I-counterattack turbine iwuhlobo lwemishini ye-hydraulic esebenzisa ingcindezi yokugeleza kwamanzi ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe amandla emishini.
(1) Isakhiwo. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zesakhiwo se-counter-attack turbine umgijimi, igumbi lokuphambukisa amanzi, indlela yokuqondisa amanzi kanye neshubhu esalungiswa.
1) Umgijimi. Umgijimi uyingxenye ye-turbine yamanzi eguqula amandla okugeleza kwamanzi abe amandla ajikelezayo emishini. Ngokuya ngesiqondiso sokuguqulwa kwamandla amanzi, izakhiwo zokugijima zama-turbine ahlukene okuhlasela nazo zihlukile. Umgijimi we-Francis turbine wakhiwe ngezindwani ezisontekile ezilula, umqhele nendandatho engezansi nezinye izingxenye eziqondile eziqondile; Umgijimi we-axial flow turbine wakhiwe ngama-blades, umzimba womgijimi kanye ne-drain cone kanye nezinye izingxenye eziyinhloko: ukugeleza kwe-diagonal turbine umgijimi isakhiwo siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-engeli yokubeka i-blade ingashintshwa nezimo zokusebenza futhi ifaniswe nokuvuleka kwe-vane ye-guide. Ulayini ophakathi nendawo wokuzungezisa i-blade uku-engeli etshekile (45°-60°) ku-axis ye-turbine.
2) Igumbi lokuphambukisa amanzi. Umsebenzi wawo ukwenza amanzi ageleze ngokulinganayo emshinini wokuqondisa amanzi, ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine. Ama-turbine amakhulu naphakathi nendawo ngokuvamile asebenzisa ama-volute ensimbi ayindilinga anamakhanda angaphezu kwama-50m, kanye namavolothi kakhonkolo we-trapezoidal awela ngaphansi kwalawo angaphansi kwama-50m.
3) Indlela yokuqondisa amanzi. Ivamise ukwakhiwa ngenani elithile lama-vanes omhlahlandlela nezindlela zawo ezizungezisayo ezihlelwe ngokulinganayo emaphethelweni omgijimi. Umsebenzi wayo ukuqondisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ngokulinganayo kumgijimi, futhi ngokulungisa ukuvulwa kwe-vane yokuqondisa, ukushintsha izinga lokugeleza kwe-turbine ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zomthwalo wesethi ye-generator, futhi idlala indima yokuvala amanzi uma ivaliwe ngokugcwele.
4) I-tube yokusalungiswa. Ukugeleza kwamanzi endaweni yokuphuma komgijimi kusenengxenye yamandla ayinsalela engakasetshenziswa. Iqhaza leshubhu elisalungiswa ukubuyisela le ngxenye yamandla nokukhipha amanzi ezansi nomfula. I-draft tube ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili, i-cone eqondile kanye ne-curved. Eyangaphambili ine-coefficient enkulu yamandla futhi ngokuvamile ifaneleka kuma-turbine amancane avundlile namashubhu; lesi sakamuva sinokusebenza okuphansi kwe-hydraulic kunezigaxa eziqondile, kodwa sinokuncane kokumba ukujula, futhi sisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-turbines aphikisayo amakhulu naphakathi.
(2) Ukwahlukanisa. Ngokulandela i-axial yokugeleza kwamanzi kumgijimi, i-turbine yomthelela ihlukaniswe yaba yi-Francis turbine, i-diagonal flow turbine, i-axial flow turbine kanye ne-tubular turbine.
1) Francis turbine. I-Francis (i-radial axial flow noma i-Francis) i-turbine iyi-turbine ephikisana nokuhlasela lapho amanzi egeleza khona ngokujulile ukusuka kumjikelezo womgijimi ukuya ohlangothini lwe-axial. Lolu hlobo lwe-turbine lunezinhlobonhlobo zamakhanda asebenzayo (30-700m), isakhiwo esilula, umthamo omncane kanye nezindleko eziphansi. I-turbine kaFrancis enkulu kunazo zonke esike yasebenza e-China yi-Ertan Hydropower Plant, enamandla okukhipha amandla angu-582 MW namandla amakhulu okukhipha angu-621 MW.
