I-turbine yokuhlasela ngokuchaseneyo luhlobo lomatshini we-hydraulic osebenzisa uxinzelelo lokuhamba kwamanzi ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini.
(1) Ulwakhiwo. Izinto eziphambili zesakhiwo se-counterattack turbine yi-runner, igumbi lokuphambukisa amanzi, indlela yokuqondisa amanzi kunye ne-draft tube.
1) I-Runner. I-runner yinxalenye ye-water turbine eguqula amandla okuhamba kwamanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini ajikelezayo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwicala lokuguqulwa kwamandla amanzi, izakhiwo ze-runner zee-counterattack turbines ezahlukeneyo nazo zahlukile. I-Francis turbine runner yenziwe ngee-stranded twisted blades, i-crown kunye ne-lower ring kunye nezinye izinto eziphambili ezithe nkqo; i-axial flow turbine runner yenziwe ngee-blades, umzimba we-runner kunye ne-drain cone kunye nezinye izinto eziphambili: isakhiwo se-diagonal flow turbine runner siyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi. I-engile yokubeka i-blade ingatshintshwa ngokweemeko zokusebenza kwaye ihambelane nokuvulwa kwe-guide vane. Umgca we-blade rotation center ukwi-engile ye-oblique (45°-60°) kwi-axis ye-turbine.
2) Igumbi lokuphambukisa amanzi. Umsebenzi walo kukwenza amanzi ahambe ngokulinganayo kwindlela yokuqondisa amanzi, ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kweturbine. Iiturbine ezinkulu neziphakathi zihlala zisebenzisa iivolute zesinyithi ezijikelezayo ezineentloko ezingaphezulu kwama-50m, kunye neevolute zekhonkrithi ezinqamlezileyo zetrapezoidal kwabo bangaphantsi kwama-50m.
3) Indlela yokulawula amanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngenani elithile lee-vane zesikhokelo ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye neendlela zazo ezijikelezayo ezicwangciswe ngokulinganayo kumda we-runner. Umsebenzi wayo kukuqondisa ukuhamba kwamanzi ngokulinganayo kwi-runner, kwaye ngokulungelelanisa ukuvulwa kwe-vane yesikhokelo, ukutshintsha izinga lokuhamba kwe-turbine ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zomthwalo weseti yejenereyitha, kwaye ikwadlala indima yokuvala amanzi xa evaliwe ngokupheleleyo.
4) Ityhubhu yokudonsa amanzi. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kwindawo yokuphuma kwesixhobo sokuqhuba kusenenxalenye yamandla angaphezulu angasetyenziswanga. Indima yetyhubhu yokudonsa amanzi kukubuyisa le nxalenye yamandla nokukhupha amanzi asezantsi. Ityhubhu yokudonsa amanzi yahlulwe yaba ziintlobo ezimbini, ikhowuni ethe tye kunye negobile. Eyokuqala ine-coefficient enkulu yamandla kwaye ifanelekile ngokubanzi kwiiturbine ezincinci ezithe tye kunye neetyhubhu; le yokugqibela inokusebenza okuphantsi kwe-hydraulic kuneekhowuni ezithe tye, kodwa inobunzulu obuncinci bokumba, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiturbine ezinkulu neziphakathi zokuhlasela.
(2) Ulwahlulo. Ngokwecala elijikelezayo lokuhamba kwamanzi kwi-runner, i-impact turbine yahlulwe yaba yi-Francis turbine, i-diagonal flow turbine, i-axial flow turbine kunye ne-tubular turbine.
1) I-turbine kaFrancis. I-turbine kaFrancis (i-radial axial flow okanye i-Francis) yi-turbine yokuhlasela ngokuchaseneyo apho amanzi ahamba khona nge-radially ukusuka kumjikelezo we-runner ukuya kwicala le-axial. Olu hlobo lwe-turbine lunoluhlu olubanzi lweentloko ezisebenzayo (30-700m), isakhiwo esilula, umthamo omncinci kunye nexabiso eliphantsi. I-turbine enkulu kaFrancis eqaliswe ukusebenza eTshayina yi-Ertan Hydropower Plant, enegunya lokukhupha elilinganisiweyo le-582 MW kunye namandla okukhupha aphezulu angama-621 MW.
