Turbine yolimbana ndi kuukira ndi mtundu wa makina a hydraulic omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi kuti asinthe mphamvu ya madzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina.
(1) Kapangidwe. Zigawo zazikulu za kapangidwe ka turbine yolimbana ndi kuukira ndi chothamanga, chipinda chosinthira madzi, makina owongolera madzi ndi chubu chowongolera.
1) Wothamanga. Wothamanga ndi gawo la turbine yamadzi yomwe imasintha mphamvu ya madzi kuyenda kukhala mphamvu yamakina yozungulira. Kutengera ndi komwe mphamvu yamadzi imasinthira, kapangidwe ka wothamanga wa ma turbine osiyanasiyana olimbana nawo ndi kosiyana. Wothamanga wa turbine wa Francis amapangidwa ndi masamba opindika, korona ndi mphete yapansi ndi zigawo zina zazikulu zoyima; wothamanga wa turbine wothamanga wa axial amapangidwa ndi masamba, thupi la wothamanga ndi drain cone ndi zigawo zina zazikulu: kapangidwe ka wothamanga wa turbine wothamanga wa diagonal ndi kovuta kwambiri. Ngodya yoyika tsamba ikhoza kusinthidwa malinga ndi momwe ntchito ikuyendera ndikugwirizanitsidwa ndi kutsegula kwa guide vane. Mzere wapakati wozungulira tsamba uli pa ngodya yopingasa (45°-60°) ku mzere wa turbine.
2) Chipinda chosinthira madzi. Ntchito yake ndikupangitsa madzi kuyenda mofanana mu njira yowongolera madzi, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa mphamvu, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a turbine. Ma turbine akuluakulu ndi apakatikati nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma volute achitsulo ozungulira okhala ndi mitu yoposa 50m, ndi ma volute a konkire ozungulira okhala ndi trapezoidal kwa omwe ali pansi pa 50m.
3) Njira yowongolera madzi. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ma vani owongolera madzi ambiri komanso njira zawo zozungulira zomwe zimayikidwa bwino m'mphepete mwa woyendetsa. Ntchito yake ndikuwongolera kuyenda kwa madzi mofanana mu woyendetsa, komanso mwa kusintha kutseguka kwa vani yowongolera madzi, kusintha kuchuluka kwa madzi mu turbine kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira za jenereta, ndipo imagwiranso ntchito yotseka madzi ikatsekedwa kwathunthu.
4) Chubu chopopera. Madzi otuluka panjira yotulukira akadali ndi gawo la mphamvu yochulukirapo yomwe sinagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ntchito ya chubu chopopera ndi kubweza gawo ili la mphamvu ndikutulutsa madzi omwe ali pansi pa mtsinje. Chubu chopopera chimagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri, chubu cholunjika ndi chopindika. Choyamba chili ndi mphamvu yayikulu ndipo nthawi zambiri chimakhala choyenera ma turbine ang'onoang'ono opingasa ndi a tubular; chomalizachi chili ndi mphamvu yochepa ya hydraulic kuposa ma cones olunjika, koma chili ndi kuzama kochepa kwa kukumba, ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma turbine akuluakulu ndi apakatikati olimbana ndi kuukira.
(2) Kugawa. Malinga ndi njira yozungulira ya madzi kudzera mu runner, impact turbine imagawidwa mu Francis turbine, diagonal flow turbine, axial flow turbine ndi tubular turbine.
1) Francis turbine. Francis (radial axial flow kapena Francis) turbine ndi counter-attack turbine momwe madzi amayenda mozungulira kuchokera kuzungulira kwa wothamanga kupita ku axial direction. Mtundu uwu wa turbine uli ndi mitu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsidwa ntchito (30-700m), kapangidwe kosavuta, kachulukidwe kakang'ono komanso mtengo wotsika. Francis turbine yayikulu kwambiri yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito ku China ndi Ertan Hydropower Plant, yokhala ndi mphamvu yotulutsa ya 582 MW ndi mphamvu yotulutsa ya 621 MW.
2) Turbine ya Axial flow. Turbine ya axial flow ndi turbine yolimbana nayo momwe madzi amalowa kuchokera mbali ya axial ndikutuluka kuchokera kwa wothamanga mbali ya axial. Mtundu uwu wa turbine umagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: mtundu wa tsamba lokhazikika (mtundu wa screw) ndi mtundu wozungulira (mtundu wa Kaplan). Masamba a yoyamba ndi okhazikika, ndipo masamba a yachiwiri amatha kuzunguliridwa. Mphamvu yodutsa madzi ya turbine ya axial flow ndi yayikulu kuposa ya turbine ya Francis. Chifukwa masamba a turbine ya paddle amatha kusintha malo ndi kusintha kwa katundu, ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu pakusintha kwa katundu. Kagwiridwe ka ntchito kotsutsana ndi cavitation ndi mphamvu yamakina ya turbine ya axial flow ndi yoipa kuposa ya turbine ya Francis, ndipo kapangidwe kake nakonso n'kovuta kwambiri. Pakadali pano, mutu woyenera wa turbine yamtunduwu wafika mamita 80 kapena kuposerapo.
3) Tubular turbine. Madzi a mtundu uwu wa turbine yamadzi amatuluka mozungulira kuchokera pamzere wothamanga, ndipo palibe kuzungulira kwa turbine isanayambe komanso itatha. Mutu wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 3-20. . Fuselage ili ndi ubwino wokhala ndi kutalika kochepa, kuyenda bwino kwa madzi, kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, kupanga zinthu zochepa, mtengo wotsika, palibe chifukwa cha ma volutes ndi machubu opindika, ndipo mutu ukakhala pansi, ubwino wake umawonekera bwino.
Ma turbine a tubular amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: kuyenda kwathunthu ndi kuyenda theka malinga ndi kulumikizana kwa jenereta ndi njira yotumizira. Ma turbine a semi-through-flow amagawidwanso m'mitundu ya babu, mtundu wa shaft ndi mtundu wa shaft extension. Pakati pawo, mtundu wa shaft extension umagawidwanso m'mitundu iwiri. Pali oblique axis ndi horizontal axis. Pakadali pano, mtundu wa bulb tubular, mtundu wa shaft extension ndi mtundu wa vertical shaft womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mtundu wa shaft wakhala ukugwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mayunitsi akuluakulu ndi apakatikati.
Jenereta ya unit ya shaft extension tubular imayikidwa kunja kwa njira yamadzi, ndipo jenereta imalumikizidwa ku turbine ndi shaft yopendekera kapena shaft yopingasa. Kapangidwe ka mtundu wa shaft extension ndi kosavuta kuposa mtundu wa babu.
4) Turubini yoyenda mozungulira. Kapangidwe ndi kukula kwa turubini yoyenda mozungulira (yomwe imatchedwanso diagonal) zili pakati pa kayendedwe kosakanikirana ndi kayendedwe ka axial. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti mzere wapakati wa masamba othamanga uli pa ngodya inayake ku mzere wapakati wa turubini. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, chipangizocho sichiloledwa kumira panthawi yogwira ntchito, kotero chipangizo choteteza chizindikiro chosuntha cha axial chimayikidwa mu kapangidwe kachiwiri kuti tipewe ngozi zomwe masamba ndi chipinda chothamanga zimagundana. Mutu wa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa turubini yoyenda mozungulira ndi 25 ~ 200m.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-19-2021
