He whenua whakawhanake a Haina, ko ia te whenua nui rawa atu o te ao mō te taupori, ā, ko ia te whenua e nui rawa ana te kai waro. Hei whakatutuki i te whāinga o te "pikinga waro me te kore waro" (e kiia nei ko te whāinga "waro takirua") e ai ki te wātaka, kāore i kitea i mua ngā mahi uaua me ngā wero. Me pēhea te whawhai i tēnei pakanga uaua, te wikitoria i tēnei whakamātautau nui, me te whakatinana i te whanaketanga matomato me te iti-waro, he maha tonu ngā take nui me whakamārama, ko tētahi o ēnei ko te pēhea te mārama ki te mana wai iti o tōku whenua.
Nō reira, he kōwhiringa koretake te whakatutukitanga o te whāinga "waro-rua" o te hiko wai iti? He nui, he kino rānei te pānga taiao o te hiko wai iti? He "āwangawanga taiao" kāore e taea te whakatau i ngā raruraru o ētahi teihana hiko wai iti? Kua "tino whakamahia" te hiko wai iti o tōku whenua? Me whai whakaaro pūtaiao, me whai whakaaro whaitake hoki ēnei pātai.
Ko te kaha whakawhanake i te pūngao whakahou me te whakateretere i te hanganga o tētahi pūnaha hiko hou e urutau ana ki te nui o te pūngao whakahou te whakaaro whānui me te mahi a te whakawhiti pūngao o te ao i nāianei, ā, he kōwhiringa rautaki hoki mā tōku whenua kia tutuki ai te whāinga "waro rua".
I te Huihuinga Āhuarangi me te Huihuinga Āhuarangi a ngā Kaiārahi i te mutunga o te tau kua hipa, i kī te Hēkeretari Matua, a Xi Jinping: "Ka eke te pūngao kore-pūmua ki te 25% o te whakamahinga pūngao tuatahi i te tau 2030, ā, ka eke te kaha katoa o te hau me te rā ki te neke atu i te 1.2 piriona kirowati. "Ka tino whakahaere a Haina i ngā kaupapa hiko waro."
Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, hei whakarite hoki i te haumaru me te pono o te tuku hiko i te wā kotahi, he mea nui te whakaaro mehemea ka taea te whakawhanake katoa i ngā rauemi hiko wai o tōku whenua, ā, ka taea hoki te whakawhanake tuatahi. Ko ngā take e whai ake nei:
Ko te tuatahi ko te whakatutuki i te whakaritenga o te 25% o ngā pūtake pūngao kore-pūmua i te tau 2030, ā, he mea nui te hiko wai. E ai ki ngā whakatau tata a te umanga, i te tau 2030, me eke te kaha whakaputa pūngao kore-pūmua o tōku whenua ki te neke atu i te 4.6 trillion kilowatt-haora ia tau. I taua wā, ka kohia e te kaha tāuta o te hiko hau me te pūngao rā te 1.2 piriona kilowatt, me te kaha whakaputa hiko wai, te hiko karihi me ētahi atu kaha whakaputa pūngao kore-pūmua o nāianei. He āputa hiko tata ki te 1 trillion kilowatt-haora. Inaa, ko te kaha whakaputa hiko o ngā rauemi hiko wai ka taea te whakawhanake i tōku whenua he teitei ki te 3 trillion kilowatt-haora ia tau. Ko te taumata whanaketanga o nāianei he iti iho i te 44% (he rite ki te ngaronga o te 1.7 trillion kilowatt-haora o te whakaputa hiko ia tau). Mena ka taea te eke ki te toharite o nāianei o ngā whenua whakawhanake. Tae atu ki te 80% o te taumata whanaketanga hiko wai ka taea te tāpiri i te 1.1 trillion kilowatt-haora o te hiko ia tau, ehara i te mea ka whakakī noa i te āputa hiko, engari ka tino whakarei ake hoki i ō tātou kaha haumaru wai pērā i te tiaki waipuke me te tauraki, te tuku wai me te whakamakuku. Nā te mea he mea kore e taea te wehe i te hiko wai me te tiaki wai, he iti rawa te kaha ki te whakahaere me te whakahaere i ngā rauemi wai kia kore ai tōku whenua e whai muri i ngā whenua whakawhanake i Ūropi me Amerika.
