He tirohanga whānui mō te whakaputa hiko wai

Ko te hiko wai he huri i te pūngao wai o ngā awa tūturu hei hiko mā te tangata. He maha ngā momo pūngao e whakamahia ana mō te whakaputa hiko, pērā i te pūngao o te rā, te hiko wai i roto i ngā awa, me te hiko hau e puta mai ana i te rere o te hau. He iti te utu mō te whakaputa hiko wai mā te whakamahi i te hiko wai, ā, ka taea hoki te whakakotahi i te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko wai me ētahi atu kaupapa tiaki wai. He nui ngā rauemi hiko wai o tō tātou whenua, ā, he tino pai hoki ngā āhuatanga o te whenua. He mea nui te mahi a te hiko wai i roto i te hanganga o te ōhanga o te motu.
He teitei ake te taumata wai o te awa i tōna taumata wai o raro. Nā te rerekētanga o te taumata wai o te awa, ka puta te pūngao wai. Ka kiia tēnei pūngao he pūngao pūmanawa, he pūngao pūmanawa rānei. Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te teitei o te wai o te awa ka kiia ko te maturuturunga iho, ka kiia hoki ko te rerekētanga taumata wai, ko te upoko wai rānei. He āhuatanga taketake tēnei maturuturunga iho mō te hanganga o te mana waipēhi. Hei tāpiri, ko te nui o te mana waipēhi ka whakawhirinaki hoki ki te nui o te rere o te wai i roto i te awa, he āhuatanga taketake anō hoki tēnei he mea nui pērā i te maturuturunga iho. Ka pā tika te maturuturunga iho me te rere ki te mana waipēhi; ka nui ake te rahinga wai o te maturuturunga iho, ka nui ake te mana waipēhi; ki te iti te maturuturunga iho me te rahinga wai, ka iti ake te putanga mai i te teihana mana waipēhi.
Ko te maturuturunga iho e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā mita. Ko te nekehanga te ōwehenga o te maturuturunga iho me te tawhiti, e tohu ana i te nui o te kukū o te maturuturunga iho. He kukū ake te maturuturunga iho, ā, he watea ake te whakamahinga o te mana waipēhi. Ko te maturuturunga iho e whakamahia ana e te teihana hiko waipēhi ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te mata wai o runga o te teihana hiko waipēhi me te mata wai o raro i muri i te haerenga mā roto i te tāpine.

Ko te rere ko te nui o te wai e rere ana i roto i te awa mō ia wae wā, ā, e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā mita pūtoru i roto i te hēkona kotahi. Kotahi te mita pūtoru o te wai, kotahi tana. Ka rerekē te rere o te awa i ngā wā katoa, nō reira, ina kōrero tātou mō te rere, me whakamārama tātou i te wā o te wāhi motuhake e rere ana. He tino rerekē te rere i roto i te wā. Ko ngā awa o tō tātou whenua he nui te rere i te wā ua i te raumati me te ngahuru, ā, he iti noa i te takurua me te kōanga. I te nuinga o te wā, he iti noa te rere o te awa i te taha whakarunga; nā te mea ka hanumi ngā manga awa, ka piki haere te rere o raro. Nō reira, ahakoa he nui te hekenga o runga, he iti te rere; he nui te rere o raro, engari he marara noa te hekenga. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā he tino ōhanga te whakamahi i te mana waipēhi i ngā pito waenga o te awa.
Mā te mōhio ki te hekenga me te rere e whakamahia ana e te teihana hiko wai, ka taea te tatau i tōna putanga mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei:
N= GQH
I roto i te tātai, ka taea hoki te kī ko te mana te N–putanga, i roto i ngā kilowatt;
Q–rerenga, i roto i ngā mita pūtoru ia hekona;
H – maturuturunga iho, i roto i ngā mita;
Ko G = 9.8 , ko te whakaterenga o te kaha ā-papatipu, waeine: Newton/kg
E ai ki te tātai i runga ake nei, ka tatauhia te mana ariā me te kore e tangohia he mate. Inaa, i roto i te tukanga whakaputa hiko wai, ka ngaro te mana o ngā tāpine, ngā taputapu tuku, ngā miihini whakaputa hiko, me ētahi atu. Nō reira, me whakaiti te mana ariā, arā, me whakarea te mana tuturu ka taea e tātou te whakamahi mā te tauwehenga whai hua (tohu: K).
