I-turbine yokuhlasela iwuhlobo lomshini we-hydraulic osebenzisa ingcindezi yokugeleza kwamanzi ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe amandla omshini.
(1) Isakhiwo. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zesakhiwo se-turbine yokuhlasela okulwa yi-runner, igumbi lokuphambukisa amanzi, indlela yokuqondisa amanzi kanye nepayipi lokudonsa amanzi.
1) Umgijimi. Umgijimi uyingxenye ye-turbine yamanzi eguqula amandla okugeleza kwamanzi abe amandla omshini ajikelezayo. Kuye ngokuthi isiqondiso sokuguqulwa kwamandla amanzi sinjani, izakhiwo zomgijimi zama-turbine ahlukahlukene okuhlasela nazo zihlukile. Umgijimi we-turbine kaFrancis wakhiwe ngama-blade asontekile aqondisiwe, umqhele kanye nendandatho engezansi kanye nezinye izingxenye eziyinhloko eziqondile; umgijimi we-turbine ogelezayo we-axial wakhiwe ngama-blade, umzimba womgijimi kanye ne-drain cone kanye nezinye izingxenye eziyinhloko: isakhiwo somgijimi we-turbine ogelezayo oqondile siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-angle yokubeka i-blade ingashintshwa ngezimo zokusebenza futhi ihambisane nokuvulwa kwe-guide vane. Umugqa wesikhungo sokujikeleza kwe-blade use-angle eqondile (45°-60°) ku-axis ye-turbine.
2) Igumbi lokuphambukisa amanzi. Umsebenzi walo ukwenza amanzi ageleze ngokulinganayo endleleni yokuqondisa amanzi, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa amandla, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine. Ama-turbine amakhulu naphakathi avame ukusebenzisa ama-volute ensimbi ayindilinga anezinhloko ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-50, kanye nama-volute ekhonkrithi anezingqimba ze-trapezoidal kulabo abangaphansi kwamamitha angu-50.
3) Indlela yokuqondisa amanzi. Ngokuvamile yakhiwe inani elithile lama-vane okuqondisa aqondisiwe kanye nezindlela zawo ezijikelezayo ezihlelwe ngokulinganayo emngceleni womgijimi. Umsebenzi wayo ukuqondisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ngokulinganayo ku-runner, nangokulungisa ukuvulwa kwe-vane yokuqondisa, ukushintsha izinga lokugeleza kwe-turbine ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomthwalo wesethi yejeneretha, futhi idlala indima yokuvala amanzi uma evalwe ngokuphelele.
4) Ipayipi eliyi-Draft. Ukugeleza kwamanzi endaweni yokukhipha amanzi kusenengxenye yamandla asele angasetshenziswanga. Indima yepayipi eliyi-Draft iwukubuyisa le ngxenye yamandla nokukhipha amanzi phansi komfula. Ipayipi eliyi-Draft lihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili, ikhoni eqondile kanye negobile. Elokuqala linomthamo omkhulu wamandla futhi ngokuvamile lifanelekela ama-turbine amancane avundlile kanye nama-tubular; elokugcina linokusebenza okuphansi kwe-hydraulic kunekhoni eqondile, kodwa linobubanzi obuncane bokumba, futhi lisetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-turbine amakhulu naphakathi okuhlasela.
(2) Ukuhlukaniswa. Ngokwesiqondiso se-axial sokugeleza kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa i-runner, i-impact turbine ihlukaniswe ibe yi-Francis turbine, i-diagonal flow turbine, i-axial flow turbine kanye ne-tubular turbine.
1) I-turbine kaFrancis. I-turbine kaFrancis (i-radial axial flow noma i-Francis) iyi-turbine yokuhlasela lapho amanzi egeleza khona ngokujikeleza kusuka esilinganisweni somgijimi kuya esiqondisweni se-axial. Lolu hlobo lwe-turbine lunezinhlobonhlobo zamakhanda asebenzayo (30-700m), isakhiwo esilula, ivolumu encane kanye nezindleko eziphansi. I-turbine enkulu kunazo zonke kaFrancis esetshenziswe eShayina yi-Ertan Hydropower Plant, enamandla okukhipha alinganiselwe angu-582 MW kanye namandla okukhipha aphezulu angu-621 MW.
