Kei te whai hua ngā rauemi hiato i roto i te hanganga o ngā taputapu mō te umanga hiko wai. Mā te rangahau i te kaha o ngā rauemi me ētahi atu paearu ka kitea he maha atu ngā tono, inā koa mō ngā waeine iti me ngā waeine moroiti.
Kua arotakehia, kua whakatikahia hoki tēnei tuhinga i runga anō i ngā arotakenga a ētahi tohunga e rua, neke atu rānei, he tohungatanga e tika ana. Ka aromatawaihia e ēnei kaiarotake ā-hoa ngā tuhinga mō te tika hangarau, te whai huatanga, me te hiranga whānui i roto i te umanga hiko wai.
Ko te aranga ake o ngā rauemi hou he whai wāhitanga whakahihiri mō te umanga hiko wai. Ko te rakau — i whakamahia i roto i ngā wira wai me ngā pene taketake — i whakakapia i ētahi wāhanga e ngā wāhanga maitai i te tīmatanga o te rautau 1800. Ka mau tonu te kaha o te maitai ahakoa te taumaha ngenge nui, ā, ka ātete ki te pirau me te pirau o te cavitation. E mārama ana ōna āhuatanga, ā, kua tino whanakehia ngā tukanga mō te hanga wāhanga. Mō ngā waeine nui, ko te maitai pea te rauemi whiriwhiri.
Heoi, i te mea kua piki ake te rahi o ngā tāwhana iti (i raro i te 10 MW) ki ngā tāwhana moroiti (i raro i te 100 kW), ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tāwhana hiato hei whakaiti i te taumaha me te whakaiti i te utu hanga me te pānga ki te taiao. He mea nui rawa atu tēnei i te mea kei te hiahia tonu te tipu o te tuku hiko. Ko te kaha o te wai o te ao kua tāutahia, tata ki te 800,000 MW e ai ki tētahi rangahau i te tau 2009 nā Norwegian Renewable Energy Partners, he 10% noa iho o te kaha ā-ōhanga me te 6% o te kaha ā-pūngao hangarau. Ka piki ake te kaha ki te kawe mai i te nui ake o te kaha ā-pūngao hangarau ki te ao o te kaha ā-ōhanga me te kaha o ngā wāhanga hiato ki te whakarato i te ōhanga tauine.
Te hanga wāhanga hiato
Hei hanga i te pene rakau i roto i te āhua ōhanga me te kaha pumau, ko te tikanga pai ko te takai miro. Ka takaihia he mandrel nui ki ngā tō muka kua rere i roto i te kaukau kapia. Ka takaihia ngā tō ki ngā tauira porowhita me ngā tauira porowhita hei hanga kaha mō te pēhanga ā-roto, te piko roa me te whakahaere. Kei te wāhanga hua i raro nei te utu me te taumaha mō ia putu mō ngā rahi pene rakau e rua, i runga i te whakatau tata mai i ngā kaiwhakarato ā-rohe. I whakaatuhia e te whakatau tata ko te matotoru o te hoahoa i peia e ngā whakaritenga tāutanga me te whakahaere, kaua ki te kawenga pēhanga iti, ā, mō ngā mea e rua he 2.28 cm.
E rua ngā tikanga hanga i whakaarohia mō ngā kuaha wicket me ngā vane stay; te whakatakoto mākū me te whakakī korehau. Ka whakamahia e te whakatakoto mākū te papanga maroke, ka whakakīia mā te ringihia o te kapia ki runga i te papanga me te whakamahi i ngā roera hei pana i te kapia ki roto i te papanga. Kāore tēnei tukanga i te ma rite ki te whakakī korehau, ā, kāore i te whakaputa i te hanganga tino pai rawa atu i runga i te ōwehenga muka-ki-te-kapia, engari he iti ake te wā e pau ana i te tukanga whakakī korehau. Ka whakatakotoria e te whakakī korehau ngā muka maroke ki ngā whakatakotoranga tika, ā, ka tāpirihia te puranga maroke ki roto i te pēke korehau, ā, ka tāpirihia he taputapu tāpiri hei arahi ki te tuku kapia, ka kumea ki roto i te wāhanga ina whakamahia te korehau. Ka āwhina te korehau ki te pupuri i te nui o te kapia ki te taumata tino pai, ā, ka whakaiti i te tukunga o ngā mea ora pūngoi.
