Umbane ngowokuguqula amandla amanzi emilambo yendalo abengumbane ukuze abantu bawusebenzise. Kukho imithombo eyahlukeneyo yamandla esetyenziswa ekuveliseni amandla, njengamandla elanga, amandla amanzi emilanjeni, namandla omoya aveliswa kukuhamba komoya. Iindleko zokuvelisa umbane ngokusebenzisa umbane ngamanzi zitshiphu, kwaye ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane kwakhona kunokudityaniswa nezinye iiprojekthi zokonga amanzi. Ilizwe lethu lityebe kakhulu kwimithombo yombane wamanzi kwaye iimeko nazo zintle kakhulu. Amandla ombane adlala indima ebalulekileyo kulwakhiwo loqoqosho lwesizwe.
Umgangatho wamanzi omlambo uphezulu kunomgangatho wamanzi asezantsi. Ngenxa yomahluko kwinqanaba lamanzi omlambo, amandla amanzi aveliswa. La mandla abizwa ngokuba ngamandla anokwenzeka okanye amandla anokubakho. Umahluko phakathi komphakamo wamanzi omlambo ubizwa ngokuba yithontsi, ikwabizwa ngokuba ngumahluko wenqanaba lamanzi okanye intloko yamanzi. Oku kuthotywa yimeko esisiseko yokwenziwa kwamandla okwenziwa ngolwelo olwenziwa ngamanzi. Ukongeza, ubungakanani bamandla ombane buxhomekeke kubungakanani bokuhamba kwamanzi emlanjeni, enye imeko esisiseko ebaluleke kakhulu njengokuhla. Kokubini ukuhla kunye nokuhamba kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amandla e-hydraulic; ubukhulu bomthamo wamanzi wethontsi, amandla amakhulu okwenziwa kolwelo olumanzi; ukuba ukuhla kunye nomthamo wamanzi kuncinci, ukuphuma kwesikhululo sombane wamanzi kuya kuba kuncinci.
Ukuhla kubonakaliswa ngokubanzi ngeemitha. I-Gradient ngumlinganiselo wokuhla kunye nomgama, onokuthi ubonise iqondo lokugxila kokuhla. Ukuhla kugxininiswe ngakumbi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane kulungele ngakumbi. Ithontsi esetyenziswa sisikhululo sombane ngumahluko phakathi komphezulu wamanzi onyukayo wesikhululo sombane wamanzi kunye nomphezulu wamanzi asezantsi emva kokudlula kwiinjini yomoya.
Ukuhamba sisixa samanzi aqukuqelayo emlanjeni ngeyunithi yexesha, kwaye ibonakaliswa kwi-cubic metres ngomzuzwana omnye. Icubic meter yamanzi yitoni enye. Ukuhamba komlambo kuyatshintsha nangaliphi na ixesha, ngoko xa sithetha ngokuqukuqela, kufuneka sichaze ixesha lendawo ethile ohamba kuyo. Ukuhamba kutshintsha kakhulu ngexesha. Imilambo kwilizwe lethu idla ngokuba nompompoza omkhulu kwixesha lemvula ehlotyeni nasekwindla, kwaye incinci kakhulu ebusika nasentwasahlobo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuhamba komlambo kuncinci xa kuthelekiswa nomlambo; ngenxa yokuba i-tributaries idibanisa, ukuhamba komlambo ngokuthe ngcembe kuyanda. Ngoko ke, nangona ukuhla kwenyuka kugxininiswe, ukuhamba kuncinci; ukuhamba komlambo kukhulu, kodwa ukuhla kuthe saa. Ke ngoko, kudla ngokuba luncedo kakhulu ukusebenzisa amandla okwenziwa ngoxinzelelo olukhulu olwenziwa ngamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwindawo ephakathi emfuleni.
Ukwazi ukuhla kunye nokuhamba okusetyenziswe sisikhululo sombane wamanzi, imveliso yayo ingabalwa ngokusebenzisa le fomula ilandelayo:
N= GQH
Kwifomula, i-N-output, kwi-kilowatts, ingabizwa ngokuba ngamandla;
Q–flow, kwiityhubhik metres ngesekhondi;
H - ukuhla, kwiimitha;
G = 9.8 , kukukhawulezisa umxhuzulane, iyunithi: Newton/kg
Ngokwale fomyula ingentla, amandla enkcazo-bungcali abalwa ngaphandle kokutsala nayiphi na ilahleko. Enyanisweni, kwinkqubo yokuveliswa kombane wamanzi, iiinjini zomoya, izixhobo zothumelo, iijenereyitha, njl. njl. zonke zinelahleko yombane engenakuthintelwa. Ngoko ke, amandla enkcazo-bungcali kufuneka athotywe, oko kukuthi, amandla angawona esinokuwasebenzisa kufuneka aphindwe nge-coefficient esebenzayo (uphawu: K).
