Injin rikitar da kai hari wani nau'in injinan hydraulic ne wanda ke amfani da matsin lamba na kwararar ruwa don canza makamashin ruwa zuwa makamashin inji.
(1) Tsarin. Manyan sassan tsarin injin turbin da ke mayar da martani sune na'urar gudu, ɗakin karkatar da ruwa, tsarin jagorar ruwa da bututun da ke zana ruwa.
1) Mai gudu. Mai gudu wani ɓangare ne na injin turbin ruwa wanda ke canza kuzarin kwararar ruwa zuwa makamashin inji mai juyawa. Dangane da alkiblar da ake bi wajen canza makamashin ruwa, tsarin masu gudu na injin turbin responsory iri-iri suma sun bambanta. Mai gudu na Francis turbin ya ƙunshi ruwan wukake masu lanƙwasa, kambi da zobe na ƙasa da sauran manyan sassan tsaye; mai gudu na axial flow turbin ya ƙunshi ruwan wukake, jikin mai gudu da mazubin magudanar ruwa da sauran manyan abubuwan haɗin: tsarin mai gudu na turbin kwarara ya fi rikitarwa. Ana iya canza kusurwar sanya ruwan wukake tare da yanayin aiki kuma a daidaita shi da buɗewar jagorar vane. Layin tsakiyar juyawar ruwan wukake yana a kusurwar da ta yi kama da juna (45°-60°) zuwa ga axis na injin turbin.
2) Ɗakin juyawar ruwa. Aikinsa shine ya sa ruwa ya gudana daidai gwargwado cikin tsarin jagorar ruwa, rage asarar makamashi, da kuma inganta ingancin injin turbin. Manyan injin turbin masu matsakaicin girma da girma sau da yawa suna amfani da injin turbin ƙarfe mai zagaye mai kawuna sama da mita 50, da kuma injin siminti mai siffar trapezoidal ga waɗanda ba su kai mita 50 ba.
3) Tsarin jagora na ruwa. Gabaɗaya yana ƙunshe da wasu takamaiman ramukan jagora masu sauƙi da kuma hanyoyin juyawarsu da aka tsara daidai gwargwado a gefen mai gudu. Aikinsa shine jagorantar kwararar ruwa daidai gwargwado zuwa cikin mai gudu, da kuma daidaita buɗewar bututun jagora, don canza saurin kwararar injin turbine don biyan buƙatun kaya na saitin janareta, kuma yana taka rawa wajen rufe ruwa lokacin da aka rufe shi gaba ɗaya.
4) Bututun zamiya. Ruwan da ke kwarara a mashigar mai gudu har yanzu yana da wani ɓangare na makamashin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba. Aikin bututun zamiya shine dawo da wannan ɓangaren makamashi da kuma fitar da ruwan da ke ƙasa. Bututun zamiya an raba shi zuwa nau'i biyu, madauri madaidaiciya da lanƙwasa. Na farko yana da babban ma'aunin kuzari kuma gabaɗaya ya dace da ƙananan turbines na kwance da bututu; na biyun yana da ƙarancin aikin hydraulic fiye da madauri madaidaiciya, amma yana da ƙaramin zurfin haƙa, kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin turbines masu girma da matsakaici masu girman restricting.
(2) Rarrabawa. Dangane da alkiblar axial na kwararar ruwa ta cikin mai gudu, an raba turbin tasiri zuwa turbin Francis, turbin kwararar diagonal, turbin kwararar axial da turbin bututu.
1) Turbine na Francis. Turbine na Francis (radial axial flow ko Francis) turbine ne mai hana kai hari wanda ruwa ke gudana ta hanyar radial daga kewayen mai gudu zuwa alkiblar axial. Wannan nau'in turbine yana da nau'ikan kai masu yawa (30-700m), tsari mai sauƙi, ƙaramin girma da ƙarancin farashi. Babban turbine na Francis da aka fara aiki a China shine Ertan Hydropower Plant, tare da ƙarfin fitarwa na 582 MW da matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa na 621 MW.
2) Turbine mai kwararar iska ta Axial. Turbine mai kwararar iska ta Axial turbine ne mai ramawa wanda ruwa ke shigowa daga alkiblar axial kuma yana fitowa daga mai gudu a alkiblar axial. An raba wannan nau'in turbine zuwa nau'i biyu: nau'in ruwa mai tsayayye (nau'in dunƙule) da nau'in juyawa (nau'in Kaplan). Ruwan farko an gyara su, kuma ruwan na biyun ana iya juyawa. Ƙarfin wucewar ruwa na turbine mai kwararar iska ta Axial ya fi na turbine Francis girma. Saboda ruwan da ke cikin turbine mai juyawa na iya canza matsayi tare da canje-canje a cikin kaya, suna da inganci mafi girma a cikin sauye-sauyen kaya iri-iri. Ayyukan hana cavitation da ƙarfin injiniya na turbine mai kwararar iska ta Axial sun fi na turbine Francis muni, kuma tsarin ya fi rikitarwa. A halin yanzu, kan da ya dace na wannan nau'in turbine ya kai mita 80 ko fiye.
3) Injin turbine mai siffar tubular. Ruwan da wannan nau'in injin turbine ke kwarara daga cikin injin, kuma babu juyawa kafin da bayan injin. Matsakaicin kan amfani shine 3-20. Fuselage yana da fa'idodin ƙaramin tsayi, yanayin kwararar ruwa mai kyau, ingantaccen aiki, ƙarancin injiniyan farar hula, ƙarancin farashi, babu buƙatar bututun da aka lanƙwasa, kuma ƙasan kan, fa'idodin suna bayyana.
An raba injinan tubular zuwa nau'i biyu: cikakken kwararar ruwa da kuma rabin kwararar ruwa bisa ga haɗin janareta da yanayin watsawa. An ƙara raba injinan Semi-ta-flow zuwa nau'in kwan fitila, nau'in shaft da nau'in tsawaita shaft. Daga cikinsu, nau'in tsawaita shaft shi ma an raba shi zuwa nau'i biyu. Akwai axis mai karkata da axis na kwance. A halin yanzu, nau'in bututun kwan fitila da aka fi amfani da shi, nau'in tsawaita shaft da nau'in shaft na tsaye galibi ana amfani da su a ƙananan raka'a. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ana amfani da nau'in shaft a cikin manyan raka'a da matsakaici.
Ana sanya janareta na sashin bututun faɗaɗa shaft a wajen hanyar ruwa, kuma janareta yana da alaƙa da injin turbine tare da dogon shaft ko shaft a kwance. Wannan tsarin nau'in faɗaɗa shaft ya fi sauƙi fiye da nau'in kwan fitila.
4) Turbin kwararar diagonal. Tsarin da girman kwararar diagonal (wanda kuma ake kira diagonal) suna tsakanin kwararar da aka haɗa da kwararar axial. Babban bambanci shine cewa tsakiyar ruwan wukake masu gudu yana a wani kusurwa zuwa tsakiyar layin turbin. Saboda halayen tsarin, ba a barin na'urar ta nutse yayin aiki, don haka ana sanya na'urar kariya ta siginar motsawa ta axial a cikin tsari na biyu don hana haɗurra da ruwan wukake da ɗakin gudu ke haɗuwa. Matsakaicin kan amfani da turbin kwararar diagonal shine 25~200m.
Lokacin Saƙo: Oktoba-19-2021