Ko te mana kua hangaia o te pūkaha hiko i roto i te teihana hiko wai ka kiia ko te mana whakatauranga, ā, ko te mana tūturu ka kiia ko te mana tūturu. I roto i te tukanga whakawhiti pūngao, kāore e kore ka ngaro tetahi wāhanga o te pūngao. I roto i te tukanga whakaputa hiko wai, ko te nuinga o ngā ngaronga o ngā tāpine me ngā pūkaha hiko (he ngaronga anō hoki i roto i ngā paipa). Ko ngā momo ngaronga i roto i te teihana hiko wai iti o te taiwhenua e 40-50% o te mana ariā katoa, nō reira ko te putanga o te teihana hiko wai ka taea anake te whakamahi i te 50-60% o te mana ariā, arā, ko te whai huatanga he 0.5-0.60 (ko te whai huatanga o te tāpine he 0.70-0.85, ko te whai huatanga o ngā pūkaha hiko he 0.85 ki te 0.90, ā, ko te whai huatanga o ngā paipa me ngā taputapu tuku he 0.80 ki te 0.85). Nō reira, ka taea te tatau i te mana tūturu (putanga) o te teihana hiko wai penei:
K–ko te whai huatanga o te teihana hiko wai, (0.5～0.6) e whakamahia ana i roto i te tataunga matawhānui o te teihana hiko wai-iti; ka taea te whakangawari i tēnei uara penei:
N=(0.5～0.6)QHG Mana tūturu=whaihua × rere × maturuturunga × 9.8
Ko te whakamahinga o te hiko wai ko te whakamahi i te hiko wai hei akiaki i tētahi mīhini, e kiia nei ko te tāpine wai. Hei tauira, ko te wira wai tawhito i tō tātou whenua he tāpine wai tino māmā. Ko ngā tāpine waipēhi e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā kua whakatikatikaina ki ngā āhuatanga waipēhi motuhake, kia taea ai e rātou te huri pai ake me te huri i te kaha wai hei kaha miihini. Ko tētahi atu momo mīhini, he whakaputa hiko, ka honoa ki te tāpine, kia huri ai te rotor o te whakaputa hiko me te tāpine hei whakaputa hiko. Ka taea te wehewehe i te whakaputa hiko kia rua ngā wāhanga: ko te wāhanga e huri tahi ana me te tāpine me te wāhanga pumau o te whakaputa hiko. Ko te wāhanga e hono ana ki te tāpine ka huri ka kiia ko te rotor o te whakaputa hiko, ā, he maha ngā pou aukume e karapoti ana i te rotor; he porowhita e karapoti ana i te rotor ko te wāhanga pumau o te whakaputa hiko, e kiia nei ko te stator o te whakaputa hiko, ā, he maha ngā koiri parahi e takai ana i te stator. Ina huri te maha o ngā pou aukume o te rotor i waenganui o ngā koiri parahi o te stator, ka puta he iahiko ki runga i ngā waea parahi, ā, ka hurihia e te whakaputa hiko te kaha miihini hei kaha hiko.
Ka hurihia te pūngao hiko e whakaputaina ana e te teihana hiko hei pūngao miihini (mōta hiko, mōtini rānei), hei pūngao mārama (rama hiko), hei pūngao wera (oumu hiko) me ērā atu mea e ngā taputapu hiko maha.
te hanganga o te teihana hiko wai
Ko te hanganga o tētahi teihana hiko wai ko: ngā hanganga waipēhi, ngā taputapu mīhini, me ngā taputapu hiko.
(1) Ngā hanganga waipēhi
He pā wai (ngā tāke wai rānei), he keti tomokanga wai, he awaawa (ngā kauhanga rānei), he tāke wai pēhanga (ngā tāke whakahaere rānei), he paipa pēhanga, he whare hiko me he ara hiku, me ētahi atu.