Ka whakamahia e te pouaka panuku he whakatakotoranga ā-ringa ki ngā haurua e rua i runga i te pokepokea ai kia maeneene ai te mata o roto. Kātahi ka honoa ēnei haurua e rua ki te muka ka tāpirihia ki waho i te pūwāhi hononga kia tino kaha ai. Kāore e hiahiatia he hiato matatau kaha-teitei mō te kawenga pēhanga i roto i te pouaka panuku, nō reira ka rawaka he whakatakotoranga mākū o te papanga muka karāhe me te kapia epoxy. Ko te matotoru o te pouaka panuku i ahu mai i te tawhā hoahoa kotahi me te pene rakau. He mīhini rere axial te waeine 250-kW, nō reira kāore he pouaka panuku.
Ka whakakotahi te oma tāpine i tētahi āhua matatini me ngā whakaritenga kawenga teitei. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā mahi tata nei ka taea te hanga i ngā wāhanga hanganga kaha-teitei mai i tētahi SMC prepreg tapatapahi me te kaha me te pakari tino pai.5 I hangaia te ringa whakatārewatanga o te Lamborghini Gallardo mā te whakamahi i ngā paparanga maha o tētahi SMC prepreg tapatapahi e mōhiotia ana ko te hiato hanga, he mea pokepoke pēhanga hei whakaputa i te matotoru e hiahiatia ana. Ka taea te whakamahi i te tikanga kotahi ki ngā oma Francis me ngā oma poroporo. Kāore e taea te hanga i te oma Francis hei wae kotahi, nā te mea ka ārai te uaua o te taupatupatu o te mata i te tango i te wāhanga mai i te pokepoke. Nō reira, ka hangaia motuhake ngā mata o te oma, te karauna me te whitiki, kātahi ka honoa ngātahi, ka whakapakarihia ki ngā pūtu mā te taha o waho o te karauna me te whitiki.
Ahakoa he māmā ake te hanga i te ngongo tauira mā te whakamahi i te takai miro, kāore anō kia hokohokohia tēnei tukanga mā te whakamahi i ngā muka tūturu. Nō reira, i whiriwhiria te whakatakoto ā-ringa, nā te mea koinei te tikanga hanga paerewa, ahakoa te nui ake o ngā utu mahi. Mā te whakamahi i tētahi pokepokea tāne e rite ana ki te mandrel, ka taea te whakaoti i te whakatakoto me te pokepokea whakapae, kātahi ka hurihia poutū kia māro, kia kore ai e piko tetahi taha. Ka rerekē te taumaha o ngā wāhanga hiato i runga i te nui o te kapia i roto i te wāhanga kua oti. Ko ēnei tau e ahu mai ana i te 50% o te taumaha muka.
Ko te taumaha katoa mō te tāpine maitai me te tāpine hiato 2-MW he 9,888 kg me te 7,016 kg, ia. Ko ngā tāpine maitai me te tāpine hiato 250-kW he 3,734 kg me te 1,927 kg, ia. E whakaarohia ana e ngā tapeke he 20 ngā kuaha wicket mō ia tāpine me te roa o te pene rakau e rite ana ki te pane o te tāpine. He pea ka roa ake te pene rakau, ā, me whai hononga, engari mā tēnei tau ka homai he whakatau tata mō te taumaha o te waeine me ngā taputapu e pā ana. Kāore i roto i te whakaurua te whakaputa hiko, ngā pūtu me ngā taputapu whakaoho kuaha, ā, e whakaarohia ana he rite tonu i waenga i ngā waeine hiato me ngā waeine maitai. He mea nui hoki kia mōhio ko te hoahoa anō o te oma e hiahiatia ana hei whakaaro i ngā kukū ahotea i kitea i roto i te FEA ka tāpirihia he taumaha ki ngā waeine hiato, engari e whakaarohia ana he iti noa te nui, tata ki te 5 kg hei whakapakari i ngā pūwāhi me te kukū ahotea.