Ko te tuarua ko te whakaoti rapanga pōturi o te hau me te pūngao rā, ā, kāore e taea te wehe i te mana wai. I te tau 2030, ka piki ake te ōwehenga o te hau me te pūngao rā kua tāutahia ki te whatunga hiko mai i raro i te 25% ki te 40% neke atu rānei. He whakaputanga hiko wā-poto te hau me te pūngao rā, ā, ki te teitei ake te ōwehenga, ka teitei ake ngā whakaritenga mō te rokiroki pūngao whatunga. I roto i ngā tikanga rokiroki pūngao katoa o nāianei, ko te rokiroki papu, he neke atu i te kotahi rau tau te hītori, te hangarau tino pakari, te kōwhiringa ōhanga pai rawa atu, me te kaha mō te whanaketanga nui. I te mutunga o te tau 2019, 93.4% o ngā kaupapa rokiroki pūngao o te ao he rokiroki papu, ā, 50% o te kaha tāuta o te rokiroki papu kei roto i ngā whenua whakawhanake i Ūropi me Amerika. Ko te whakamahi i te "whakawhanaketanga katoa o te pūngao wai" hei "pūhiko nui" mō te whanaketanga nui o te hau me te pūngao rā me te huri hei pūngao kounga teitei pumau me te whakahaere he wheako nui o ngā kaiārahi whakaiti tukunga waro o te ao o nāianei. I tēnei wā, ko te kaha rokiroki kua tāutahia e tōku whenua he 1.43% noa iho o te whatunga hiko, he ngoikoretanga nui tēnei e aukati ana i te whakatutukitanga o te whāinga "waro rua".
Ko te hiko wai iti te haurima o ngā rauemi hiko wai katoa ka taea te whakawhanake o tōku whenua (he rite ki ngā teihana hiko e ono o Three Gorges). Ehara i te mea ko ana ake mahi whakaputa hiko me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga anake kāore e taea te wareware, engari ko te mea nui ake, he maha ngā tipu hiko wai iti e horapa ana puta noa i te motu. Ka taea te huri hei teihana hiko papu-pūtea, ā, ka noho hei tautoko nui mō "tētahi pūnaha hiko hou e urutau ana ki te nui o te hiko hau me te hiko rā ki roto i te whatunga hiko."
Heoi, kua pāngia te mana wai iti o tōku whenua e te pānga o te "whakangaromanga kotahi te rahi mō te katoa" i ētahi wāhi i te wā kāore anō kia tino whanakehia te pūmanawa rauemi. Ko ngā whenua whakawhanake, he nui ake te whanaketanga i tō tātou, kei te raru tonu ki te whakamahi i te pūmanawa o te mana wai iti. Hei tauira, i te marama o Āperira 2021, i kī tūmatanui a Harris, te Perehitini Tuarua o Amerika: "Ko te pakanga o mua he whawhai mō te hinu, ā, ko te pakanga e whai ake nei he whawhai mō te wai. Ka arotahi te pire hanganga a Biden ki te tiaki wai, ka puta mai he mahi. E pā ana hoki ki ngā rauemi e whakawhirinakihia ana e tātou mō ō tātou oranga. Mā te haumi ki tēnei wai "taonga utu nui" ka whakapakari i te mana ā-motu o te Hononga o Amerika." Ko Switzerland, kei reira te whanaketanga mana wai e eke ana ki te 97%, ka mahi i ngā mea katoa kia whakamahia ai ahakoa te rahi o te awa, te teitei rānei o te hekenga. , Mā te hanga kauhanga roa me ngā paipa i te taha o ngā maunga, ka whakaemihia ngā rauemi mana wai e marara ana i ngā maunga me ngā awaawa ki roto i ngā puna wai, kātahi ka whakamahia katoatia.
