I-Generator Flywheel Effect and Stability of turbine Governor SystemGenerator Flywheel Effect and Stability of turbine Governor SystemGenerator Flywheel Effect and Stability of turbine Governor SystemGenerator Flywheel Effect and Stability of turbine Governor System
Amajeneretha amakhulu esimanje ka-hydro ane-inetia engaguquki futhi angase abhekane nezinkinga mayelana nokuzinza kwesistimu elawula i-turbine. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuziphatha kwamanzi e-turbine, okuthi ngenxa yokungabi namandla kwawo kubangele isando samanzi emapayipini okucindezela lapho kusetshenziswa imishini yokulawula. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubonakala ngama-hydraulic acceleration time constants. Ekusebenzeni okukodwa, lapho imvamisa yesistimu yonke inqunywa umbusi we-turbine isando samanzi sithinta ukulawulwa kwesivinini kanye nokungazinzi kubonakala njengokuzingela noma ukushwibeka. Ngokusebenza okuxhumene nesistimu enkulu imvamisa igcinwa ngokungaguquki yikamuva. Isando samanzi sibe sithinta amandla aphakelwa ohlelweni futhi inkinga yokuzinza ivela kuphela lapho amandla elawulwa ngeluphu evaliwe, okungukuthi, esimweni salawo majeneretha asebenza ngamanzi abamba iqhaza ekulawuleni amaza.
Ukuzinza kwegiya le-turbine governor kuthintwa kakhulu isilinganiso sesikhathi sokusheshisa esisebenza ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwesikhathi sokusheshisa amanzi ngobuningi bamanzi kanye nokuzuza kombusi. Ukwehliswa kwesilinganiso esingenhla kunomphumela ophazamisayo futhi kudinge ukuncishiswa kwenzuzo yombusi, okuthinta kabi ukuqiniswa kwemvamisa. Ngakho-ke umthelela omncane we-flywheel wezingxenye ezizungezisayo zeyunithi ye-hydro iyadingeka, ngokuvamile enganikezwa kuphela kujeneretha. Okunye okungaguquki kwesikhathi sokusheshisa okungaguquguquki kungancishiswa ngokuhlinzekwa kwe-valve yokukhulula ingcindezi noma ithangi lokuhlinza, njll., kodwa ngokuvamile kubiza kakhulu. Inqubo yokuhlola esetshenziswayo yekhono lokulawula isivinini seyunithi ephehla amanzi ingase isekelwe ekukhuphukeni kwesivinini kweyunithi okungenzeka ekunqatshweni kwawo wonke umthwalo olinganiselwe weyunithi esebenza ngokuzimela. Kumayunithi kagesi asebenza kumasistimu amakhulu axhumene futhi adingeka ukulawula imvamisa yesistimu, inkomba yephesenti yokunyuka kwesivinini njengoba kubalwe ngenhla ibicatshangelwe ukuthi ingeqi kumaphesenti angama-45. Ukuze uthole amasistimu amancane ukukhuphuka kwesivinini okuncane kunikezwe (Bheka Isahluko 4).
Ingxenye yobude ukusuka ekuthatheni ukuya eDehar Power Plant
(Umthombo: Iphepha Libhalwe Umbhali - 2nd world Congress, International Water Resources Association 1979) Ku-Dehar Power Plant, uhlelo lwamanzi okucindezela kwe-hydraulic oluxhuma isitoreji sokulinganisa neyunithi yamandla ehlanganisa ukungenisa kwamanzi, umhubhe wokucindezela, ithangi lokuhluka okuhlukanisiwe kanye ne-penstock. Ukunciphisa ukukhuphuka kwengcindezi enkulu kuma-penstocks kuye kumaphesenti angama-35 ukukhuphuka kwesivinini esiphezulu okulinganiselwe kweyunithi lapho kwenqatshwa umthwalo ogcwele kufinyelele cishe kumaphesenti angama-45 lapho umbusi evala.
isikhathi samasekhondi angu-9.1 ekhanda elilinganiselwe lama-282 m (925 ft) elinomphumela ovamile we-flywheel wezingxenye ezijikelezayo zejeneretha (okungukuthi, okugxilwe ekucatshangweni kokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kuphela). Esigabeni sokuqala sokusebenza ukukhuphuka kwejubane kutholakale ukuthi akukho ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-43. Kubhekwe ngokufanelekile ukuthi umphumela ojwayelekile we-flywheel wanele ukulawula imvamisa yesistimu.