Amandla ayiliweyo ejenereyitha kwisikhululo sombane wamanzi abizwa ngokuba ngamandla alinganisiweyo, kwaye amandla angawona abizwa ngokuba ngawona mandla. Kwinkqubo yokuguqulwa kwamandla, akunakuphepheka ukulahlekelwa yinxalenye yamandla. Kwinkqubo yokuveliswa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi, kukho ilahleko ikakhulu kwiiinjini zomoya kunye neejenereyitha (kukwakho nelahleko kwimibhobho). Ilahleko ezahlukeneyo kwi-akhawunti yasemaphandleni micro-hydropower malunga ne-40-50% yamandla theory iyonke, ngoko imveliso yesikhululo sombane wamanzi unokusebenzisa kuphela i-50-60% yamandla enkcazo, oko kukuthi, ukusebenza kakuhle malunga ne-0.5-0.60 (apho i-turbine esebenzayo yi-0.70-0.080 kunye ne-0.85 ye-gene9, i-0.080, i-0.85 , i-0.85 , i-0.85 . ukusebenza kakuhle kwemibhobho kunye nezixhobo zokuhambisa i-0.80 ukuya kwi-0.85). Ke ngoko, awona mandla (imveliso) yesikhululo sombane wamanzi angabalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
K–ukusebenza kakuhle kwesikhululo sombane, (0.5～0.6) sisetyenziswa ekubaleni ngokurhabaxa kwesikhululo sombane omncinci wamanzi; eli xabiso lingenziwa lula ngolu hlobo:
N=(0.5～0.6)QHG Awona mandla=impumelelo×umqukuqelo×ukwehla×9.8
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane kukusebenzisa umbane wamanzi ukuqhubela phambili umatshini, obizwa ngokuba yiinjini yamanzi. Ngokomzekelo, i-waterwheel yamandulo kwilizwe lethu yi-injini yamanzi elula kakhulu. Iiinjini zehydraulic ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswayo ngoku zilungelelaniswe kwiimeko ezithile ezahlukeneyo zehydraulic, ukuze zikwazi ukujikeleza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ziguqule amandla amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini. Olunye uhlobo lomatshini, ijenereyitha, idityaniswe kwi-injini yomoya, ukuze i-rotor yejenereyitha ijikeleze kunye ne-injini yokuvelisa umbane. Ijenereyitha inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini: inxalenye ejikelezayo kunye ne turbine kunye nenxalenye esisigxina yejenereyitha. Inxalenye edityaniswe ne-turbine kwaye ijikeleza ibizwa ngokuba yi-rotor ye-generator, kwaye kukho izibonda ezininzi zemagneti ezijikeleze i-rotor; isangqa esijikeleze i-rotor yinxalenye esisigxina ye-generator, ebizwa ngokuba yi-stator ye-generator, kwaye i-stator ihlanganiswe ngeekhoyili ezininzi zobhedu. Xa izibonda ezininzi zamagnetic ze-rotor zijikeleza phakathi kweekhoyili zobhedu ze-stator, i-current iveliswa kwiingcingo zobhedu, kwaye i-generator iguqula amandla omatshini kumandla ombane.
Amandla ombane aveliswa sisikhululo samandla aguqulwa abe ngamandla omatshini (imoto yombane okanye iimoto), amandla okukhanya (isibane sombane), amandla obushushu (isithando sombane) njalo njalo ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zombane.
ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sombane wamanzi
Ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sombane wamanzi kubandakanya: izakhiwo zehydraulic, izixhobo zomatshini, kunye nezixhobo zombane.
(1) Izakhiwo ze-hydraulic
Inemibhobho yamanzi (amadama), amasango okungenisa, imigudu (okanye iitonela), amatanki angaphambili oxinzelelo (okanye iitanki ezilawulayo), imibhobho yoxinzelelo, izindlu zamandla kunye neetanki, njl.njl.