I ngā tau tata nei, kua whakahēngia ngā pūnaha hiko wai iti hei take matua mō te "whakakino i te taiao". I tautoko ētahi i te "whakahoroa ngā teihana hiko wai iti katoa i ngā manga o te awa o Yangtze." Ko te whakahē i ngā pūnaha hiko wai iti te āhua nei he "āhua hou".
Ahakoa ngā painga nui e rua o te hiko wai iti ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro o tōku whenua me te "whakakapinga o te wahie ki te hiko" i ngā wāhi tuawhenua, he iti noa ngā whakaaro noa e kore e tika kia pōhēhē ina tae mai ki te tiaki taiao o ngā awa e āwangawangahia ana e te iwi whānui. He ngāwari te taka ki te "kuware taiao" - te whakaaro ki te whakangaromanga hei "tiaki" me te hoki whakamuri hei "whakawhanaketanga".
Ko tētahi, ko te awa e rere noa ana, ā, kāore he here, ehara i te manaakitanga engari he aituā mō te tangata. Ko te wai te oranga o te tangata, ā, ka tukua ngā awa kia rere noa, he rite tonu ki te tuku i ngā waipuke kia puea noa i ngā wā nui o te wai, me te tuku i ngā awa kia maroke noa i ngā wā iti o te wai. Nā te mea ko te maha o ngā putanga mai me ngā matenga o ngā waipuke me ngā tauraki te mea tino nui i roto i ngā aituā taiao katoa, ko te whakahaere i ngā waipuke awa kua kiia tonutia he take nui o te whakahaere i Haina me tāwāhi. Kua piki ake te kaha o te hangarau whakamakuku me te hiko wai ki te whakahaere i ngā waipuke awa. Kua kiia te waipuke awa me te waipuke he mana whakangaro taiao e kore e taea te ārai mai i ngā wā onamata, ā, kua riro hei mana whakahaere tangata. Whakamahia te mana me te whai hua ki te hapori (whakamakuku i ngā mara, whakapiki i te kaha, me ētahi atu). Nō reira, ko te hanga tāke me te ārai wai mō te whakapaipai whenua te ahunga whakamua o te ao tangata, ā, mā te tango i ngā tāke katoa ka taea e te tangata te hoki ki te āhua nanakia o te "whakawhirinaki ki te rangi mō te kai, te tuku, me te piri noa ki te taiao".
Tuarua, ko te pai o te taiao taiao o ngā whenua me ngā rohe whakawhanake i ahu mai i te hanganga o ngā tāke awa me te whanaketanga katoa o te hiko wai. I tēnei wā, i tua atu i te hanganga o ngā puna wai me ngā tāke wai, kāore he huarahi kē atu a te tangata hei whakaoti rapanga i te taupatupatu o te tohatoha kore taurite o ngā rauemi wai taiao i roto i te wā me te wāhi. Kāore i te ao whānui te kaha ki te whakahaere me te whakahaere i ngā rauemi wai e tohuhia ana e te nui o te whanaketanga hiko wai me te kaha rokiroki mō ia tangata. "Rārangi", engari, ko te teitei ake, ko te pai ake. Kua oti i ngā whenua whakawhanake o Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika te whakawhanaketanga rerenga wai o te awa i waenganui o te rautau 20, ā, ko te taumata whanaketanga rerenga wai me te kaha rokiroki mō ia tangata e rua, e rima hoki ngā wā i tōku whenua. Kua roa te mahi e whakaatu ana ko ngā kaupapa rerenga wai ehara i te "ārai puku" o ngā awa, engari he "uaua sphincter" e tika ana hei pupuri i te hauora. He teitei ake te taumata whanaketanga rerenga wai i tērā o te Danube, Rhine, Columbia, Mississippi, Tennessee me ētahi atu awa nui o Ūropi me Amerika o te awa o Yangtze, he ataahua katoa, he whai rawa ōhanga, he wāhi rangimarie ki te tangata me te wai.