Amapharamitha weGeneretha kanye nokuzinza kukagesi
Amapharamitha egenerator anomthelela ekuzinzeni umphumela we-flywheel, ukusabela kwesikhashana kanye nesilinganiso sesekhethi emfushane. Esigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu ye-420 kV EHV njengase-Dehar izinkinga zokuzinza kufanele zibe bucayi ngenxa yesistimu ebuthakathaka, izinga eliphansi lesekethe elifushane, ukusebenza endaweni ehamba phambili yamandla, kanye nesidingo somnotho ekuhlinzekeni ngezindawo zokudlulisela kanye nokulungisa usayizi nemingcele yamayunithi aphehlayo. Izifundo zokuqala zokuzinza kwesikhashana kusihlaziyi senethiwekhi (kusetshenziswa i-voltage engaguquki ngemuva kokusabela kwesikhashana) ohlelweni lwe-Dehar EHV luphinde lwabonisa ukuthi kuzotholakala ukuzinza okuncane kuphela. Esigabeni sokuqala sokuklanywa kweDehar Power Plant kwakubhekwa njengokucacisa amajeneretha ajwayelekile
izici kanye nokufeza izidingo zokuzinza ngokuthuthukisa imingcele yezinye izici ezihilelekile ikakhulukazi lezo zesistimu evusa amadlingozi kungaba enye indlela eshibhe ngokwezomnotho. Ocwaningweni Lohlelo LwaseBrithani futhi kwaboniswa ukuthi ukushintsha imingcele yejeneretha kunomphumela omncane kakhulu kumamajini okuzinza. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, amapharamitha ajwayelekile ejeneretha njengoba enikezwe kusithasiselo aye ashiwo kujeneretha. Ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lokuzinza olwenziwe luyanikezwa
Amandla Wokushaja Ulayini kanye Nokuqina Kwe-Voltage
Amajeneretha e-hydro atholakala ukude asetshenziselwa ukushaja imigqa emide ye-EHV engalayishiwe okushaja kwayo i-kVA ingaphezu komthamo wokushaja womshini womshini, umshini ungase ujabule futhi ugesi ukhuphuke ngendlela engenakulawuleka. Isimo sokuzithokozisa ukuthi i-xc <xd lapho, i-xc iwukusabela komthwalo we-capacitive kanye ne-xd ukusabela kwe-eksisi okuqondile okuvumelanisiwe. Umthamo odingekayo wokushaja ulayini owodwa ongalayishiwe ongu-420 kV u-E2/xc kuze kufike ku-Panipat (eyawamukelayo ekugcineni) wawungaba ngu-150 MVARs ku-voltage elinganiselwe. Esigabeni sesibili lapho kufakwa ulayini wesibili ongu-420 kV wobude obulinganayo, umthamo wokushaja wolayini odingekayo ukuze ushaje izintambo ezingalayishiwe ngesikhathi esisodwa ku-voltage elinganisiwe uzoba cishe ama-MVAR angu-300.
Umthamo wokushaja kalayini otholakala ku-voltage elinganiselwe evela kujeneretha yakwa-Dehar njengoba kushiwo abahlinzeki bezinto zokusebenza ube kanje:
(i)70 amaphesenti angu-70 elinganiselwe i-MVA, okungukuthi, 121.8 ukushajwa kolayini we-MVAR kungenzeka ngesasasa elihle elincane elingamaphesenti angu-10.
(ii)Kufikela kumaphesenti angama-87 e-MVA elinganiselwe, okungukuthi, umthamo wokushaja wolayini we-MVAR ongu-139 uyenzeka ngesasasa eliphozithivu elincane elingamaphesenti angu-1.
(iii)Kufikela kumaphesenti angu-100 we-MVAR elinganiselwe, okungukuthi, umthamo wokushaja wolayini ongu-173.8 ungatholwa cishe ngesasasa elibi elingamaphesenti angu-5 kanye nomthamo wokushaja omkhulu ongatholwa ngesasasa elibi elingamaphesenti angu-10 lingamaphesenti angu-110 we-MVA elinganiselwe (191 MVAR) ngokwe-BSS.
