Mu mitsinje yachilengedwe, madzi amayenda kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumunsi kwa mtsinje, osakanizidwa ndi dothi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatsuka pansi pa mtsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti pali mphamvu inayake yobisika m'madzi. Pansi pa zochitika zachilengedwe, mphamvu imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popukuta, kukankhira dothi ndikugonjetsa kukana kukangana. Ngati timanga nyumba zina ndikuyika zida zofunika kuti madzi aziyenda bwino kudzera mu turbine yamadzi, turbine yamadzi idzayendetsedwa ndi madzi, monga mphero ya mphepo, yomwe imatha kuzungulira mosalekeza, ndipo mphamvu yamadzi idzasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamakina. Turbine yamadzi ikayendetsa jenereta kuti izungulire pamodzi, imatha kupanga magetsi, ndipo mphamvu yamadzi imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Iyi ndiye mfundo yoyambira yopanga magetsi. Ma turbine amadzi ndi majenereta ndi zida zofunika kwambiri popanga magetsi amadzi. Ndiloleni ndikupatseni mwachidule chidziwitso chochepa chokhudza kupanga magetsi amadzi.
1. Mphamvu ya madzi ndi mphamvu ya kuyenda kwa madzi
Pakupanga malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, kuti tidziwe kukula kwa malo opangira magetsi, ndikofunikira kudziwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi a malo opangira magetsi. Malinga ndi mfundo zoyambira zopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, sizovuta kuwona kuti mphamvu zopangira magetsi pa malo opangira magetsi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zingachitike ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Timatcha ntchito yonse yomwe madzi angachite munthawi inayake ngati mphamvu yamadzi, ndipo ntchito yomwe ingachitike mu gawo la nthawi (lachiwiri) imatchedwa mphamvu yamagetsi. Mwachiwonekere, mphamvu ya madzi ikachuluka, mphamvu yamagetsi ya malo opangira magetsi imakulanso. Chifukwa chake, kuti tidziwe mphamvu zopangira magetsi pa malo opangira magetsi, choyamba tiyenera kuwerengera mphamvu yamadzi. Mphamvu yamadzi mumtsinje ikhoza kuwerengedwa motere, poganiza kuti kutsika kwa madzi mu gawo lina la mtsinje ndi H (mita), ndipo kuchuluka kwa madzi a H kudutsa mu gawo la mtsinje mu gawo la nthawi (masekondi) ndi Q (makiyubiki mita/sekondi), ndiye kuti mphamvu ya gawo ndi yofanana ndi zomwe madzi ndi dontho lake la madzi zimalemera. Mwachionekere, madzi akatsika kwambiri, madziwo amatuluka kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu ya madzi imatuluka kwambiri.
2. Zotsatira za malo opangira magetsi a madzi
Pansi pa mutu ndi kayendedwe kake, magetsi omwe siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi ingapangitse amatchedwa kutulutsa mphamvu yamadzi. Mwachionekere, mphamvu yotulutsa imadalira mphamvu ya madzi kudzera mu turbine. Posintha mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi, madzi ayenera kugonjetsa kukana kwa mitsinje kapena nyumba zomwe zili panjira kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumunsi. Ma turbine amadzi, majenereta, ndi zida zotumizira ziyeneranso kugonjetsa kukana kwakukulu panthawi ya ntchito. Kuti mugonjetse kukana, ntchito iyenera kuchitika, ndipo mphamvu ya madzi idzagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe sizingatheke. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu ya madzi yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga magetsi ndi yocheperako kuposa mtengo womwe wapezeka ndi fomula, kutanthauza kuti, kutulutsa kwa siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi kuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi mphamvu ya madzi yochulukitsidwa ndi chinthu chochepera 1. Coefficient iyi imatchedwanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi.
Mtengo weniweni wa mphamvu ya siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi umagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimatayika pamene madzi akuyenda m'nyumbamo ndi mu turbine yamadzi, zida zotumizira, jenereta, ndi zina zotero, kutayika kwakukulu, mphamvu zimachepa. Mu siteshoni yaying'ono yamagetsi yamadzi, kuchuluka kwa kutayika kumeneku kumawerengera pafupifupi 25-40% ya mphamvu ya madzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, madzi omwe amatha kupanga ma kilowatts 100 amagetsi amalowa m'siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi, ndipo jenereta imatha kupanga ma kilowatts 60 mpaka 75 okha amagetsi, kotero mphamvu ya siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi. Izi ndizofanana ndi 60-75%.
Kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi, tingaone kuti pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kusiyana kwa madzi pa siteshoni yamagetsi kumadalira momwe magetsi amayendera. Zakhala zikuwonekeratu kuti kuwonjezera pa magwiridwe antchito a ma hydraulic turbines, ma jenereta ndi zida zotumizira magetsi, zinthu zina zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a malo opangira magetsi, monga mtundu wa zomangamanga ndi kukhazikitsa zida, mtundu wa ntchito ndi kasamalidwe, komanso ngati kapangidwe ka malo opangira magetsi ndi kolondola, zonsezi ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a malo opangira magetsi. Zachidziwikire, zina mwazinthu izi zimakhudza ndi zazikulu ndipo zina ndi zachiwiri, ndipo pansi pa mikhalidwe ina, zinthu zoyambirira ndi zachiwiri zidzasinthana.
Komabe, kaya chinthucho ndi chiyani, mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti anthu si zinthu, makina amalamulidwa ndi anthu, ndipo ukadaulo umayendetsedwa ndi maganizo. Chifukwa chake, popanga, kumanga ndi kusankha zida za malo opangira magetsi, ndikofunikira kupereka gawo lonse la anthu, ndikuyesetsa kuchita bwino kwambiri muukadaulo kuti achepetse kutayika kwa mphamvu ya madzi momwe angathere. Izi ndi za malo ena opangira magetsi komwe madzi amatsika pang'ono. Ndikofunikira kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kulimbikitsa bwino magwiridwe antchito ndi kasamalidwe ka malo opangira magetsi, kuti akonze bwino magwiridwe antchito a malo opangira magetsi, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi, ndikulola malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi kuti achite gawo lalikulu.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-09-2021