Umsinga (idama) wakhiwe emlanjeni ukuvala amanzi omlambo kwaye unyuse umphezulu wamanzi wenze idama. Ngale ndlela, ukuhla okuxinanayo kuye kuqulunqwe phakathi komphezulu wamanzi wedama kungqameko (idama) kunye nomphezulu wamanzi omlambo ongaphantsi kwedama, aze ke amanzi angeniswa kwisikhululo sombane wamanzi ngokusetyenziswa kwemibhobho yamanzi okanye itonela. Kwimilambo engumnqantsa, ukusetyenziswa kwemijelo yokuguqula kunokwenza ithontsi. Umzekelo: Ngokubanzi, ukuhla ngekhilomitha yomlambo wendalo ziimitha ezili-10. Ukuba umjelo uvuliwe ekupheleni kweli candelo lomlambo ukwazisa amanzi omlambo, umjelo uya kugrunjwa ecaleni komlambo, kwaye i-slope ye-channel iya kuba flat. Ukuba ukuhla kwijelo kwenziwa ngekhilomitha nganye Kwehla kuphela imitha eyi-1, ukuze amanzi aqhube iikhilomitha ezi-5 kumjelo, kwaye umphezulu wamanzi wawa kuphela ngeemitha ezi-5, ngelixa amanzi awela i-50 yeemitha emva kokuhamba ngeekhilomitha ezi-5 kumjelo wendalo. Ngeli xesha, amanzi avela kumjelo abuyiselwa kwisikhululo samandla ngomlambo kunye nombhobho wamanzi okanye i-tunnel, kwaye kukho ukuhla okugxininisiweyo kweemitha ezingama-45 ezingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane. Umfanekiso wesi-2
Ukusetyenziswa kwemijelo yoluleko, itonela okanye imibhobho yamanzi (efana nemibhobho yeplastiki, imibhobho yentsimbi, imibhobho ekhonkrithi, njl.njl.) ukwenza isikhululo sombane oveliswa ngamanzi esinokwehla okugxininisiweyo kubizwa ngokuba sisikhululo sombane wokuphambukisa umjelo, noluyilo oluqhelekileyo lwezikhululo zombane.
(2) Izixhobo zoomatshini nezombane
Ukongeza kule misebenzi ikhankanywe ngasentla ye-hydraulic (i-weirs, amashaneli, iindawo ezingaphambili, imibhobho yoxinzelelo, iindibano zocweyo), isikhululo sombane samanzi sikwafuna ezi zixhobo zilandelayo:
(1) Izixhobo zoomatshini
Kukho ii-turbines, iirhuluneli, iivalvu zesango, izixhobo zokuhambisa kunye nezixhobo ezingavelisi.
(2) Izixhobo zombane
Kukho iijeneretha, iipaneli zokulawula ukuhanjiswa, ii-transformers kunye nemigca yokuhambisa.
Kodwa ayizizo zonke izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezikhankanyiweyo ngasentla zehydraulic izakhiwo kunye nezixhobo zoomatshini nezombane. Ukuba intloko yamanzi ingaphantsi kweemitha ezi-6 kwisikhululo sombane esinentloko ephantsi, umjelo wesikhokelo samanzi kunye nomjelo ovulekileyo wamanzi usetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye akukho prepool yoxinzelelo kunye nombhobho wamanzi woxinzelelo. Kwizikhululo zamandla ezinoluhlu oluncinci lobonelelo lwamandla kunye nomgama omfutshane wothumelo, ukuhanjiswa kombane ngokuthe ngqo kwamkelwe kwaye akukho siguquleli sifunekayo. Izikhululo zombane wamanzi ezinamadama akudingi kwakha amadama. Ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho enzulu yedama (okanye itonela) kunye neendlela zokuchitheka ziphelisa imfuneko yezakhiwo ezisebenza ngoxinzelelo olukhulu olwenziwa ngamanzi aphantsi komhlaba njengee weirs, iigeyithi zokungena, imijelo kunye namachibi oxinzelelo lwangaphambili.
Ukwakha isikhululo sombane, okokuqala, uphando ngononophelo kunye nomsebenzi woyilo kufuneka wenziwe. Kumsebenzi woyilo, kukho izigaba ezintathu zoyilo: uyilo lwangaphambili, uyilo lobugcisa kunye neenkcukacha zokwakha. Ukuze wenze umsebenzi omhle kumsebenzi woyilo, okokuqala kuyimfuneko ukwenza umsebenzi wophando olucokisekileyo, oko kukuthi, ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo iimeko zendalo kunye nezoqoqosho zendawo - okt i-topography, i-geology, i-hydrology, i-capital njalo njalo. Ukuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka koyilo kunokuqinisekiswa kuphela emva kokulawula ezi meko kunye nokuhlalutya.
Amacandelo ezikhululo zombane ezincinci zineendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesikhululo sombane.
3. UPhando lweTopographic
Umgangatho womsebenzi wokuhlola ubume bomhlaba unempembelelo enkulu kubume bobunjineli kunye noqikelelo lobungakanani bobunjineli.