(iv)Ukwenyuka okwengeziwe kwamandla okushaja kolayini kungenzeka kuphela ngokwandisa usayizi womshini. Esimeni (ii) kanye (iii) nokulawulwa kwe-excitation ngesandla akunakwenzeka futhi ukuthembela ngokugcwele kufanele kubekwe ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kwezilawuli zamandla kagesi ezizenzakalelayo ezisebenza ngokushesha. Akwenzeki ngokomnotho futhi akufiseleki ukwandisa usayizi womshini ngenjongo yokukhulisa amandla okushaja olayini. Ngokuvumelana nalokho kucatshangelwa izimo zokusebenza esigabeni sokuqala sokusebenza kwanqunywa ukuba kuhlinzekelwe umthamo wokushaja welayini wama-MVAR angu-191 ku-voltage elinganiselwe yamajeneretha ngokuhlinzeka ngesasasa elibi kumajeneretha. Isimo esibucayi sokusebenza esibangela ukungazinzi kwamandla kagesi kungase kubangelwe ukunqanyulwa komthwalo ekugcineni kokwamukela. Lesi simo senzeka ngenxa yokulayishwa kwe-capacitive emshinini okuphinde kuthikamezeke kabi ngokunyuka kwesivinini se-generator. Ukuzithokozisa kanye nokungazinzi kwe-voltage kungenzeka uma.
I-Xc ≤ n2 (Xq + XT)
Lapho, i-Xc ingukusabela komthwalo we-capacitive, i-Xq iwukusabela okuvumelanisa kwe-axis ye-quadrature futhi n iyisihlobo esiphezulu sesivinini esenzeka ekunqatshweni komthwalo. Lesi simo esikujeneretha wakwa-Dehar kwahlongozwa ukuba sisuswe ngokuhlinzeka ngokuxhunywa unomphela kwe-400 kV EHV shunt reactor (75 MVA) ekugcineni kolayini njengokwezifundo ezinemininingwane ezenziwe.
I-Damper winding
Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-damper winding amandla ayo okuvimbela ama-over-voltage amaningi uma kwenzeka iphutha likalayini ukuya kolayini ngemithwalo ye-capacitive, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukucindezelwa kwe-voltage ngokweqile kumshini. Kucatshangelwa indawo eqhelile kanye nemigqa yokudlulisa exhumayo emide exhunywe ngokugcwele amawindi amanzi anesilinganiso sequadrature nokusabela okuqondile kwe-eksisi Xnq/ Xnd okungadluli ku-1.2 kucacisiwe.
I-Generator Characteristic and Excitation System
Amajeneretha anezici ezijwayelekile esebaluliwe kanye nezifundo zokuqala ezibonise ukuzinza okuncane kuphela, kwanqunywa ukuthi okokusebenza okuvusa isivinini okumile kusetshenziswe ukwenza ngcono amamajini okuzinza ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlelwa kwempahla okongayo kukonke. Ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lwenziwa ukuze kutholwe izici eziphelele zemishini evusa amadlingozi emile futhi okuxoxwe ngayo esahlukweni se-10.
Ukucatshangelwa kokuzamazama komhlaba
I-Dehar Power Plant iwela endaweni ye-seismic. Ukulandela izinhlinzeko ekwakhiweni kwejeneretha ye-hydro e-Dehar kwahlongozwa ngokubonisana nabakhiqizi bezinto zokusebenza futhi kubhekwa izimo zokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nezokuma komhlaba endaweni kanye nombiko weKomidi Lezazi Zokuzamazama Komhlaba lase-Koyna elakhiwe nguHulumeni waseNdiya ngosizo lwe-UNESCO.
Amandla Emishini
Amajeneretha e-Dehar aklanyelwe ukumelana ngokuphephile namandla amakhulu okusheshisa ukuzamazama komhlaba kokubili endaweni eqondile nevundlile elindeleke e-Dehar esebenza enkabeni yomshini.
Imvamisa Yemvelo
Imvamisa yemvelo yomshini kufanele igcinwe ikude (phezulu) ukusuka kumafrikhwensi kazibuthe we-100 Hz (okuphindwe kabili i-generator frequency). Le mvamisa yemvelo izobe iqhelelene nemvamisa yokuzamazama komhlaba futhi ibhekwe umkhawulo owanele ngokumelene nemvamisa evelele yokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nesivinini esibalulekile sohlelo oluzungezayo.
