Amandla ombane aqulunqwa ngamanzi kukuguqula amandla amanzi emilanjeni yendalo abe ngumbane ukuze abantu bawusebenzise. Kukho imithombo eyahlukeneyo yamandla esetyenziswa ekuveliseni umbane, njengamandla elanga, amandla amanzi emilanjeni, kunye namandla omoya aveliswa kukuhamba komoya. Iindleko zokuvelisa umbane ngamanzi kusetyenziswa amandla ombane aqulunqwa ngamanzi ziphantsi, kwaye ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane ngamanzi kunokudityaniswa nezinye iiprojekthi zokugcina amanzi. Ilizwe lethu lityebile kakhulu kwimithombo yombane wamanzi kwaye neemeko zilungile kakhulu. Amandla ombane aqulunqwa ngamanzi adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakhiweni koqoqosho lwesizwe.
Inqanaba lamanzi angasentla komlambo liphezulu kunenqanaba lamanzi angasentla komlambo. Ngenxa yomahluko kwinqanaba lamanzi omlambo, amandla amanzi ayaveliswa. La mandla abizwa ngokuba ngamandla anokubakho okanye amandla anokubakho. Umahluko phakathi kokuphakama kwamanzi omlambo ubizwa ngokuba yidrophu, okwabizwa ngokuba ngumahluko wenqanaba lamanzi okanye intloko yamanzi. Olu drophu luyimfuneko esisiseko yokwenziwa kwamandla e-hydraulic. Ukongeza, ubukhulu bamandla e-hydraulic buxhomekeke kubukhulu bokuhamba kwamanzi emlanjeni, enye imeko esisiseko ebaluleke njengedrophu. Zombini idrophu kunye nokuhamba zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amandla e-hydraulic; okukhona umthamo wamanzi wedrophu umkhulu, kokukhona amandla e-hydraulic eba makhulu; ukuba idrophu kunye nomthamo wamanzi zincinci, imveliso yesikhululo samandla e-hydropower iya kuba ncinci.
Ukuhla kudla ngokubonakaliswa ngeemitha. I-Gradient ngumlinganiselo wokuhla kunye nomgama, onokubonisa inqanaba lokuxinana kokuhla. Ukuhla kuxinene ngakumbi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla e-hydraulic kulula ngakumbi. Ukuhla okusetyenziswa sisikhululo samandla e-hydropower ngumahluko phakathi komphezulu wamanzi ongaphezulu kwesikhululo samandla e-hydropower kunye nomphezulu wamanzi osezantsi emva kokudlula kwi-turbine.
Ukuhamba kwamanzi sisixa samanzi ageleza emlanjeni ngeyunithi yexesha, kwaye kubonakaliswa ngee-cubic metres ngomzuzwana omnye. I-cubic meter enye yamanzi yitoni enye. Ukuhamba komlambo kuyatshintsha nangaliphi na ixesha, ngoko ke xa sithetha ngokuhamba kwamanzi, kufuneka sichaze ixesha lendawo ethile apho kuhamba khona amanzi. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kutshintsha kakhulu ngexesha. Imilambo kwilizwe lethu ngokubanzi inokuhamba kwamanzi amaninzi ngexesha lemvula ehlotyeni nasekwindla, kwaye incinci ebusika nasentwasahlobo. Ngokubanzi, ukuhamba komlambo kuncinci kakhulu kumlanjana ongasentla; kuba imilambo idibana, ukuhamba kwamanzi angasentla kuyanda kancinci kancinci. Ke ngoko, nangona ukuhla kwamanzi angasentla kuxinene, ukuhamba kwamanzi kuncinci; ukuhamba kwamanzi angasentla kukhulu, kodwa ukuhla kwamanzi kusasazeka kakhulu. Ke ngoko, kudla ngokuba luncedo kakhulu ukusebenzisa amandla e-hydraulic kwiindawo eziphakathi zomlambo.
Ukwazi ukuhla kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi okusetyenziswa sisikhululo samandla ombane, imveliso yaso ingabalwa kusetyenziswa le fomyula ilandelayo:
N= GQH
Kwifomyula, i-N–output, kwii-kilowatts, ingabizwa ngokuba ngamandla;
Umlinganiselo we-Q, kwii-cubic metres ngomzuzwana;
H – ukuhla, kwiimitha;
I-G = 9.8, kukukhawulezisa umxhuzulane, iyunithi: iNewton/kg
Ngokwendlela echazwe apha ngasentla, amandla ethiyori abalwa ngaphandle kokunciphisa nayiphi na ilahleko. Enyanisweni, kwinkqubo yokuvelisa amandla e-hydropower, ii-turbines, izixhobo zothumelo, iijenereyitha, njl. zonke zinelahleko zamandla ezingenakuphepheka. Ke ngoko, amandla ethiyori kufuneka ancitshiswe, oko kukuthi, amandla okwenyani esinokuwasebenzisa kufuneka aphindaphindwe nge-efficiency coefficient (uphawu: K).