Ukuhlolwa komhlaba (ukuqonda iimeko zejoloji) ngaphezu kokuqonda ngokubanzi kunye nophando kwi-geology ye-watershed kunye nomlambo, kuyafuneka kwakhona ukuqonda ukuba isiseko segumbi lomatshini siqinile, esichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko lwesikhululo samandla ngokwaso. Nje ukuba i-barrage enomthamo othile wedama itshatyalalisiwe, ayisayi konakalisa kuphela isikhululo sombane wamanzi ngokwaso, kodwa kwakhona ibangele ilahleko enkulu yobomi kunye nepropathi emazantsi omlambo.
4. Uvavanyo lwe-Hydrological
Kwizikhululo zombane wamanzi, ezona datha zibalulekileyo ze-hydrological zirekhodi zomgangatho wamanzi omlambo, ukuhamba, umxholo wentlenga, iimeko ze-icing, idatha yemozulu kunye nedatha yophando lwezandyondyo. Ubungakanani bokuhamba komlambo buchaphazela uyilo lwendlela yokuchitheka kwesikhululo sombane wamanzi. Ukujongelwa phantsi ubuzaza bomkhukula kuya kubangela umonakalo wedama; intlenga ethwalwa ngumlambo inokukhawuleza izalise idama kwimeko embi kakhulu. Umzekelo, ijelo lokungena liza kubangela ukuba umjelo ube nentlenga, kwaye intlenga ene-coarse-grained iya kudlula kwi-iturbine kwaye ibangele ukuguga kweinjini yomoya. Ke ngoko, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane wamanzi kufuneka kube nedatha eyaneleyo ye-hydrological.
Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba sithathe isigqibo sokwakha isikhululo sombane, kufuneka siqale siphande isikhokelo sophuhliso loqoqosho kwindawo yonikezelo lombane kunye nemfuneko yombane kwixesha elizayo. Ngexesha elifanayo, qikelela imeko yeminye imithombo yamandla kwindawo yophuhliso. Kuphela kusemva kophando kunye nohlalutyo lwale meko ingentla apho sinokuthi senze isigqibo sokuba ingaba isikhululo sombane wamanzi kufuneka sakhiwe nokuba sisikhulu kangakanani isikali.
Ngokubanzi, injongo yomsebenzi wovavanyo lombane kukubonelela ngolwazi oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo olusisiseko oluyimfuneko kuyilo nolwakhiwo lwezikhululo zombane.
5. Iimeko ngokubanzi zokukhethwa kwendawo
Imiqathango jikelele yokukhetha isiza inokuchazwa kule miba ilandelayo mine:
(1) Isiza esikhethiweyo sifanele sibe nakho ukusebenzisa umbane wamanzi ngeyona ndlela inoqoqosho kwaye sithobele umgaqo wokongiwa kweendleko, oko kukuthi, emva kokuba isikhululo sombane sigqityiwe, isixa-mali sincinci sisetyenzisiweyo kwaye umbane omninzi uyaveliswa. Idla ngokulinganiswa ngokuqikelela ingeniso yokuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka kunye notyalo-mali kulwakhiwo lwesikhululo ukubona ukuba lingakanani na ixesha lemali etyaliweyo enokubuyiselwa. Nangona kunjalo, iimeko ze-hydrological kunye ne-topographical zahlukile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iimfuno zombane nazo zahlukile, ngoko ke iindleko zokwakha kunye notyalo-mali akufanele zithintelwe ngamaxabiso athile.
(2) Ubume bendawo, ubume bomhlaba kunye neemeko zamanzi zesiza esikhethiweyo kufuneka zibe phezulu kakhulu, kwaye kufuneka kubekho okunokwenzeka kuyilo nolwakhiwo. Ekwakhiweni kwezikhululo ezincinci zamanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokwakha kufuneka kuhambelane nomgaqo "wezinto zendawo" kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
(3) Isiza esikhethiweyo kufuneka sibe kufutshane nonikezelo lombane kunye nendawo yokusetyenzwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa utyalo-mali lwezixhobo zokuhambisa umbane kunye nokulahleka kwamandla.
(4) Xa kukhethwa isiza, izakhiwo esele zikhona zehydraulic kufuneka zisetyenziswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Umzekelo, ukuthotywa kwamanzi kungasetyenziselwa ukwakha isikhululo sombane wokunkcenkceshela kumjelo wokunkcenkceshela, okanye isikhululo sombane samanzi singakhiwa ecaleni kwendawo yokunkcenkceshela ukuvelisa umbane ophuma kumpompozo wokunkcenkceshela, njalo njalo. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zixhobo zombane zikwazi ukuhlangabezana nomgaqo wokuvelisa umbane xa kukho amanzi, ukubaluleka kwazo kwezoqoqosho kubonakala ngakumbi.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-19-2022
