futhi kokubili kwakungu-2.28 cm.
Izindlela ezimbili zokukhiqiza zacatshangelwa ama-wicket gates nama-stay vanes; i-wet layup kanye ne-vacuum infusion. I-Wet layup isebenzisa indwangu eyomile, efakwa ngokuthulula i-resin phezu kwendwangu bese kusetshenziswa ama-roller ukuze kucindezelwe i-resin endwangu. Le nqubo ayihlanzekile njengokufakwa kwe-vacuum futhi ayikhiqizi njalo isakhiwo esilungiselelwe kahle ngokwesilinganiso se-fiber-to-resin, kodwa ithatha isikhathi esincane kunenqubo yokufaka i-vacuum. I-vacuum infusion ibeka i-dry fiber ngendlela efanele, bese i-dry stack ifakwa emasakeni e-vacuum bese kufakwa izinto ezengeziwe eziholela ekuhlinzekweni kwe-resin, okudonswa engxenyeni lapho kufakwa i-vacuum. I-vacuum isiza ukugcina inani le-resin lisezingeni elifanele futhi inciphise ukukhishwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo.
Ibhokisi lokuskrola lizosebenzisa ukulayishwa ngesandla ngezingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene ku-mold yesilisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo yangaphakathi ibushelelezi. Lezi zingxenye ezimbili zizohlanganiswa ndawonye nge-fiber engezwe ngaphandle endaweni yokubopha ukuqinisekisa amandla anele. Umthwalo wokucindezela ebhokisini lokuskrola awudingi inhlanganisela enamandla aphezulu, ngakho-ke ukulayishwa okumanzi kwendwangu ye-fiberglass ene-epoxy resin kuzokwanela. Ubukhulu bebhokisi lokuskrola busekelwe kupharamitha efanayo yokuklama njenge-penstock. Iyunithi engu-250-kW ingumshini wokugeleza kwe-axial, ngakho-ke ayikho ibhokisi lokuskrola.
Umgijimi we-turbine uhlanganisa i-geometry eyinkimbinkimbi nezidingo zomthwalo ophezulu. Umsebenzi wakamuva ubonise ukuthi izingxenye zesakhiwo ezinamandla aphezulu zingakhiqizwa kusuka ku-SMC eqoshiwe enesiqiniseko esinamandla nokuqina okuhle kakhulu.5 Ingalo yokumiswa ye-Lamborghini Gallardo yaklanywa kusetshenziswa izendlalelo eziningi ze-SMC eqoshiwe eyaziwa ngokuthi i-composite eyenziwe, ukucindezela okubunjiwe ukuze kukhiqizwe ukujiya okudingekayo. Indlela efanayo ingasetshenziswa kuma-Francis nama-propeller runners. Umgijimi we-Francis akanakwenziwa njengeyunithi eyodwa, njengoba ubunzima bokugqagqana kwe-blade buzovimbela ingxenye ukuthi ikhishwe ku-mold. Ngakho-ke, ama-runner blades, umqhele kanye ne-band kukhiqizwa ngokwehlukana bese kuhlanganiswa ndawonye futhi kuqiniswe ngama-bolts ngaphandle komqhele kanye ne-band.
Nakuba ithubhu lokudonsa likhiqizwa kalula kusetshenziswa i-filament winding, le nqubo ayizange ithengiswe kusetshenziswa imicu yemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kwakhethwa i-layup ngesandla, njengoba lena kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokukhiqiza, naphezu kwezindleko eziphezulu zomsebenzi. Kusetshenziswa isikhunta sesilisa esifana ne-mandrel, i-layup ingaqedwa ngesikhunta esivundlile bese siphendulwa siqonde phezulu ukuze siqine, kuvinjelwe ukugoba ohlangothini olulodwa. Isisindo sezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe sizohluka kancane kuye ngokuthi inani le-resin engxenyeni eqediwe lingakanani. Lezi zinombolo zisekelwe esisindweni se-fiber esingu-50%.
Isisindo esiphelele se-turbine yensimbi kanye ne-composite engu-2-MW singama-9,888 kg kanye nama-7,016 kg, ngokulandelana. Ama-turbine ensimbi kanye ne-composite angu-250-kW angama-3,734 kg kanye nama-1,927 kg, ngokulandelana. Isamba sicabanga ukuthi amasango e-wicket angu-20 e-turbine ngayinye kanye nobude be-penstock obulingana nekhanda le-turbine. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-penstock ingaba yinde futhi idinga ukufakwa, kodwa leli nani linikeza isilinganiso esiyisisekelo sesisindo seyunithi kanye nezinto ezihambisanayo. Ijeneretha, ama-bolts kanye nehadiwe yokuqalisa isango akufakiwe futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi kufana phakathi kwamayunithi e-composite kanye nensimbi. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuklama kabusha kwe-runner okudingekayo ukuze kubhekwe amazinga okucindezeleka okubonwe ku-FEA kuzokwengeza isisindo kumayunithi e-composite, kodwa inani licatshangwa ukuthi lincane, ku-oda lama-5 kg ukuqinisa amaphuzu ngokugxila kokucindezeleka.