Amandla ayilwe yijenereyitha kwisikhululo samandla ombane abizwa ngokuba ngamandla alinganisiweyo, kwaye amandla okwenyani abizwa ngokuba ngamandla okwenyani. Kwinkqubo yokuguqulwa kwamandla, akunakuphepheka ukulahlekelwa yinxalenye yamandla. Kwinkqubo yokuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi, kukho ikakhulu ukulahleka kweeturbines kunye neejenereyitha (kukwakho nokulahlekelwa kwimibhobho). Ukulahleka okwahlukeneyo kwisikhululo samandla ombane amancinci asemaphandleni kubandakanya malunga ne-40-50% yamandla ewonke ethiyori, ngoko ke imveliso yesikhululo samandla ombane ngamanzi inokusebenzisa kuphela i-50-60% yamandla ethiyori, oko kukuthi, ukusebenza kakuhle malunga ne-0.5-0.60 (apho ukusebenza kakuhle kweturbine yi-0.70-0.85, ukusebenza kakuhle kweejenereyitha yi-0.85 ukuya kwi-0.90, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kwemibhobho kunye nezixhobo zokuhambisa yi-0.80 ukuya kwi-0.85). Ke ngoko, amandla okwenyani (imveliso) yesikhululo samandla ombane ngamanzi angabalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
K–ukusebenza kakuhle kwesikhululo samandla ombane, (0.5 ~ 0.6) kusetyenziswa ekubaleni okucwangcisiweyo kwesikhululo samandla ombane esincinci; eli xabiso lingenziwa lula ngolu hlobo:
N=(0.5～0.6)QHG Amandla okwenyani=ukusebenza kakuhle×ukuhamba×ukwehla×9.8
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi kukusebenzisa amandla amanzi ukuqhuba umatshini, obizwa ngokuba yi-turbine yamanzi. Umzekelo, ivili lamanzi lakudala kwilizwe lethu liyi-turbine yamanzi elula kakhulu. Ii-turbine ezahlukeneyo ze-hydraulic ezisetyenziswayo ngoku zilungelelaniswe neemeko ezahlukeneyo ze-hydraulic, ukuze zikwazi ukujikeleza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ziguqule amandla amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini. Olunye uhlobo loomatshini, i-generator, luqhagamshelwe kwi-turbine, ukuze i-rotor yejenereyitha ijikeleze ne-turbine ukuvelisa umbane. Ijenereyitha inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini: inxalenye ejikeleza ne-turbine kunye nenxalenye esisigxina yejenereyitha. Inxalenye eqhagamshelwe kwi-turbine kwaye ijikeleza ibizwa ngokuba yi-rotor yejenereyitha, kwaye kukho iipali ezininzi zemagnethi ezijikeleze i-rotor; isangqa esijikeleze i-rotor yinxalenye esisigxina yejenereyitha, ebizwa ngokuba yi-stator yejenereyitha, kwaye i-stator isongelwe ngee-coils ezininzi zobhedu. Xa iipali ezininzi zemagnethi ze-rotor zijikeleza phakathi kwee-coils zobhedu ze-stator, umbane wenziwa kwiintambo zobhedu, kwaye ijenereyitha iguqula amandla oomatshini abe ngamandla ombane.
Amandla ombane aveliswa sisikhululo samandla aguqulwa abe ngamandla oomatshini (imoto yombane okanye imota), amandla okukhanya (isibane sombane), amandla obushushu (isithando sombane) njalo njalo zizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zombane.
ulwakhiwo lwesikhululo samandla ombane
Ulwakhiwo lwesikhululo samandla ombane ngamanzi luquka: izakhiwo ze-hydraulic, izixhobo zoomatshini, kunye nezixhobo zombane.
(1) Izakhiwo zeHydraulic
Inee-weirs (amadama), iigeyithi zokungenisa amanzi, imijelo (okanye iitonela), iitanki zoxinzelelo (okanye iitanki ezilawulayo), imibhobho yoxinzelelo, ii-powerhouses kunye nee-tailraces, njl.njl.