2) I-Axial flow turbine. I-axial flow turbine yi-counterattack turbine apho amanzi angena khona esuka kwicala le-axial aze aphume kumgijimi kwicala le-axial. Olu hlobo lwe-turbine lwahlulwe lwaba ziintlobo ezimbini: uhlobo lwe-fixed-blade (uhlobo lwe-screw) kunye nohlobo lwe-rotary (uhlobo lwe-Kaplan). Iiblade ze-fixed brades ze-fixed, kwaye iiblade ze-last blades zinokujikeleziswa. Umthamo wokudlula kwamanzi we-axial flow turbine mkhulu kunowe-Francis turbine. Ngenxa yokuba iiblade ze-paddle turbine zinokutshintsha indawo ngotshintsho kumthwalo, zisebenza kakuhle kuluhlu olubanzi lotshintsho lomthwalo. Ukusebenza okuchasene nokucavitation kunye namandla oomatshini we-axial flow turbine kubi kune-Francis turbine, kwaye isakhiwo siyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi. Okwangoku, intloko esebenzayo yolu hlobo lwe-turbine ifikelele kwi-80m okanye ngaphezulu.
3) I-Tubular turbine. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kolu hlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi kuhamba ngokwe-axial ngaphandle kwe-runner, kwaye akukho kujikeleziswa ngaphambi nasemva kwe-runner. Uluhlu lwentloko yokusetyenziswa yi-3-20. . I-fuselage ineenzuzo zokuphakama okuncinci, iimeko ezilungileyo zokuhamba kwamanzi, ukusebenza kakuhle, ubunjineli bokwakha obuncinci, iindleko eziphantsi, akukho mfuneko yee-volutes kunye neetyhubhu ze-drawback ezigobileyo, kwaye okukhona intloko isezantsi, kokukhona iingenelo zibonakala ngakumbi.
Iiturbine zeTubular zahlulwe zibe ziintlobo ezimbini: ukuhamba okugcweleyo kunye nokuhamba okuncinci ngokwendlela yoqhagamshelo lwejenereyitha kunye nendlela yokudlulisela. Iiturbine zeSemi-through-flow zahlulwe ngakumbi ngohlobo lwebhalbhu, uhlobo lweshaft kunye nohlobo lolwandiso lweshaft. Phakathi kwazo, uhlobo lolwandiso lweshaft lwahlulwe lube ziintlobo ezimbini. Kukho i-oblique axis kunye ne-horizontal axis. Okwangoku, uhlobo lwebhalbhu tubular olusetyenziswa kakhulu, uhlobo lolwandiso lweshaft kunye nohlobo lwe-vertical shaft zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiyunithi ezincinci. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uhlobo lweshaft lusetyenziswe nakwiiyunithi ezinkulu neziphakathi.
Ijenereyitha yeyunithi yetyhubhu yolwandiso lweshaft ifakelwe ngaphandle kwendlela yamanzi, kwaye ijenereyitha iqhagamshelwe kwiturbine ngeshaft ethe tye okanye ishaft ethe tye. Olu hlobo lolwandiso lweshaft lulula kunohlobo lwebhalbhu.
4) I-turbine yokuhamba nge-diagonal. Ulwakhiwo kunye nobukhulu be-turbine yokuhamba nge-diagonal (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-diagonal) ziphakathi kokuhamba okuxutyiweyo kunye nokuhamba kwe-axial. Umahluko ophambili kukuba umgca ophakathi wee-runner blades ukwi-engile ethile kumgca ophakathi we-turbine. Ngenxa yeempawu zesakhiwo, iyunithi ayivumelekanga ukuba itshone ngexesha lokusebenza, ngoko ke isixhobo sokukhusela isignali yokufuduka kwe-axial sifakwe kwisakhiwo sesibini ukuthintela iingozi zokuba ii-blades kunye negumbi le-runner zingqubane. Uluhlu lwentloko yokusetyenziswa kwe-turbine yokuhamba nge-diagonal yi-25 ～200m.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Okthobha-19-2021