Ngezisindo ezinikeziwe, i-turbine ehlanganisiwe engu-2-MW kanye ne-penstock yayo kungaphakanyiswa yi-V-22 Osprey esheshayo, kanti umshini wensimbi ungadinga i-helicopter ye-Chinook twin rotor ehamba kancane, engalawuleki kalula. Futhi, i-turbine ehlanganisiwe engu-2-MW kanye ne-penstock kungadonswa yi-F-250 4×4, kanti iyunithi yensimbi ingadinga iloli elikhulu okungaba nzima ukulisebenzisa emigwaqweni yasehlathini uma ukufakwa bekukude.
Iziphetho
Kungenzeka ukwakha ama-turbine ngezinto ezihlanganisiwe, futhi kwabonakala ukwehla kwesisindo okungu-50% kuya ku-70% uma kuqhathaniswa nezingxenye zensimbi ezivamile. Isisindo esincishisiwe singavumela ama-turbine ahlanganisiwe ukuthi afakwe ezindaweni ezikude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe akudingi imishini yokushisela. Izingxenye nazo zidinga izingxenye ezimbalwa ukuze ziboshwe ndawonye, njengoba ucezu ngalunye lungenziwa engxenyeni eyodwa noma ezimbili. Emisebenzini emincane yokukhiqiza efaniswe kulolu cwaningo, izindleko zezikhunta kanye nezinye izinto zokusebenzisa amathuluzi zibusa izindleko zezingxenye.
Ukugijima okuncane okuboniswe lapha kubonisa ukuthi kuzobiza malini ukuqala ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngalezi zinto. Lolu cwaningo lungabhekana nokuguguleka kwe-cavitation kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-UV kwezingxenye ngemuva kokufakwa. Kungenzeka ukusebenzisa i-elastomer noma i-ceramic coating ukunciphisa i-cavitation noma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-turbine isebenza ezindleleni zokugeleza kanye nekhanda ezivimbela i-cavitation ukuthi ingenzeki. Kuzobaluleka ukuhlola nokuxazulula lezi zinkinga kanye nezinye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amayunithi angafinyelela ukuthembeka okufanayo nama-turbine ensimbi, ikakhulukazi uma kufanele afakwe ezindaweni lapho ukulungiswa kuzokwenzeka khona njalo.
Ngisho nakulezi zindlela ezincane zokukhiqiza, ezinye izingxenye ezihlanganisiwe zingaba nenzuzo ngenxa yokuncipha komsebenzi odingekayo ekukhiqizeni. Isibonelo, isikhwama sokuskrola seyunithi engu-2-MW Francis singabiza u-$80,000 ukuze sihlanganiswe ngensimbi uma kuqhathaniswa no-$25,000 wokukhiqiza okuhlanganisiwe. Kodwa-ke, uma sicabangela ukuklama okuphumelelayo kwezigijimi ze-turbine, izindleko zokubumba izigijimi ezihlanganisiwe zingaphezu kwezingxenye zensimbi ezilinganayo. Isigijimi esingu-2-MW singabiza cishe u-$23,000 ukukhiqiza ngensimbi, uma kuqhathaniswa no-$27,000 wokukhiqiza okuhlanganisiwe. Izindleko zingahluka ngomshini. Futhi izindleko zezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe zizokwehla kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okuphezulu uma izikhunta zingaphinde zisetshenziswe.
Abacwaningi sebevele baphenye ukwakhiwa kwezigijimi ze-turbine ngezinto ezihlanganisiwe.8 Kodwa-ke, lolu cwaningo aluzange lubhekane nokuguguleka kwe-cavitation kanye nokungenzeka kokwakhiwa. Isinyathelo esilandelayo sama-composite turbines ukuklama nokwakha imodeli yesikali ezovumela ubufakazi bokuthi kungenzeka yini kanye nomnotho wokukhiqiza. Le yunithi ingabe isivivinywa ukuze kutholakale ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza kwayo, kanye nezindlela zokuvimbela ukuguguleka kwe-cavitation ngokweqile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-15-2022
