Mphamvu yamadzi ndi yosinthira mphamvu yamadzi ya mitsinje yachilengedwe kukhala magetsi kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito. Pali magwero osiyanasiyana a mphamvu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi, monga mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphamvu yamadzi m'mitsinje, ndi mphamvu ya mphepo yopangidwa ndi mpweya. Mtengo wopanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi ndi wotsika mtengo, ndipo kumanga malo opangira magetsi amadzi kungaphatikizidwenso ndi mapulojekiti ena osamalira madzi. Dziko lathu lili ndi chuma chambiri cha mphamvu yamadzi ndipo mikhalidwe yake ndi yabwino kwambiri. Mphamvu yamadzi imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakumanga chuma cha dziko.
Madzi akumtunda kwa mtsinje ndi okwera kuposa madzi akumunsi. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa madzi a mtsinje, mphamvu ya madzi imapangidwa. Mphamvu imeneyi imatchedwa mphamvu yothekera kapena mphamvu yothekera. Kusiyana pakati pa kutalika kwa madzi a mtsinje kumatchedwa dontho, komwe kumatchedwanso kusiyana kwa madzi kapena mutu wa madzi. Dontho ili ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga mphamvu ya hydraulic. Kuphatikiza apo, kukula kwa mphamvu ya hydraulic kumadaliranso kukula kwa kuyenda kwa madzi mumtsinje, komwe ndi chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri monga dontho. Dontho ndi kuyenda zimakhudza mwachindunji mphamvu ya hydraulic; kuchuluka kwa madzi a dontho kukakhala kwakukulu, mphamvu ya hydraulic imakhala yayikulu; ngati dontho ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi zili zochepa, kutulutsa kwa siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi kudzakhala kochepa.
Kutsika nthawi zambiri kumawonetsedwa mu mamita. Gradient ndi chiŵerengero cha kutsika ndi mtunda, chomwe chingasonyeze kuchuluka kwa kutsika. Kutsika kumakhala kokulirapo, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya hydraulic ndikosavuta. Kutsika komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi ndi kusiyana pakati pa pamwamba pa madzi akumtunda kwa siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi ndi pamwamba pa madzi akumunsi mutadutsa mu turbine.
Kuyenda kwa madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe akuyenda mumtsinje pa unit ya nthawi, ndipo amafotokozedwa mu cubic metres mu sekondi imodzi. Cubic mita imodzi ya madzi ndi tani imodzi. Kuyenda kwa mtsinje kumasintha nthawi iliyonse, kotero tikamalankhula za kuyenda kwa madzi, tiyenera kufotokoza nthawi ya malo enieni omwe akuyenda. Kuyenda kwa madzi kumasintha kwambiri munthawi yake. Mitsinje m'dziko lathu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kuyenda kwakukulu munyengo yamvula nthawi yachilimwe ndi yophukira, komanso kochepa nthawi yozizira ndi masika. Nthawi zambiri, kuyenda kwa mtsinje kumakhala kochepa m'mphepete mwa mtsinje; chifukwa mitsinje imagwirizana, kuyenda kwa madzi kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti kutsika kwa madzi kumakhala kokulirapo, kuyenda kwa madzi kumakhala kochepa; kuyenda kwa madzi kumakulirapo, koma kutsika kwa madzi kumakhala kofalikira. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika mtengo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya hydraulic pakati pa mtsinje.
Podziwa kutsika ndi kuyenda kwa madzi komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi, kutulutsa kwake kumatha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi:
N = GQH
Mu fomula, N–output, mu kilowatts, ingatchedwenso mphamvu;
Kuyenda kwa Q, mu ma cubic metres pa sekondi;
H - kutsika, mu mamita;
G = 9.8, ndiye kufulumira kwa mphamvu yokoka, gawo: Newton/kg
Malinga ndi njira yomwe ili pamwambapa, mphamvu ya chiphunzitso imawerengedwa popanda kuchotsa kutayika kulikonse. Ndipotu, popanga mphamvu yamadzi, ma turbine, zida zotumizira, majenereta, ndi zina zotero zonse zimakhala ndi kutayika kwa mphamvu kosapeŵeka. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu ya chiphunzitso iyenera kuchepetsedwa, ndiko kuti, mphamvu yeniyeni yomwe tingagwiritse ntchito iyenera kuchulukitsidwa ndi coefficient ya efficiency (chizindikiro: K).
