Te Pānga o te Wira Rere o te Pūnaha Kāwana o te TāpineTe Pānga o te Wira Rere o te Pūnaha Kāwana o te TāpineTe Pānga o te Wira Rere o te Pūnaha Kāwana o te TāpineTe Pānga o te Wira Rere o te Pūnaha Kāwana o te TāpineTe Pānga o te Wira Rere o te Pūnaha Kāwana o te Tāpine
He iti ake te pūmau ātete o ngā kaihanga wai nui o ēnei rā, ā, tera pea ka pāngia e ngā raruraru e pā ana ki te pumau o te pūnaha whakahaere tāpine. Nā te whanonga o te wai tāpine tēnei, nā tōna ātete ka puta he hama wai i roto i ngā paipa pēhanga ina whakahaerehia ngā taputapu whakahaere. Ko te tikanga whānui tēnei e tohuhia ana e ngā pūmau wā whakatere waipēhi. I roto i te mahi takitahi, ina whakatauhia te auau o te pūnaha katoa e te kaiwhakahaere tāpine, ka pā te hama wai ki te tere whakahaere, ā, ka puta te kore pumau hei hopu, hei hurihuri rānei i te auau. Mō te mahi honohono me te pūnaha nui, ka mau tonu te auau e te mea o muri mai. Kātahi ka pā te hama wai ki te mana e tukuna ana ki te pūnaha, ā, ka puta noa te raruraru pumau ina whakahaerehia te mana i roto i te porowhita kati, arā, mō ngā kaihanga wai e whai wāhi ana ki te whakahaere auau.
He nui te pānga o te pumau o te taputapu kaiārahi tāpine ki te ōwehenga o te pūmau wā whakaterenga ā-mīhini nā te pūmau wā whakaterenga waipēhi o ngā papatipu wai me te pikinga o te kaiārahi. He pānga whakararuraru te whakaiti i te ōwehenga o runga ake nei, ā, me whakaiti te pikinga o te kaiārahi, ka pā kino ki te pumau o te auau. Nō reira, me whai pānga iti rawa te wira rere mō ngā wāhanga hurihuri o te waeine wai, ā, ka taea anake te whakarato i roto i te whakaputa hiko. Tērā atu rānei, ka taea te whakaiti i te pūmau wā whakaterenga ā-mīhini mā te whakarato i tētahi takirere whakaora pēhanga, i tētahi tāke ngaru rānei, me ētahi atu, engari he tino utu nui. Ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi paearu ā-mātauranga mō te kaha whakahaere tere o tētahi waeine whakaputa hiko i runga i te pikinga tere o te waeine ka puta pea i runga i te whakakorenga o te kawenga whakatauranga katoa o te waeine e mahi motuhake ana. Mō ngā waeine hiko e mahi ana i roto i ngā pūnaha honohono nui, ā, e hiahiatia ana hei whakahaere i te auau pūnaha, ko te ōrau pikinga tere i tatauhia i runga ake nei i whakaarohia kia kaua e neke ake i te 45 ōrau. Mō ngā pūnaha iti ake, me whakarato he pikinga tere iti ake (Tirohia te Upoko 4).
Wāhanga whakaroa mai i te pūngao ki te Teihana Hiko o Dehar
(Puna: Pepa nā te Kaituhi – 2nd world Congress, International Water Resources Association 1979) Mō te Dehar Power Plant, ka whakaaturia te pūnaha wai pēhanga wai e hono ana i te rokiroki taurite ki te waeine hiko e whai ake nei ko te whakaurunga wai, te kauhanga pēhanga, te tāke ngaru rerekētanga me te pene. Mā te whakawhāiti i te pikinga pēhanga mōrahi i roto i ngā pene ki te 35 ōrau, ko te pikinga tere mōrahi i whakatauhia o te waeine i te wā e whakakorea ana te kawenga katoa i mahi ki te 45 ōrau me te kati kawana.
te wā o te 9.1 hēkona i te pane kua whakatauria o te 282 m (925 ft) me te pānga wira rere noa o ngā wāhanga hurihuri o te whakaputa hiko (arā, i whakaritea i runga i ngā whakaaro pikinga pāmahana anake). I te wāhanga tuatahi o te mahi, i kitea te pikinga tere kāore i neke atu i te 43 ōrau. Nō reira, i whakaarohia he rawaka te pānga wira rere noa hei whakahaere i te auau o te pūnaha.