Ka hangaia he pā wai (tāmi) ki te awa hei ārai i te wai o te awa, hei whakaara ake hoki i te mata o te wai hei hanga i tētahi puna wai. Mā tēnei, ka hangaia he maturuturunga wai nui i waenganui i te mata wai o te puna wai i runga i te pā wai (tāmi) me te mata wai o te awa i raro i te pā wai, kātahi ka whakaurua te wai ki roto i te teihana hiko wai mā te whakamahi i ngā paipa wai, i ngā kauhanga rānei. I roto i ngā awa paripari, ka taea hoki e te whakamahinga o ngā awa whakahurihuri te hanga i tētahi maturuturunga wai. Hei tauira: Ko te tikanga, ko te maturuturunga wai mō ia kiromita o tētahi awa tūturu he 10 mita. Mena ka whakatuwheratia he awa ki te pito o runga o tēnei wāhanga o te awa hei whakauru i te wai o te awa, ka keria te awa i te taha o te awa, ā, ka papatahi te pari o te awa. Mena ka puta te maturuturunga wai mō ia kiromita, kotahi mita noa iho te maturuturunga, ā, e 5 kiromita te rere o te wai i roto i te awa, ā, e 5 mita noa iho te hekenga o te mata o te wai, i te mea e 50 mita te hekenga o te wai i muri i te haere i te 5 kiromita i roto i te awa tūturu. I tēnei wā, ka arahina te wai mai i te awaawa ki te tipu hiko mā te awa mā te paipa wai, mā te kauhanga rānei, ā, he maturuturunga kukū e 45 mita te hohonu ka taea te whakamahi hei whakaputa hiko. Pikitia 2

Ko te whakamahinga o ngā awaawa whakahurihuri, ngā kauhanga, ngā paipa wai rānei (pērā i ngā paipa kirihou, ngā paipa maitai, ngā paipa raima, me ētahi atu) hei hanga i tētahi teihana hiko wai me te maturuturunga kukū ka kiia he teihana hiko wai awaawa whakahurihuri, he whakatakotoranga noa tēnei o ngā teihana hiko wai.
(2) Ngā taputapu miihini me ngā taputapu hiko
Haunga ngā mahi waipēhi kua whakahuatia ake nei (ngā pā wai, ngā awaawa, ngā papa o mua, ngā paipa pēhanga, ngā awheawhe), me whai hoki te teihana hiko wai i ngā taputapu e whai ake nei:
(1) Ngā taputapu mīhini
Kei reira ngā tāpine, ngā kawana, ngā takirere kēti, ngā taputapu tuku me ngā taputapu kore-whakaputa hiko.
(2) Ngā taputapu hiko
Kei reira ngā mīhini whakaputa hiko, ngā papa whakahaere tohatoha, ngā whakawhiti hiko me ngā raina tuku hiko.
Engari kāore i te katoa ngā teihana hiko wai iti e whai hanganga waipēhi me ngā taputapu miihini me te hiko kua whakahuatia ake nei. Mena he iti iho i te 6 mita te hohonu o te puna wai i roto i te teihana hiko waipēhi iti-papa, ko te awaawa ārahi wai me te awaawa wai awaawa tuwhera te tikanga, ā, kāore he puna wai pēhi me te paipa wai pēhi. Mō ngā teihana hiko he iti te whānuitanga o te tuku hiko me te tawhiti tuku poto, ka whakamahia te tuku hiko tika, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he whakawhiti hiko. Kāore e hiahiatia he tāke mō ngā teihana hiko waipēhi me ngā puna wai. Mā te whakamahi i ngā putanga hohonu, ngā paipa o roto o te tāke (ngā kauhanga rānei) me ngā awaawa ringihia ka kore e hiahiatia he hanganga waipēhi pērā i ngā pā wai, ngā kēti putanga, ngā awaawa me ngā puna wai pēhi.
Hei hanga i tētahi teihana hiko wai, tuatahi, me mahi āta tirotiro me te hoahoa. I roto i te mahi hoahoa, e toru ngā wāhanga hoahoa: te hoahoa tuatahi, te hoahoa hangarau me te taipitopito hanga. Kia pai ai te mahi hoahoa, me mahi tuatahi te mahi tirotiro hohonu, arā, kia tino mārama ki ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā āhuatanga ōhanga o te rohe – arā, te whenua, te matawhenua, te wai, te whakapaipai me ērā atu. Ka taea te whakamana i te tika me te pono o te hoahoa i muri i te mōhio ki ēnei āhuatanga me te tātari i aua āhuatanga.
He rerekē ngā āhua o ngā teihana hiko wai iti, kei te momo teihana hiko wai.
3. Te Aromatawai Whenua
He nui te pānga o te kounga o te mahi ruri whenua ki te tahora hangarau me te whakatau tata i te rahinga hangarau.