Mphamvu yopangidwa ndi jenereta mu siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi imatchedwa mphamvu yoyesedwa, ndipo mphamvu yeniyeni imatchedwa mphamvu yeniyeni. Mukusintha kwa mphamvu, n'kosapeweka kutaya gawo la mphamvu. Mu njira yopanga magetsi amadzi, makamaka pamakhala kutayika kwa ma turbine ndi ma jenereta (palinso kutayika m'mapaipi). Kutayika kosiyanasiyana mu siteshoni yamagetsi yaying'ono yakumidzi kumawerengera pafupifupi 40-50% ya mphamvu yonse yamalingaliro, kotero kutulutsa kwa siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi kungagwiritse ntchito 50-60% yokha ya mphamvu yamalingaliro, ndiko kuti, kugwira ntchito bwino ndi pafupifupi 0.5-0.60 (pomwe kugwira ntchito bwino kwa turbine ndi 0.70-0.85, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa majenereta ndi 0.85 mpaka 0.90, ndipo kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mapaipi ndi zida zotumizira ndi 0.80 mpaka 0.85). Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yeniyeni (yotulutsa) ya siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi ikhoza kuwerengedwa motere:
K–Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi, (0.5 ~ 0.6) kumagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera mwachidule siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi yaing'ono; mtengo uwu ukhoza kufotokozedwa motere:
N=(0.5～0.6)QHG Mphamvu yeniyeni=kugwira ntchito bwino×kuyenda×kutsika×9.8
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi kuyendetsa makina, omwe amatchedwa turbine yamadzi. Mwachitsanzo, gudumu lamadzi lakale m'dziko lathu ndi turbine yamadzi yosavuta kwambiri. Ma turbine osiyanasiyana a hydraulic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano amasinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya hydraulic, kuti athe kuzungulira bwino kwambiri ndikusintha mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina. Mtundu wina wa makina, jenereta, umalumikizidwa ku turbine, kotero kuti rotor ya jenereta imazungulira ndi turbine kuti ipange magetsi. Jenereta ikhoza kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: gawo lomwe limazungulira ndi turbine ndi gawo lokhazikika la jenereta. Gawo lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi turbine ndikuzungulira limatchedwa rotor ya jenereta, ndipo pali ma poles ambiri a maginito ozungulira rotor; bwalo lozungulira rotor ndi gawo lokhazikika la jenereta, lotchedwa stator ya jenereta, ndipo stator imakulungidwa ndi ma coil ambiri amkuwa. Pamene ma poles ambiri a maginito a rotor amazungulira pakati pa ma coil amkuwa a stator, mphamvu imapangidwa pa mawaya amkuwa, ndipo jenereta imasintha mphamvu yamakina kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi siteshoni yamagetsi imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamakina (mota yamagetsi kapena mota), mphamvu yowunikira (nyali yamagetsi), mphamvu ya kutentha (ng'anjo yamagetsi) ndi zina zotero ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi.
kapangidwe ka siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi
Zomwe zili mu siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi zimaphatikizapo: zomangamanga zamadzimadzi, zida zamakanika, ndi zida zamagetsi.
(1) Kapangidwe ka madzimadzi
Ili ndi madamu (madamu), zipata zolowera, ngalande (kapena ma tunnel), matanki oyendetsera mphamvu (kapena matanki owongolera), mapaipi oyendetsera mphamvu, malo opangira magetsi ndi mipikisano ya kumbuyo, ndi zina zotero.