2) I-Axial flow turbine. I-axial flow turbine iyi-counterattack turbine lapho amanzi egeleza esuka ohlangothini lwe-axial futhi egeleza ephuma kumgijimi ohlangothini lwe-axial. Lolu hlobo lwe-turbine luhlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili: uhlobo lwe-fixed-blade (uhlobo lwesikulufu) nohlobo olujikelezayo (uhlobo lwe-Kaplan). Ama-blade alokuqala aqinile, futhi ama-blade alokugcina angajikeleziswa. Amandla okudlula kwamanzi e-axial flow turbine makhulu kune-Francis turbine. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-blade e-paddle turbine angashintsha indawo ngokushintsha komthwalo, anokusebenza kahle kakhulu ezinguqukweni eziningi zomthwalo. Ukusebenza okulwa nokucasuka kanye namandla omshini e-axial flow turbine kubi kakhulu kune-Francis turbine, futhi isakhiwo siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Njengamanje, ikhanda elisebenzayo lalolu hlobo lwe-turbine selifinyelele ku-80m noma ngaphezulu.
3) I-Tubular turbine. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kwalolu hlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi kugeleza ngokuzungeza kuphuma kumgijimi, futhi akukho ukujikeleza ngaphambi nangemva komgijimi. Ububanzi bekhanda lokusetshenziswa bungu-3-20. . I-fuselage inezinzuzo zokuphakama okuncane, izimo ezinhle zokugeleza kwamanzi, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ubunjiniyela bezakhiwo obuncane, izindleko eziphansi, asikho isidingo sama-volutes namashubhu okudonsa agobile, futhi uma ikhanda liphansi, kulapho izinzuzo zibonakala khona.
Ama-turbine e-Tubular ahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ukugeleza okugcwele kanye nokugeleza okuyingxenye ngokwendlela yokuxhuma kwejeneretha kanye nemodi yokudlulisa. Ama-turbine e-semi-through-flow ahlukaniswe ngokwengeziwe ngohlobo lwebhalbhu, uhlobo lomgodi kanye nohlobo lokwandiswa komgodi. Phakathi kwawo, uhlobo lokwandiswa komgodi luhlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili. Kukhona i-oblique axis kanye ne-horizontal axis. Njengamanje, uhlobo lwebhalbhu oluyi-tubular, uhlobo lokwandiswa komgodi kanye nohlobo lomgodi oqondile olusetshenziswa kakhulu lusetshenziswa kakhulu kumayunithi amancane. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uhlobo lomgodi lusetshenziswe futhi kumayunithi amakhulu naphakathi.
Ijenereyitha yeyunithi yeshubhu yokwandisa umgodi ifakiwe ngaphandle komzila wamanzi, futhi ijenereyitha ixhunywe ku-turbine ngomgodi othambekele isikhathi eside noma umgodi ovundlile. Lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo sokwandiswa komgodi lulula kunohlobo lwebhalbhu.
4) I-turbine yokugeleza evundlile. Isakhiwo nosayizi wokugeleza okuvundlile (okubizwa nangokuthi i-diagonal) turbine kuphakathi kokugeleza okuxubile kanye nokugeleza okuvundlile. Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi umugqa ophakathi wama-runner blades usekhoneni elithile kumugqa ophakathi we-turbine. Ngenxa yezici zesakhiwo, iyunithi ayivunyelwe ukucwila ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ngakho-ke kufakwa idivayisi yokuvikela isignali yokufuduka kwe-axial esakhiweni sesibili ukuvimbela izingozi lapho ama-blades kanye negumbi lokugijimisana kungqubuzana. Ububanzi bekhanda lokusetshenziswa kwe-turbine yokugeleza okuvundlile bungama-25 ~ 200m.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-19-2021