Me ngā taumaha kua hoatu, ka taea te hiki i te tāpine hiato 2-MW me tana pene rakau e te V-22 Osprey tere, engari ko te mīhini maitai me whakamahi i tētahi hērakapa rotor rua Chinook puhoi ake, kāore e taea te nekeneke. Waihoki, ka taea te tō i te tāpine hiato 2-MW me te pene rakau e tētahi F-250 4×4, engari ko te waeine maitai me whakamahi i tētahi taraka nui ake ka uaua ki te nekeneke i runga i ngā rori ngahere mena he tawhiti te tāutanga.
Ngā Whakatau
He mea taea te hanga i ngā tāpine mai i ngā rauemi hiato, ā, i kitea he whakahekenga taumaha o te 50% ki te 70% ki te whakataurite ki ngā wāhanga maitai tuku iho. Mā te whakahekenga taumaha ka taea te tāuta i ngā tāpine hiato ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui. Hei tāpiri, kāore e hiahiatia he taputapu whakarewa mō te huihuinga o ēnei hanganga hiato. He iti ake hoki ngā wāhanga e hiahiatia ana hei whakapiripiri i ngā wāhanga, nā te mea ka taea te hanga i ia wāhanga ki te wāhanga kotahi, e rua rānei. I ngā oma whakaputa iti i tauirahia i roto i tēnei rangahau, ko te utu o ngā pokepokea me ētahi atu taputapu te mea nui ake i te utu o ngā wāhanga.
Ko ngā oma iti kua tohua i konei e whakaatu ana i te utu hei tīmata i ētahi atu rangahau mō ēnei rauemi. Ka taea e tēnei rangahau te aro atu ki te horo o te cavitation me te tiaki UV o ngā wāhanga i muri i te tāutanga. Tērā pea ka taea te whakamahi i te elastomer, i te paninga uku rānei hei whakaiti i te cavitation, hei whakarite rānei kia rere te tāpine i roto i ngā tikanga rere me te pane e ārai ana i te cavitation. He mea nui kia whakamatautauria, kia whakatauhia hoki ēnei take me ētahi atu take kia rite ai te pono o ngā waeine ki ngā tāpine maitai, inā koa mēnā ka tāutahia ki ngā wāhi kāore e maha ana te tiaki.
Ahakoa i ēnei oma iti, ka taea e ētahi wāhanga hiato te whai hua i te utu nā te iti o te mahi e hiahiatia ana mō te hanga. Hei tauira, ko te utu mō te whakarewa i tētahi pouaka panuku mō te waeine Francis 2-MW he $80,000 te utu mō te whakarewa mai i te maitai, ki te whakaritea ki te $25,000 mō te hanga hiato. Heoi, ki te whakaaro he angitu te hoahoa o ngā oma tāpoi, ko te utu mō te hanga i ngā oma hiato he nui ake i ngā wāhanga maitai ōrite. Ko te utu mō te hanga i te oma 2-MW he $23,000 pea te utu mō te hanga mai i te maitai, ki te whakaritea ki te $27,000 mai i te hiato. Ka rerekē pea ngā utu i runga i te mīhini. Ā, ka tino heke te utu mō ngā wāhanga hiato i ngā oma whakaputa teitei ake mēnā ka taea te whakamahi anō i ngā pokepoke.
Kua rangahau kē ngā kairangahau i te hanganga o ngā ara tāpine mai i ngā rauemi hiato.8 Heoi, kāore tēnei rangahau i aro ki te horo o te cavitation me te whaihua o te hanganga. Ko te mahi e whai ake nei mō ngā tāpine hiato ko te hoahoa me te hanga i tētahi tauira tauine e taea ai te whakaatu i te whaihua me te ōhanga o te hanga. Kātahi ka taea te whakamātautau i tēnei waeine hei whakatau i te whai huatanga me te whaihua, me ngā tikanga hoki hei ārai i te horo nui o te cavitation.
Te wā tuku: 15-Pepuere-2022