Haunga te mārama whānui me te rangahau i te whenua o te awaawa me te taha o te awa, me mārama anō hoki mēnā he pakari te turanga o te rūma mīhini, ā, ka pā tika tēnei ki te haumaru o te teihana hiko. Kia pakaru te pareparenga wai me te nui o te puna wai, ehara i te mea ka kino noa te teihana hiko wai, engari ka mate nui hoki te tangata me ngā taonga i te taha o raro.
4. Whakamātautau wai
Mō ngā teihana hiko wai, ko ngā raraunga wai tino nui ko ngā tuhinga o te taumata wai o te awa, te rere, te nui o te paru, ngā āhuatanga hukapapa, ngā raraunga huarere me ngā raraunga rangahau waipuke. Ka pā te rahi o te rere o te awa ki te whakatakotoranga o te awaawa o te teihana hiko wai. Mā te whakaiti i te kaha o te waipuke ka kino te tāmi; ka tere te whakakī o te puna wai i te paru e haria ana e te awa i roto i te āhuatanga kino rawa atu. Hei tauira, mā te awaawa e tomo mai ka kapi te awaawa i te paru, ā, ka haere te paru matotoru mā roto i te tāpine ka pakaru te tāpine. Nō reira, me rawaka ngā raraunga wai mō te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko wai.
Nō reira, i mua i te whakatau ki te hanga i tētahi teihana hiko wai, me rangahau tuatahi tātou i te ahunga o te whanaketanga ōhanga i roto i te rohe tuku hiko me te hiahia hiko ā muri ake nei. I taua wā anō, me whakatau tata i te āhua o ētahi atu puna hiko i roto i te rohe whanaketanga. I muri i te rangahau me te tātari i te āhuatanga i runga ake nei ka taea ai e tātou te whakatau mēnā me hanga te teihana hiko wai, me te rahi o te tauine.
Ko te whāinga matua o te rangahau hiko wai ko te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio taketake tika, pono hoki e tika ana mō te hoahoa me te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko wai.
5. Ngā tikanga whānui mō te whiriwhiri i te wāhi
Ka taea te whakamārama i ngā tikanga whānui mō te whiriwhiri i tētahi pae mai i ngā āhuatanga e whā e whai ake nei:
(1) Me āhei te wāhi kua whiriwhiria ki te whakamahi i te pūngao wai i te huarahi tino ohanga, me te whai i te kaupapa o te penapena utu, arā, i muri i te otinga o te teihana hiko, ko te iti rawa o te moni e pau ana, ko te nui rawa hoki o te hiko e whakaputaina ana. I te nuinga o te wā ka taea te ine mā te whakatau tata i te moni whiwhi ā-tau mai i te whakaputa hiko me te haumitanga ki te hanganga o te teihana kia kitea ai te roa o te wā ka taea te whakahoki mai i te whakapaipai kua haumitia. Heoi, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga wai me te whenua i ngā wāhi rerekē, ā, he rerekē anō hoki ngā hiahia hiko, nō reira kaua te utu hanga me te haumitanga e herea e ētahi uara.
(2) Me tino pai ake ngā āhuatanga o te whenua, te whenua me te wai o te wāhi kua tohua, ā, me whai wāhi hoki ki ngā mahi hoahoa me ngā mahi hanga. I roto i te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko wai iti, me whakamahi ngā rauemi hanga i ngā mea e tika ana kia rite ki te kaupapa o "ngā rauemi ā-rohe".
(3) Me tata te wāhi kua tīpakohia ki te pūtake hiko me te wāhi tukatuka i ngā wā katoa e taea ana hei whakaiti i te haumitanga o ngā taputapu tuku hiko me te ngaronga o te hiko.
(4) I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i te wāhi, me whakamahi i ngā hanganga waipēhi o nāianei i te nui e taea ana. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i te pata wai hei hanga i tētahi teihana hiko wai i roto i tētahi awaawa whakamakuku, ka taea rānei te hanga i tētahi teihana hiko wai i te taha o tētahi puna whakamakuku hei whakaputa hiko mai i te rere o te whakamakuku, me ērā atu mea. Nā te mea ka taea e ēnei tipu hiko wai te whakatutuki i te kaupapa o te whakaputa hiko ina he wai, ka kitea ake te hiranga ōhanga o aua mea.