Ukusekelwa kwe-generator stator
I-generator stator kanye ne-thrust ephansi kanye nezisekelo ezithwala umhlahlandlela zihlanganisa inani lamapuleti ama-sole. Amapuleti awodwa aboshwe esisekelweni eceleni ngaphezu kokuqondisa okuqondile okujwayelekile ngamabhawudi esisekelo.
Idizayini ye-Guide Bearing
Ama-bearings angumhlahlandlela kufanele abe uhlobo lwezigaba futhi izingxenye eziphethe umhlahlandlela ziqiniswe ukuze zimelane namandla agcwele okuzamazama komhlaba. Abakhiqizi baphinde batusa ukubopha ubakaki ongaphezulu eceleni komgqomo (indawo ebiyelwe ngujeneretha) ngamagida ensimbi. Lokhu kuzophinde kusho ukuthi umgqomo kakhonkolo kuzomele uqiniswe.
Ukutholwa kokudlidliza kwamajeneretha
Ukufakwa kwezitholi zokudlidliza noma amamitha e-eccentricity kuma-turbine namajeneretha kuye kwatuswa ukuthi kufakwe ukuze kuqaliswe ukuvala shaqa kanye ne-alamu uma kwenzeka ukudlidliza ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba kweqa inani elinqunywe kusengaphambili. Lolu cingo lungasetshenziswa futhi ukuthola noma yikuphi ukudlidliza okungajwayelekile kweyunithi ngenxa yezimo zamanzi ezithinta i-turbine.
Oxhumana nabo be-Mercury
Ukuzamazama okunamandla ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba kungaholela ekuphambukeni okungamanga ukuze kuqaliswe ukuvala iyunithi uma kusetshenziswa othintana nabo be-mercury. Lokhu kungagwenywa ngokucacisa amaswishi e-mercury ohlobo lwe-anti-vibration noma uma kutholakala kudingekile ngokungeza ukudluliselwa kwesikhathi.
Iziphetho
(1) Umnotho omkhulu ezindlekweni zemishini kanye nesakhiwo e-Dehar Power Plant utholwe ngokuthatha usayizi weyunithi enkulu ukugcinwa kusayizi wegridi kanye nomthelela wako kumthamo oyisipele wesistimu.
(2) Izindleko zamajeneretha zehliswa ngokwamukela umklamo wesambulela sokwakha osekungenzeka kumajeneretha amakhulu we-hydro ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwensimbi eqinile eqinile yezingqimba zamarimu e-rotor.
(3) Ukuthengwa kwezinto ezikhiqiza amandla emvelo aphezulu ngemva kocwaningo oluningiliziwe kubangele ukonga okwengeziwe ezindlekweni.
(4) Umphumela ovamile wamasondo okundiza wezingxenye ezijikelezayo zejeneretha esiteshini esilawula amaza e-Dehar ucatshangelwe njengokwanele ekuzinzeni kwesistimu yombusi we-turbine ngenxa yesistimu enkulu exhumene.
(5) Amapharamitha akhethekile amajeneretha akude aphakela amanethiwekhi e-EHV ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kukagesi kungahlangatshezwana nayo ngezinhlelo ezisheshayo zokusabela ezimile.
(6) Amasistimu ashukumisayo asebenza ngokushesha anganikeza amamajini okuzinza adingekayo. Amasistimu anjalo, nokho, adinga ukusimamisa amasiginali wempendulo ukuze kuzuzwe ukuzinza kwephutha langemuva. Izifundo ezinemininingwane kufanele zenziwe.
(7) Ukuzikhukhumeza kanye nokungaqini kwamandla kagesi kwamajeneretha akude axhunywe negridi ngolayini abade be-EHV kungavinjelwa ngokwandisa umthamo wokushaja kalayini womshini ngokusebenzisa ukuvuswa okungekuhle kanye/noma ngokusebenzisa ama-EHV shunt reactor axhumeke unomphela.
(8) Kungenziwa izinhlinzeko ekwakhiweni kwamajeneretha nezisekelo zawo ukuze kuhlinzekwe izivikelo zokuzamazama komhlaba ngezindleko ezincane.
Amapharamitha amakhulu we-Dehar Generator
Isilinganiso Sesekhethi Esifushane = 1.06
I-Transient Reactance Direct Axis = 0.2
I-Flywheel Effect = 39.5 x 106 lb ft2
I-Xnq/Xnd ayinkulu kune = 1.2
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-11-2021