Kwakhiwa idama (idama) emlanjeni ukuvala amanzi omlambo nokuphakamisa umphezulu wamanzi ukuze kwenziwe idama. Ngale ndlela, kwakheka ithontsi elixineneyo phakathi komphezulu wamanzi edama elikwidama kunye nomphezulu wamanzi omlambo ongaphantsi kwedama, aze amanzi angeniswe kwisikhululo samandla ombane ngokusebenzisa imibhobho yamanzi okanye iitonela. Kwimilambo etyebileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwemijelo yokuphambukisa amanzi nako kunokwenza ithontsi. Umzekelo: Ngokubanzi, ithontsi ngekhilomitha nganye yomlambo wendalo yimitha ezili-10. Ukuba umjelo uvulwa kwisiphelo esiphezulu sale candelo lomlambo ukuze kungeniswe amanzi omlambo, umjelo uya kugrunjwa ecaleni komlambo, kwaye umthambeka womjelo uya kuba tyaba. Ukuba ithontsi lomjelo wenziwe ngekhilomitha nganye Yehla ngemitha e-1 kuphela, kangangokuba amanzi ahamba ngeekhilomitha ezi-5 kumjelo, kwaye umphezulu wamanzi wehla ngemitha ezi-5 kuphela, ngelixa amanzi ehla ngemitha ezingama-50 emva kokuhamba iikhilomitha ezi-5 kumjelo wendalo. Ngeli xesha, amanzi avela kumjelo abuyiselwa kwisikhululo samandla ecaleni komlambo ngombhobho wamanzi okanye itonela, kwaye kukho ukuhla okuxineneyo kweemitha ezingama-45 okunokusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane. Umfanekiso 2
Ukusetyenziswa kwemijelo yokuphambukisa, imijelo okanye imibhobho yamanzi (efana nemibhobho yeplastiki, imibhobho yentsimbi, imibhobho yekhonkrithi, njl.njl.) ukwenza isikhululo samandla ombane esinomoya ocoliweyo kubizwa ngokuba yisikhululo samandla ombane semijelo yokuphambukisa, olu luyilo oluqhelekileyo lwezikhululo zamandla ombane.
(2) Izixhobo zoomatshini nezombane
Ukongeza kwimisebenzi ye-hydraulic ekhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla (ii-weirs, ii-channels, ii-forecourt, ii-pressure pipes, ii-workshops), isikhululo samandla ombane sikwafuna ezi zixhobo zilandelayo:
(1) Izixhobo zoomatshini
Kukho iiturbines, ii-governors, ii-gate valves, izixhobo zokuhambisa kunye nezixhobo ezingavelisiyo.
(2) Izixhobo zombane
Kukho iijenereyitha, iiphaneli zokulawula ukusasazwa, iitransformer kunye nemigca yokudlulisela.
Kodwa ayizizo zonke izitishi zamanzi ezincinci ezinezakhiwo ze-hydraulic kunye nezixhobo zoomatshini nezombane ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla. Ukuba intloko yamanzi ingaphantsi kweemitha ezi-6 kwisitishi samanzi esinentloko ephantsi, itshaneli yesikhokelo samanzi kunye nomjelo wamanzi ovulekileyo zihlala zisetyenziswa, kwaye akukho dama loxinzelelo kunye nombhobho wamanzi oxinzelelo. Kwizitishi zamandla ezinomgama omncinci wonikezelo lwamandla kunye nomgama omfutshane wokudlulisela, ukudluliselwa kwamandla ngokuthe ngqo kwamkelwa kwaye akukho transformer ifunekayo. Izitishi zamanzi ezinee-reservoirs akufuneki zakhe amadama. Ukusetyenziswa kweendawo zokungenisa ezinzulu, iipayipi zangaphakathi zedama (okanye iitonela) kunye neendlela ezichithekayo kususa imfuneko yezakhiwo ze-hydraulic ezifana nee-weirs, ii-intake gates, iitshaneli kunye nee-pressure front-pools.
Ukwakha isikhululo samandla ombane, okokuqala, kufuneka kwenziwe uphando olucokisekileyo kunye nomsebenzi woyilo. Kumsebenzi woyilo, kukho amanqanaba amathathu oyilo: uyilo lokuqala, uyilo lobuchwephesha kunye neenkcukacha zokwakha. Ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi olungileyo kumsebenzi woyilo, kufuneka kuqala kwenziwe umsebenzi wophando ocokisekileyo, oko kukuthi, ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo iimeko zendalo nezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni - oko kukuthi, i-topography, i-geology, i-hydrology, i-capital njalo njalo. Ukuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka koyilo kunokuqinisekiswa kuphela emva kokuziqonda ezi meko nokuzihlalutya.
Izinto ezikwizikhululo zamandla ombane ezincinci zineendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesikhululo samandla ombane.
3. Uphando lweMihlaba
Umgangatho womsebenzi wophando lwe-topographic unempembelelo enkulu kuyilo lobunjineli kunye noqikelelo lobungakanani bobunjineli.