Ngā Tawhā o te Pūkaha Hiko me te Pūmautanga Hiko
Ko ngā tawhā whakaputa hiko e pā ana ki te pumau ko te pānga o te wira rere, te tauhohenga whakawhiti me te ōwehenga ara iahiko poto. I te wāhanga tuatahi o te whanaketanga o te pūnaha EHV 420 kV i Dehar, ko ngā raruraru o te pumau ka tino nui nā te ngoikore o te pūnaha, te iti o te taumata ara iahiko poto, te mahi i te tauwehenga mana matua, me te hiahia ki te penapena i te whakarato i ngā putanga tuku me te whakatika i te rahi me ngā tawhā o ngā waeine whakaputa hiko. I whakaatuhia hoki e ngā rangahau pumau whakawhiti tuatahi i runga i te tātari whatunga (mā te whakamahi i te ngaohiko pumau i muri i te tauhohenga whakawhiti) mō te pūnaha EHV Dehar ko te pumau taha anake ka whiwhi. I te wāhanga tuatahi o te hoahoa o te Whare Hiko o Dehar i whakaarohia ko te tohu i ngā whakaputa hiko me te noa
ngā āhuatanga me te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te pumau mā te arotau i ngā tawhā o ētahi atu āhuatanga e whai wāhi ana, inā koa ko ngā mea o te pūnaha whakaoho, he huarahi pai ake te utu. I roto i tētahi rangahau o te Pūnaha Piritana, i whakaaturia hoki he iti ake te pānga o te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā whakaputa ki ngā tawhā pumau. Nō reira, i tohua ngā tawhā whakaputa noa e ai ki te tāpiritanga mō te whakaputa. Kua hoatu ngā rangahau pumau taipitopito i mahia.
Te Kaha Utu Raina me te Pūmautanga o te Ngaohiko
Ko ngā kaihanga hiko wai kei tawhiti e whakamahia ana hei utu i ngā raina EHV roa kāore i utaina, ā, ko te kVA utu he nui ake i te kaha utu raina o te mīhini, ka taea e te mīhini te whakaoho ake i a ia anō, ā, ka piki ake te ngaohiko i tua atu i te mana whakahaere. Ko te tikanga mō te whakaoho ake ko xc < xd kei reira, ko xc te tauhohenga kawenga kaha, ā, ko xd te tauhohenga tuaka tika tukutahi. Ko te kaha e hiahiatia ana mō te utu i tētahi raina 420 kV kāore i utaina E2 /xc tae noa ki Panipat (pito whiwhi) he tata ki te 150 MVAR i te ngaohiko whakatauranga. I te wāhanga tuarua, ina tāutahia he raina 420 kV tuarua he rite te roa, ko te kaha utu raina e hiahiatia ana hei utu i ngā raina e rua kāore i utaina i te wā kotahi i te ngaohiko whakatauranga he tata ki te 300 MVAR.
Ko te kaha utu raina e wātea ana i te ngaohiko kua whakatauria mai i te miihini hiko Dehar e ai ki ngā kaiwhakarato o ngā taputapu, penei:
(i)70 ōrau te whakatauranga MVA, arā, ka taea te utu raina 121.8 MVAR me te iti rawa o te whakaoho pai o te 10 ōrau.
(ii) Tae atu ki te 87 ōrau o te MVA kua whakatauria, arā, te kaha utu raina 139 MVAR ka taea me te iti rawa o te whakaoho pai o te 1 ōrau.
(iii) Tae atu ki te 100 ōrau o te MVAR kua whakatauria, arā, ko te kaha utu raina 173.8 ka taea te whiwhi me te tata ki te 5 ōrau o te whakaoho kino, ā, ko te kaha utu raina mōrahi ka taea te whiwhi me te whakaoho kino o te 10 ōrau ko te 110 ōrau o te MVA kua whakatauria (191 MVAR) e ai ki te BSS.