Ko te tuatoru ko te maroke me te aukati i ngā wāhanga awa i puta mai i te hurihanga wāhanga o te hiko wai iti, he whakahaere ngoikore ehara i te hapa tūturu. Ko te teihana hiko wai hurihanga he momo hangarau mō te whakamahi i te hiko wai tino whai hua e horapa whānuitia ana i te kāinga me tāwāhi. Nā te hanganga wawe o ētahi kaupapa hiko wai iti momo hurihanga i tōku whenua, kāore i te rawaka te whakamahere me te hoahoa. I taua wā, kāore he mōhiotanga me ngā tikanga whakahaere hei whakarite i te "rerenga taiao", i hua ake ai te whakamahinga nui o te wai mō te whakaputa hiko me te wāhanga awa i waenga i ngā tipu me ngā tāke (he maha kiromita te roa). Ko te āhuatanga o te maroketanga me te maroketanga o ngā awa i roto i ētahi tekau kiromita) kua whakahēngia whānuitia e te whakaaro o te marea. Kāore e kore, ko te maroketanga me te rere maroketanga he tino koretake mō te taiao awa, engari hei whakaoti i te raruraru, kāore e taea e tātou te patu i te papa, te kore taurite o te take me te pānga, ka whakatakoto i te kāreti ki mua i te hōiho. E rua ngā meka me whakamārama: Tuatahi, ko ngā āhuatanga whenua taiao o tōku whenua e whakatau ana he maha ngā awa he wā. Ahakoa kāore he teihana hiko wai, ka maroke te awaawa i te wā maroke (koinei te take i aro nui ai a Haina o mua me o nāianei me ngā whenua o tāwāhi ki te hanganga o te tiaki wai me te kohikohi o te nui me te maroke). Kāore te wai e whakapoke i te wai, ā, ko te maroke me te aukati i puta mai i ētahi hiko wai iti momo-hurihuri ka taea te whakaoti katoa mā te whakawhiti hangarau me te whakapakari i te tirotiro. I ngā tau e rua kua pahure ake nei, kua oti i te hiko wai iti momo-hurihuri ā-whare te whakawhiti hangarau o te "tukunga tonu o te rere taiao 24-hāora", ā, kua whakatūria he pūnaha aroturuki ipurangi me te tūāpapa tirotiro tūturu.
Nō reira, he mea nui kia mārama te hiranga o te hiko wai iti ki te tiaki taiao o ngā awa iti me te rahi: ehara i te mea ka whakamanahia te rere o te awa taketake, engari ka whakaitihia hoki ngā tūponotanga o ngā waipuke ohorere, ā, ka tutuki hoki ngā hiahia oranga mō te tuku wai me te whakamakuku. I tēnei wā, ka taea anake e te hiko wai iti te whakaputa hiko ina nui te wai i muri i te whakarite i te rere o te awa. Nā te noho o ngā teihana hiko waikeri i tino pari ai te pari taketake, ā, he uaua ki te penapena wai engari i te wā ua. Engari, ka takahia. Ka pupuri te whenua i te wai, ā, ka tino whakapai ake i te taiao. Ko te āhua o te hiko wai iti he hanganga nui e tika ana mō te whakarite i te oranga o ngā kāinga me ngā tāone iti me te rahi, me te whakahaere me te whakahaere i ngā rauemi wai o ngā awa iti me te rahi. Nā ngā raruraru o te whakahaere kino o ētahi teihana hiko, ka whakahoroa katoatia ngā hiko wai iti, he mea ruarua tēnei.
Kua whakamārama te kāwanatanga matua me whakauru te pikinga waro me te kore waro ki roto i te whakatakotoranga whānui o te hanganga o te ao tūroa. I roto i te wā "Mahere Tau Rima 14", ka arotahi te hanganga o te ao tūroa o tōku whenua ki te whakaiti i te waro hei huarahi rautaki matua. Me whai tonu tātou i te ara o te whanaketanga kounga teitei me te kaupapa matua o te taiao, te matomato me te iti-waro. Ko te tiaki taiao taiao me te whanaketanga ōhanga he mea kotahi, he mea tautoko hoki.