Uphando lwejoloji (ukuqonda iimeko zejoloji) ukongeza ekuqondeni ngokubanzi kunye nophando ngejoloji ye-watershed kunye nomlambo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba isiseko segumbi lomatshini siqinile na, nto leyo echaphazela ngqo ukhuseleko lwesikhululo samandla ngokwaso. Nje ukuba i-barrage enomthamo othile wedama itshatyalalisiwe, ayizukonakalisa nje kuphela isikhululo samandla e-hydropower ngokwaso, kodwa ikwabangela nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kobomi kunye nepropathi ngezantsi.
4. Uvavanyo lwe-hydrological
Kwizikhululo zamandla ombane, idatha ebalulekileyo yamanzi ziirekhodi zamanqanaba amanzi omlambo, ukuhamba kwamanzi, umxholo wedaka, iimeko zomkhenkce, idatha yemozulu kunye nedatha yophando lwezikhukula. Ubungakanani bokuhamba komlambo buchaphazela ulwakhiwo lwendlela yokuchitheka kwesikhululo samandla ombane. Ukungaqikeleli ubunzima bezikhukula kuya kubangela umonakalo wedama; idaka elithwalwa ngumlambo lingazalisa ngokukhawuleza idama kwindawo embi kakhulu. Umzekelo, itshaneli yokungena kwamanzi iya kubangela ukuba itshaneli ibe yintlabathi, kwaye idaka elirhabaxa liya kudlula kwi-turbine lize libangele ukuguguleka kwe-turbine. Ke ngoko, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ombane kufuneka kube nedatha eyaneleyo yamanzi.
Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba sigqibe kwelokuba sakhe isikhululo samandla ombane ngamanzi, kufuneka siqale siphande indlela yophuhliso loqoqosho kwindawo yombane kunye nemfuno yombane kwixesha elizayo. Kwangaxeshanye, qikelela imeko yeminye imithombo yamandla kwindawo yophuhliso. Kuphela emva kophando nohlalutyo lwemeko engentla apho sinokuthi sigqibe ukuba isikhululo samandla ombane ngamanzi kufuneka sakhiwe na kwaye ubungakanani bomlinganiselo kufuneka bube bukhulu kangakanani.
Ngokubanzi, injongo yomsebenzi wophando lwamandla ombane kukubonelela ngolwazi oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo oluyimfuneko kuyilo nokwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ombane.
5. Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zokukhetha indawo
Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zokukhetha indawo zingachazwa kwezi nkalo zine zilandelayo:
(1) Indawo ekhethiweyo kufuneka ikwazi ukusebenzisa amandla amanzi ngendlela engabizi kakhulu kwaye ihambelane nomgaqo wokonga iindleko, oko kukuthi, emva kokuba isikhululo samandla sigqityiwe, kuchithwa imali encinci kwaye kwenziwa umbane omninzi. Ngokwesiqhelo ingalinganiswa ngokuqikelela ingeniso yonyaka yokuveliswa kombane kunye notyalo-mali ekwakhiweni kwesikhululo ukuze kubonwe ukuba imali etyaliweyo inokubuyiselwa ixesha elingakanani. Nangona kunjalo, iimeko zamanzi kunye nezomhlaba zahlukile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iimfuno zombane nazo zahlukile, ngoko ke iindleko zokwakha kunye notyalo-mali akufuneki zithintelwe ngamaxabiso athile.
(2) Iimeko ze-topographic, ze-geological kunye nezamanzi kwindawo ekhethiweyo kufuneka zibe ngcono kakhulu, kwaye kufuneka kubekho amathuba kuyilo nolwakhiwo. Ekwakhiweni kwezikhululo zamandla ombane ezincinci, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokwakha kufuneka kuhambelane nomgaqo "wezinto zasekuhlaleni" kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
(3) Indawo ekhethiweyo kufuneka ibe kufutshane nendawo yokubonelela ngombane kunye nendawo yokucubungula kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa utyalo-mali lwezixhobo zokuhambisa umbane kunye nokulahleka kombane.
(4) Xa kukhethwa indawo, izakhiwo ze-hydraulic ezikhoyo kufuneka zisetyenziswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Umzekelo, ithontsi lamanzi lingasetyenziselwa ukwakha isikhululo samandla ombane kwijelo lokunkcenkceshela, okanye isikhululo samandla ombane singakhiwa ecaleni kwendawo yokunkcenkceshela ukuze kuveliswe umbane ukusuka kumjelo wokunkcenkceshela, njalo njalo. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zityalo zamandla ombane zinokuhlangabezana nomgaqo wokuvelisa umbane xa kukho amanzi, ukubaluleka kwazo kwezoqoqosho kuyabonakala ngakumbi.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Meyi-19-2022
