Ko te tāpine whakaeke-ā-muri he momo mīhini waipēhi e whakamahi ana i te pēhanga o te rere o te wai hei huri i te pūngao wai hei pūngao miihini.
(1) Hanganga. Ko ngā wāhanga hanganga matua o te tāpine whakaeke-ārai ko te kaikawe, te rūma huri wai, te pūnaha ārahi wai me te ngongo hiko.
1) Kaihoroi. Ko te kaihoroi he wāhanga o te tāpine wai e huri ana i te kaha o te rere o te wai hei kaha miihini hurihuri. I runga i te ahunga o te hurihanga kaha wai, he rerekē anō hoki ngā hanganga kaihoroi o ngā tāpine whakaeke-whakahē rerekē. Ko te kaihoroi tāpine Francis he mea hanga mai i ngā mata miro kua whakangāwarihia, te karauna me te mowhiti o raro me ētahi atu wāhanga poutū matua; ko te kaihoroi tāpine rere tuaka he mea hanga mai i ngā mata, te tinana o te kaihoroi me te koeko waikeri me ētahi atu wāhanga matua: he uaua ake te hanganga o te kaihoroi tāpine rere whakarara. Ka taea te whakarerekē i te koki whakatakotoranga o te mata me ngā āhuatanga mahi, ā, ka taurite ki te whakatuwheratanga o te vane ārahi. Ko te rārangi pokapū hurihuri o te mata kei te koki whakarara (45°-60°) ki te tuaka o te tāpine.
2) Rūma whakahuri wai. Ko tāna mahi he whakarite kia rere ōrite te wai ki roto i te pūnaha ārahi wai, he whakaiti i te ngaronga pūngao, he whakapai ake hoki i te whai huatanga o te tāpine. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tāpine nui me ngā tāpine waenga ngā porowhita whakawhiti-wāhanga me ngā pane neke atu i te 50m, me ngā porowhita raima whakawhiti-wāhanga-tārae mō ērā kei raro iho i te 50m.
3) Tikanga ārahi wai. Ko te tikanga he maha ngā arataki ārahi kua whakaritea, ā, ko ō rātou tikanga hurihuri kua whakaritea kia ōrite ki te taha o te arataki. Ko tana mahi he ārahi i te rere o te wai ki roto i te arataki kia ōrite, ā, mā te whakarerekē i te whakatuwheratanga o te arataki, ka whakarerekē i te tere rere o te tāpine kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga kawenga o te huinga whakaputa hiko, ā, he mahi anō hoki tāna hei hiri i te wai ina kati katoa.
4) Ngongo tango. Kei te rere tonu te wai i te putanga o te pūngao kāore anō kia whakamahia. Ko te mahi a te ngongo tango he whakahoki mai i tēnei wāhanga o te kaha me te tuku i te wai ki raro. E rua ngā momo o te ngongo tango, arā, te koni tika me te piko. He nui te tauwehenga kaha o te ngongo tango, ā, he pai mō ngā tāpine iti whakapae me ngā ngongo; he iti ake te mahi waipēhi o te ngongo i ngā koni tika, engari he iti ake te hohonutanga keri, ā, he whānui te whakamahinga i roto i ngā tāpine whakaeke-whakaeke nui me te rahi-waenga.
(2) Whakarōpūtanga. E ai ki te ahunga tuaka o te rere o te wai i roto i te oma, ka wehea te tāpine pānga ki te tāpine Francis, te tāpine rere whakarara, te tāpine rere tuaka me te tāpine ngongo.
1) Te tāpine Francis. Ko te tāpine Francis (rerenga axial radial, Francis rānei) he tāpine whakaeke-whakahē e rere ana te wai mā te radial mai i te porowhita o te kaikawe ki te taha axial. He whānuitia ngā pane e tika ana mō tēnei momo tāpine (30-700m), he hanganga māmā, he iti te rahinga, ā, he iti te utu. Ko te tāpine Francis nui rawa atu kua whakamahia ki Haina ko te Ertan Hydropower Plant, me te mana whakaputa kua whakatauria he 582 MW me te mana whakaputa mōrahi he 621 MW.
2) Tāpine rere tuaka. Ko te tāpine rere tuaka he tāpine whakaeke-ārai e rere ana te wai mai i te ahunga tuaka, ka rere ki waho i te kaikawe i te ahunga tuaka. E rua ngā momo tāpine e wehea ana tēnei momo: te momo mata-pūmau (momo tīwiri) me te momo hurihuri (momo Kaplan). He pūmau ngā mata o te mea o mua, ā, ka taea te huri i ngā mata o te mea o muri. He nui ake te kaha whakawhiti wai o te tāpine rere tuaka i tō te tāpine Francis. Nā te mea ka taea e ngā mata o te tāpine hoe te huri i te tūranga me ngā huringa o te kawenga, he nui ake te pai o te mahi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā huringa kawenga. He kino ake te mahi ārai-cavitation me te kaha miihini o te tāpine rere tuaka i tō te tāpine Francis, ā, he uaua ake hoki te hanganga. I tēnei wā, kua eke te pane e tika ana mō tēnei momo tāpine ki te 80m, neke atu rānei.
3) Tāpine ngongo. Ka rere te rere o te wai o tēnei momo tāpine wai ki waho o te kaikawe, ā, kāore he hurihanga i mua, i muri hoki i te kaikawe. Ko te whānuitanga o te pane whakamahi he 3-20. He iti te teitei o te tinana o te waka, he pai te rere o te wai, he pai te mahi, he iti te hangarau ā-iwi, he iti te utu, kāore e hiahiatia he hiko me he ngongo piko, ā, ki te iti te pane, ka kitea ngā painga.
E rua ngā momo o ngā tāpine ngongo: te rere-ā-roto-katoa me te rere-ā-haurua-ā-roto, e ai ki te hononga whakaputa hiko me te aratau tuku. Ka wehea anō ngā tāpine rere-ā-haurua-ā-roto ki te momo pūangi, te momo poutū me te momo toronga poutū. I roto i ēnei, e rua ngā momo o te momo toronga poutū. Ko te tuaka whakarara me te tuaka whakapae. I tēnei wā, ko te momo pūangi pūangi, te momo toronga poutū me te momo poutū poutū e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā waeine iti. I ngā tau tata nei, kua whakamahia anō hoki te momo poutū i roto i ngā waeine nui me ngā waeine rahi-waenga.
Kei waho o te ara wai te pūkaha hiko o te waeine ngongo toronga pou, ā, kua honoa te pūkaha hiko ki te tāpine mā te pūkaha hiko roa ake, te pūkaha whakapae rānei. He māmā ake te hanganga momo toronga pou i te momo pūangi.
4) Tāpine rere whakarara. Kei waenganui i te rere whakauru me te rere tuaka te hanganga me te rahi o te tāpine rere whakarara (e kiia ana ko te whakarara). Ko te rerekētanga matua ko te raina pokapū o ngā mata o te oma kei tētahi koki ki te raina pokapū o te tāpine. Nā ngā āhuatanga hanganga, kāore e whakaaetia kia totohu te waeine i te wā e whakahaerehia ana, nō reira ka tāutahia he taputapu tiaki tohu nekehanga tuaka ki te hanganga tuarua hei ārai i ngā aituā e pā ana ki ngā mata me te rūma o te oma. Ko te whānuitanga whakamahinga o te pane o te tāpine rere whakarara he 25~200m.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-19-2021