(iv) Ka taea anake te whakanui ake i te kaha utu raina mā te whakanui ake i te rahi o te mīhini. Mō ngā āhuatanga (ii) me (iii) kāore e taea te whakahaere ā-ringa i te whakaohooho, ā, me whakawhirinaki katoa ki te mahi tonu o ngā kaiwhakahaere hiko aunoa tere. Kāore e taea te whakanui ake i te rahi o te mīhini hei whakanui ake i te kaha utu raina. Nō reira, i te whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga whakahaere i te wāhanga tuatahi o te mahi, i whakatauhia kia whakaratohia he kaha utu raina o te 191 MVAR i te ngaohiko kua whakatauria mō ngā kaihanga hiko mā te whakarato whakaohooho kino ki ngā kaihanga hiko. Ko te āhuatanga whakahaere nui e hua ai te kore pumau o te ngaohiko ka puta pea i te momotu o te kawenga i te pito whiwhi. Ka puta te āhuatanga nā te kawenga kaha ki runga i te mīhini ka pāngia kinotia e te pikinga tere o te kaihanga hiko. Ka puta pea te whakaohooho-ake me te kore pumau o te ngaohiko mēnā.
Xc ≤ n2 (Xq + XT)
Ko Xc te tauhohenga kawenga kaha, ko Xq te tauhohenga tukutahi tuaka tapawhā, ā, ko n te tere nui rawa atu e puta ana i te whakakorenga kawenga. I whakaarohia kia whakakorea tēnei āhuatanga i runga i te pūkaha hiko Dehar mā te whakarato i tētahi tauhohenga whakawhiti EHV 400 kV (75 MVA) e hono pūmau ana ki te pito whiwhi o te raina e ai ki ngā rangahau taipitopito i mahia.
Te takai whakakā
Ko te mahi matua o te takai whakakā ko tōna kaha ki te ārai i ngā ngaohiko nui rawa atu mēnā he hapa raina ki te raina me ngā kawenga kaha, ā, mā reira ka whakaitihia te ahotea ngaohiko nui ki runga i ngā taputapu. I te whakaaro ki ngā wāhi tawhiti me ngā raina tuku roa e hono ana, ko ngā takai whakakā kua honoa katoatia me te ōwehenga o ngā tauhohenga tapawhā me te tuaka tika, kāore i neke ake i te 1.2 te Xnq/Xnd.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Pūnaha Whakaoho me te Pūnaha Whakaoho
I muri i te whakarārangitanga o ngā whakaputa hiko me ngā āhuatanga noa, ā, i te kitenga o ngā rangahau tuatahi i te pumau taha anake, i whakatauhia kia whakamahia ngā taputapu whakaoho hiko tere-teitei hei whakapai ake i ngā taha pumau kia tutuki ai te whakaritenga tino whai hua o ngā taputapu. I whakahaerehia ngā rangahau taipitopito hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga tino pai o ngā taputapu whakaoho hiko, ā, i kōrerohia i roto i te upoko 10.
Ngā Whakaaro mō te Rūwhenua
Kei roto te Whare Hiko o Dehar i te rohe rū whenua. I whakaarohia ngā whakaritenga e whai ake nei i roto i te hoahoa o ngā kaihanga hiko wai i Dehar i runga i te kōrero tahi me ngā kaihanga taputapu, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga rū whenua me te whenua i te wāhi me te pūrongo a te Komiti Tohunga Rū Whenua o Koyna i whakatūria e te Kāwanatanga o Īnia me te āwhina a UNESCO.
Te Kaha Mīhini
Me hanga ngā miihini Dehar kia tu atu ki te kaha whakaterenga mōrahi o te rū whenua i te taha poutū me te taha whakapae e tika ana kia mahi i waenganui o te mīhini i Dehar.
Auautanga Taiao
Me pupuri te auau ā-taiao o te mīhini kia tawhiti rawa (kia teitei ake) i te auau aukume o te 100 Hz (e rua te auau o te whakaputa hiko). Ka tawhiti rawa atu tēnei auau ā-taiao i te auau rū whenua, ā, ka tirohia mēnā he tika te tawhiti ki te auau matua o te rū whenua me te tere matua o te pūnaha hurihuri.