Me pēhea te mārama me te whakatinana pono a ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe i ngā kaupapa here me ngā whakaritenga a te kāwanatanga matua. He pai te whakamārama a te Fujian Xiadang Small Hydropower mō tēnei.
I mua, he tāone rawakore rawa a Xiadang Township i Ningde, Fujian, ā, "E Rima Kāore he Tāone" (kāore he rori, kāore he wai rere, kāore he rama, kāore he moni whiwhi, kāore he wāhi tari kāwanatanga) i te rawhiti o Fujian. Ko te whakamahi i ngā rauemi wai ā-rohe hei hanga i tētahi teihana hiko he "rite ki te hopu i tētahi heihei ka taea te whānau hua." I te tau 1989, i te wā e tino iti ana ngā pūtea ā-rohe, i tohaina e te Komiti Ā-rohe o Ningde te 400,000 yuan hei hanga i te hiko wai iti. Mai i taua wā, kua poroporoaki te rōpū o raro ki te hītori o ngā rīpene pāpaka me te rama kapia paina. Kua whakatauhia hoki te whakamakuku o te neke atu i te 2,000 eka o te whenua pāmu, ā, kua tīmata te iwi ki te whakaaroaro i te huarahi ki te whai rawa, ka hangaia ngā pou e rua o ngā ahumahi tī me te tūruhi. I te whakapai ake i ngā paerewa oranga o te iwi me te tono mō te hiko, kua maha ngā wā i whakahaerehia ai e te Kamupene Hiko Wai Iti o Xiadang te whakawhānui me te whakapai ake me te whakarerekētanga. Ko tēnei teihana hiko momo-hurihuri o te "whakakino i te awa me te karo i te wai mō te whakapaipai whenua" ka tukuna tonutia mō ngā haora 24. Mā te rere o te wai taiao ka mārama, ka maeneene hoki ngā awa e heke iho ana i te awa, e whakaatu ana i tētahi pikitia ataahua o te whakaiti i te rawakore, te whakaora i ngā taiwhenua, me te whanaketanga matomato me te iti-waro. Ko te whakawhanaketanga o te hiko wai iti hei akiaki i te ōhanga o tētahi rōpū, hei tiaki i te taiao, hei whai hua hoki mō ngā tāngata o tētahi rōpū, koinei tonu te whakaaturanga o te hiko wai iti i roto i ngā wāhi taiwhenua me ngā wāhi tūmatanui o tō tātou whenua.
Heoi, i ētahi wāhi o te whenua, ko te "tango i te hiko wai iti puta noa i te poari" me te "whakateretere i te tango i te hiko wai iti" e kiia ana he "whakaora taiao me te tiaki taiao". Kua pā kino tēnei mahi ki te whanaketanga ōhanga me te pāpori, ā, me aro wawe ki ēnei, ā, me whakatika wawe tonu. Hei tauira:
Ko te tuatahi ko te huna i ngā tūponotanga nui mō te haumaru o ngā oranga me ngā taonga o te iwi o te rohe. Tata ki te 90% o ngā pakaru o ngā tāhuna o te ao ka puta i roto i ngā tāhuna wai kāore he teihana hiko wai. Ko te mahi o te pupuri i te tāhuna o te puna wai engari te wetewete i te wae hiko wai he takahi i te pūtaiao, ā, he rite tonu ki te ngaronga o te taurangi haumaru tino whai hua e pā ana ki te hangarau me te whakahaere haumaru o ia rā o te tāhuna.
Tuarua, me whakanui ake e ngā rohe kua eke ki te tihi o te hiko te waro hei whakakī i te korenga. Me ārahi e te kāwanatanga matua ngā rohe whai āhuatanga ki te whakatutuki i te whāinga kia eke ki ngā tihi. Mā te tango i te hiko wai iti puta noa i te poari ka piki ake te tuku waro me te hiko i ngā rohe kāore i te pai ngā āhuatanga mō ngā rauemi taiao, ki te kore ka nui te āputa, ā, ka pāngia pea ētahi wāhi e te korenga o te hiko.
