Kwimilambo yendalo, amanzi aqukuqela ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi edityaniswe nentlenga, kwaye kaninzi ehlamba ibhedi yomlambo kunye namathambeka ebhanki, okubonisa ukuba kukho umlinganiselo othile wamandla ofihlwe emanzini. Phantsi kweemeko zendalo, la mandla anokubakho asetyenziselwa ukukhuhla, ukutyhala intlenga kunye nokoyisa ukumelana nokukhuhlana. Ukuba sakha ezinye izakhiwo kwaye sifake izixhobo eziyimfuneko ukwenza umsinga wokuhamba kwamanzi ngokuqhubekayo kwi-injini yamanzi, i-injini yamanzi iya kuqhutywa ngumsinga wamanzi, njengomatshini womoya, onokujikeleza ngokuqhubekayo, kwaye amandla amanzi aya kuguqulwa abe ngamandla omatshini. Xa i-injini yamanzi iqhuba ijenereyitha ukuba ijikeleze kunye, inokuvelisa umbane, kwaye amandla amanzi aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane. Lo ngumgaqo osisiseko wokwenziwa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi. Iiinjini zamanzi kunye neejenereyitha zezona zixhobo zisisiseko sokuvelisa umbane oqhutywa ngamanzi. Mandikunike intshayelelo emfutshane yolwazi oluncinci malunga nokuveliswa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi.
1. Amandla ombane kunye namandla okuhamba kwamanzi
Kuyilo lwesikhululo sombane, ukuze kubonwe ubungakanani besikhululo sombane, kuyimfuneko ukwazi umthamo wokuvelisa umbane wesikhululo samandla. Ngokwemigaqo esisiseko yokuveliswa kombane oqhutywa ngamanzi, akukho nzima ukubona ukuba umthamo wokuvelisa umbane wesikhululo samandla umiselwa ngubungakanani bomsebenzi onokwenziwa ngulo wangoku. Sibiza umsebenzi opheleleyo amanzi anokuthi awenze ngexesha elithile njengamandla amanzi, kwaye umsebenzi onokuthi wenziwe kwiyunithi yexesha (yesibini) ubizwa ngokuba ngamandla akhoyo. Ngokucacileyo, okukhona amandla okuqukuqela kwamanzi, kokukhona ukuvelisa amandla kwisikhululo samandla. Ngoko ke, ukwazi umthamo wokuvelisa umbane wesikhululo samandla, kufuneka kuqala sibale amandla okuhamba kwamanzi. Amandla okuhamba kwamanzi emlanjeni angabalwa ngolu hlobo, ecinga ukuba ukuhla kwamanzi kwinqanaba elithile lomlambo ngu-H (iimitha), kunye nomthamo wamanzi we-H odlula kwi-cross-section of the river in unit time (imizuzwana) ngu-Q (cubic meters / second), ngoko ukuhamba Amandla amacandelo alingana nemveliso yobunzima bamanzi kunye nokuhla. Ngokucacileyo, okukhona ithontsi lamanzi liphezulu, kokukhona ukuqukuqela okukhulu, kwaye kokukhona namandla okuhamba kwamanzi.
2. Imveliso yezikhululo zombane wamanzi
Ngaphantsi kwentloko ethile kunye nokuhamba, umbane onokuveliswa sisikhululo sombane wamanzi ubizwa ngokuba yi-hydropower output. Ngokucacileyo, amandla aphumayo axhomekeke kumandla okuhamba kwamanzi kwi-injini yomoya. Kwinkqubo yokuguqula amandla amanzi abe ngamandla ombane, amanzi kufuneka oyise ukuxhathisa komlambo okanye izakhiwo endleleni ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi. Iiinjini zamanzi, iijenereyitha, kunye nezixhobo zothumelo kufuneka zoyise iinkcaso ezininzi ngexesha lomsebenzi. Ukoyisa ukuchasana, umsebenzi kufuneka wenziwe, kwaye amandla okuhamba kwamanzi aya kusetyenziswa, okungenakuphepheka. Ngoko ke, amandla okuhamba kwamanzi angasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane kuncinci kunexabiso elifunyenwe ngefomula, oko kukuthi, ukukhutshwa kwesikhululo samanzi kufuneka kulingane namandla okuhamba kwamanzi aphindwe yinto engaphantsi kwe-1. Le coefficient ikwabizwa ngokuba yimpumelelo yesikhululo sombane.
Ixabiso elithile lokusebenza kakuhle kwesikhululo sombane wamanzi linxulumene nobungakanani belahleko yamandla eyenzeka xa amanzi ehamba kwisakhiwo kunye ne-injini yamanzi, izixhobo zokuhambisa, i-generator, njl., ilahleko enkulu, iyancipha ukusebenza kakuhle. Kwisikhululo sombane esincinci, isixa-mali sezi lahleko zenza malunga ne-25-40% yamandla okuhamba kwamanzi. Oko kukuthi, ukuhamba kwamanzi okunokuvelisa i-100 kilowatts yombane ingena kwisikhululo sombane, kwaye i-generator inokuvelisa kuphela i-60 ukuya kwi-75 kilowatts yombane, ngoko ke ukusebenza kakuhle kwesikhululo sombane olingana ne-60 ~ 75%.
Inokubonwa kwintshayelelo yangaphambili ukuba xa isantya sokuhamba kwesikhululo samandla kunye nomahluko wenqanaba lamanzi ungaguquguquki, ukukhutshwa kombane wesikhululo samandla kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kakuhle. Ukuziqhelanisa kuye kwabonisa ukuba ukongeza ekusebenzeni kwee-injini ze-hydraulic, i-generator kunye nezixhobo zokuhambisa, ezinye izinto ezichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwezikhululo zamanzi, ezifana nomgangatho wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kunye nokufakelwa kwezixhobo, umgangatho wokusebenza kunye nokulawula, kunye nokuba uyilo lwesikhululo sombane sichanekile, zizinto zonke ezichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwesikhululo sombane. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ezinye zezi zinto zinempembelelo ziyiprayimari kwaye ezinye zisesekondari, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezithile, izinto eziphambili kunye nesibini ziya kuguqulwa zibe enye kwenye.
Noko ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na unobangela, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba abantu abazozinto, oomatshini balawulwa ngabantu, yaye ubugcisa bulawulwa yingcinga. Ke ngoko, kuyilo, ukwakhiwa kunye nokukhethwa kwezixhobo zezikhululo zombane wamanzi, kuyimfuneko ukunika umdlalo opheleleyo kwindima yabantu, kunye nokuzabalazela ukugqwesa kwitekhnoloji yokunciphisa ilahleko yamandla okuhamba kwamanzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Oku kungenxa yezikhululo zombane wamanzi apho ukuthotywa kwamanzi ngokwawo kuphantsi kakhulu. Ibaluleke ngakumbi. Kwangaxeshanye, kuyimfuneko ukomeleza ngokusebenzayo ukusebenza kunye nolawulo lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi, ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwezikhululo zamandla ombane, ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ubutyebi bamanzi, kunye nokwenza ukuba izikhululo zombane ezincinci zidlale indima enkulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-09-2021