Tautoko pūmau whakaputa hiko
He maha ngā pereti kapu o te pūwhakaputa hiko me ngā turanga pana o raro me te turanga arataki. Me here ngā pereti kapu ki te turanga ki te taha, me te ahunga poutū noa mā ngā pūtu turanga.
Hoahoa Aratohu
Me whai momo wāhanga ngā peera arataki, ā, me whakakaha ngā wāhanga peera arataki kia tu atu ki te kaha o te rū whenua. I tua atu, i tūtohu ngā kaihanga kia herea te whāriki o runga ki te taha o te oko (te whare whakaputa hiko) mā te whakamahi i ngā taura maitai. Ko te tikanga anō hoki o tēnei me whakakaha te oko raima.
Te Kite i te Wiri o ngā Pūkaha
I tūtohutia kia tāutahia he taputapu kite wiri, he mita rerekē rānei ki runga i ngā tāpine me ngā whakaputa hiko hei tīmata i te whakaweto me te whakaoho mēnā ka nui ake ngā wiri nā te rū whenua i tētahi uara kua whakaritea. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i tēnei taputapu hei kite i ngā wiri rerekē o tētahi waeine nā ngā āhuatanga waipēhi e pā ana ki te tāpine.
Ngā Hoapā Mercury
Ka taea te karo i tēnei āhuatanga mā te whakamahi i ngā hononga mercury hei ārai i te wiri, mā te tāpiri rānei i ngā whakawhiti wā ina kitea he mea tika, i te rū nui rānei.
Ngā Whakatau
(1) I whiwhihia he penapena nui i roto i te utu o ngā taputapu me te hanganga i te Whare Hiko o Dehar mā te whakamahi i te rahi o te waeine nui me te whakaaro ki te rahi o te whatunga hiko me tōna awe ki te kaha tāpiri o te pūnaha.
(2) I whakaitihia te utu o ngā whakaputa hiko mā te whakamahi i te hoahoa maru o te hanganga e taea ana mō ngā whakaputa hiko wai tere nui nā te whanaketanga o te maitai kume teitei mō ngā wero awhi rotor.
(3) Nā te hoko mai i ngā pūkaha hiko taiao whai muri i ngā rangahau taipitopito i nui ake ai te penapena utu.
(4) I whakaarohia he rawaka te pānga o te wira rere noa o ngā wāhanga hurihuri o te whakaputa hiko i te teihana whakahaere auau i Dehar mō te pumau o te pūnaha kaiārahi tāpine nā te mea he nui te pūnaha honohono.
(5) Ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā tawhā motuhake o ngā pūkaha hiko mamao e whāngai ana i ngā whatunga EHV hei whakarite i te pumau o te hiko mā roto i ngā pūnaha whakaoho tere tere.
(6) Ka taea e ngā pūnaha whakaoho pūmau tere te whakarato i ngā tawhā pumau e tika ana. Heoi, me whai tohu whakahoki pumau ēnei pūnaha kia tutuki ai te pumau i muri i te hapa. Me whakahaere he rangahau taipitopito.
(7) Ka taea te ārai i te kore pumau o te whakaoho-ā-koe me te ngaohiko o ngā kaihanga hiko mamao e hono ana ki te whatunga mā ngā raina EHV roa mā te whakanui ake i te kaha utu raina o te mīhini mā te whakamahi i te whakaoho kino me/ranei mā te whakamahi i ngā tauhohenga whakawhiti EHV e hono pūmau ana.
(8) Ka taea te whakarite i ngā whakaritenga i roto i te hoahoa o ngā miihini whakaputa hiko me ōna turanga hei whakarato i ngā ārai mai i ngā kaha rū whenua i ngā utu iti.
Ngā Tawhā Matua o ngā Hangahanga Dehar
Ōwehenga Porowhita Poto = 1.06
Tauhohenga Tauhohenga Tauwhitiwhiti Tuaka Tika = 0.2
Pānga Wira Rere = 39.5 x 106 pauna ft2
Kāore a Xnq/Xnd i te neke atu i te = 1.2
Te wā tuku: Mei-11-2021