Ko te tuatoru ko te whakakino nui i ngā whenua taiao me ngā repo, me te whakaiti i ngā āheinga ārai me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino i ngā rohe maunga. Mā te tango i ngā hiko wai iti, ka ngaro ngā wāhi ataahua maha, ngā papa repo, ngā manu ibis me ētahi atu nohoanga manu onge i whakawhirinaki ki te rohe puna wai. Ki te kore te tohatoha hiko o ngā teihana hiko wai, e kore e taea te whakaiti i te horo me te memeha o ngā awaawa maunga e ngā awa, ā, ka piki ake hoki ngā āhuatanga kino whenua pērā i te horo whenua me te paru.
Tuawhā, ko te nama me te wetewete i ngā teihana hiko ka puta he mōrearea pūtea, ā, ka pā ki te pumau o te hapori. Ko te tango i te hiko wai iti ka hiahiatia he moni utu nui, ka nui ngā nama a ngā kawanatanga rawakore kua tangohia ō rātou pōtae. Ki te kore te utu e tukuna i te wā tika, ka arahi ki te korenga o ngā nama. I tēnei wā, kua puta ngā pakanga hapori me ngā aituā tiaki tika i ētahi wāhi.
Ehara i te mea he pūngao ma anake te hiko wai e mōhiotia ana e te ao whānui, engari he mahi whakahaere me te whakahaere rauemi wai anō hoki e kore e taea te whakakapi e tētahi atu kaupapa. Kāore anō ngā whenua whakawhanake o Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika kia uru ki te "wā o te whakahoro i ngā tāhuna". Engari, nā te mea he teitei ake te taumata o te whanaketanga hiko wai me te kaha rokiroki mō ia tangata i tō tātou whenua. Whakatairangahia te panonitanga o te "pūngao whakahou 100% i te tau 2050" me te utu iti me te whai huatanga teitei ake.
I roto i ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, nā te whakapohehe i te "whakakorekore i te mana wai", he iti noa te māramatanga o te tini tāngata ki te mana wai. Kua whakakorehia, kua kore rānei e taea te whakahaere i ētahi kaupapa mana wai nui e pā ana ki te ōhanga o te motu me te oranga o te tangata. Nō reira, ko te kaha whakahaere rauemi wai o tōku whenua i tēnei wā he kotahi-rima noa iho o te taumata toharite o ngā whenua whakawhanake, ā, ko te nui o te wai e wātea ana mō ia tangata kei roto tonu i te āhua o te "kore rawa o te wai" e ai ki ngā paerewa o te ao, ā, kei te pāngia te Rohe Awa Yangtze e te pēhanga nui o te whakahaere waipuke me te whawhai waipuke tata ki ia tau. Ki te kore e whakakorea te pokanoa o te "whakakorekore i te mana wai", ka uaua ake mā tātou te whakatinana i te whāinga "waro rua" nā te korenga o te takoha mai i te mana wai.
Ahakoa he mea hei pupuri i te haumarutanga wai me te haumarutanga kai o te motu, he mea rānei hei whakatutuki i te oati pono a tōku whenua ki te whāinga "waro-rua" o te ao, kāore e taea te whakaroa i te whanaketanga hiko wai. He mea tino tika kia horoia, kia whakahoutia hoki te umanga hiko wai iti, engari kāore e taea te mahi nui rawa atu, ā, kia pā ki te āhua whānui, ā, kāore e taea te mahi puta noa i te poari, me te kore e mutu te whanaketanga o te hiko wai iti e whai pūmanawa nui ana mō ngā rauemi. He mea nui kia hoki ki te whakaaro pūtaiao, kia whakaū i te whakaae ā-iwi, kia karo i ngā ara hē me ngā ara hē, kia utua hoki ngā utu pāpori koretake.
Wā tuku: 14 o Ākuhata 2021