2) I-Axial flow turbine. I-axial flow turbine iyi-counterattack turbine lapho amanzi egeleza esuka endaweni ye-axial futhi ageleze aphume kumgijimi aye ohlangothini lwe-axial. Lolu hlobo lwe-turbine luhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: uhlobo lwe-fixed-blade (uhlobo lwesikulufa) nohlobo olujikelezayo (uhlobo lwe-Kaplan). Izindwani zangaphambili zilungisiwe, futhi ama-blades okugcina angashintshwa. Amandla okudlula amanzi we-axial flow turbine makhulu kunawe-Francis turbine. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-blades we-paddle turbine angashintsha indawo ngezinguquko ekulayisheni, asebenza kahle kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinguquko zomthwalo. Ukusebenza kwe-anti-cavitation namandla emishini ye-axial flow turbine kubi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-Francis turbine, futhi isakhiwo sibuye sibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Njengamanje, inhloko esebenzayo yalolu hlobo lwe-turbine isifinyelele ku-80m noma ngaphezulu.
3) I-Tubular turbine. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kwalolu hlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi kugeleza nge-axially kumgijimi, futhi akukho ukushintshashintsha ngaphambi nangemuva komgijimi. Ububanzi bekhanda lokusetshenziswa buyi-3-20. . I-fuselage inezinzuzo zokuphakama okuncane, izimo ezinhle zokugeleza kwamanzi, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ubunjiniyela obuncane bomphakathi, izindleko eziphansi, asikho isidingo sama-volutes namashubhu okusalungiswa agobile, futhi uma ikhanda liphansi, izinzuzo ezisobala kakhulu.
Ama-turbine amashubhu ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezimbili: ukugeleza okugcwele kanye nokugeleza okuncane ngokuya ngokuxhuma kwejeneretha kanye nemodi yokudlulisela. Ama-turbines we-semi-through-flow turbines aphinde ahlukaniswe abe uhlobo lwe-bulb, uhlobo lwe-shaft kanye nohlobo lokunwetshwa kwe-shaft. Phakathi kwazo, uhlobo lokunwetshwa kwe-shaft nalo luhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili. Kukhona i-oblique eksisi kanye ne-eksisi evundlile. Njengamanje, uhlobo lwe-tubular ye-bulb esetshenziswa kakhulu, uhlobo lwe-shaft extension kanye nohlobo lwe-shaft eqondile lusetshenziswa kakhulu kumayunithi amancane. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uhlobo lwe-shaft luphinde lwasetshenziswa kumayunithi amakhulu naphakathi.
Ijeneretha yeyunithi yeshubhu yesandiso ye-shaft ifakwe ngaphandle komzila wamanzi, futhi ijeneretha ixhunywe ku-turbine nge-shaft ethambekele ende noma shaft evundlile. Lesi sakhiwo sohlobo lwe-shaft extension silula kunohlobo lwe-bulb.
4) I-Diagonal flow turbine. Isakhiwo nosayizi wokugeleza kwe-diagonal (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi i-diagonal) iphakathi kokugeleza okuxubile nokugeleza kwe-axial. Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi umugqa omaphakathi wama-blade womgijimi use-engeli ethile kuya kumugqa omaphakathi we-turbine. Ngenxa yezici zesakhiwo, iyunithi ayivunyelwe ukucwila ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ngakho-ke idivayisi yokuvikela isignali ye-axial displacement ifakwe esakhiweni sesibili ukuvimbela izingozi lapho ama-blade kanye negumbi lomgijimi zishayisana. Uhla lwekhanda elisetshenziswayo le-diagonal flow turbine lingama-25 ~ 200m.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-19-2021