Damu (damu) limamangidwa mumtsinje kuti litseke madzi a mumtsinje ndikukweza pamwamba pa madzi kuti apange dziwe. Mwanjira imeneyi, dontho lozungulira limapangidwa pakati pa pamwamba pa madzi a dziwe pa dziwe (damu) ndi pamwamba pa madzi a mumtsinje pansi pa damu, kenako madzi amalowetsedwa mu siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi pogwiritsa ntchito mapaipi amadzi kapena ngalande. Mu mitsinje yotsetsereka kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira madzi kungapangitsenso dontho. Mwachitsanzo: Kawirikawiri, dontho pa kilomita imodzi ya mtsinje wachilengedwe ndi mamita 10. Ngati njira yatsegulidwa kumapeto kwa gawo ili la mtsinje kuti ilowetse madzi a mumtsinje, njirayo idzakumbidwa m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, ndipo malo otsetsereka a ngalandeyo adzakhala osalala. Ngati dontho mu ngalandeyo lapangidwa pa kilomita imodzi, limatsika mita imodzi yokha, kotero kuti madzi amayenda makilomita 5 mu ngalandeyo, ndipo pamwamba pa madzi amatsika mamita 5 okha, pomwe madzi amatsika mamita 50 atayenda makilomita 5 mu ngalande yachilengedwe. Panthawiyi, madzi ochokera mu ngalande amabwerera ku fakitale yamagetsi pafupi ndi mtsinje pogwiritsa ntchito chitoliro cha madzi kapena ngalande, ndipo pali dontho lalikulu la mamita 45 lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga magetsi. Chithunzi 2
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira magetsi, ngalande kapena mapaipi amadzi (monga mapaipi apulasitiki, mapaipi achitsulo, mapaipi a konkire, ndi zina zotero) popanga malo opangira magetsi amadzi okhala ndi dontho lozungulira kumatchedwa malo opangira magetsi amadzi amadzi amadzi amadzi, omwe ndi kapangidwe kabwino ka malo opangira magetsi amadzi.
(2) Zipangizo zamagetsi ndi makina
Kuwonjezera pa ntchito za hydraulic zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa (mawero, ma channel, ma forecourt, mapaipi opondereza, malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi), siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi imafunikanso zida zotsatirazi:
(1) Zipangizo zamakanika
Pali ma turbine, ma governors, ma gate valves, zida zotumizira ma transmission ndi zida zosapanga ma generator.
(2) Zipangizo zamagetsi
Pali majenereta, mapanelo owongolera kugawa, ma transformer ndi mizere yotumizira.
Koma si malo onse ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi okhala ndi zomangamanga za hydraulic ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa. Ngati mutu wa madzi uli wochepera mamita 6 mu malo otsika opangira magetsi, njira yowongolera madzi ndi njira yotseguka yamadzi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo palibe dziwe loyambira la pressure ndi chitoliro cha madzi chopanikizika. Pa malo opangira magetsi okhala ndi malo ochepa opangira magetsi komanso mtunda waufupi wotumizira magetsi, kutumiza mphamvu mwachindunji kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo sipafunika transformer. Malo opangira magetsi okhala ndi malo osungira madzi safunika kumanga madamu. Kugwiritsa ntchito malo olowera madzi akuya, mapaipi amkati mwa madamu (kapena ngalande) ndi njira zotayira madzi kumachotsa kufunikira kwa nyumba zama hydraulic monga ma weirs, zipata zolowera madzi, njira ndi malo olowera madzi akutsogolo.
Kuti mumange malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, choyamba, muyenera kufufuza mosamala ndi kupanga mapulani. Pa ntchito yokonza, pali magawo atatu: kupanga koyambirira, kupanga zaukadaulo ndi kufotokozera za zomangamanga. Kuti mugwire bwino ntchito yokonza, choyamba ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku wokwanira, kutanthauza kuti, kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zinthu zilili m'deralo komanso zachuma - mwachitsanzo, malo, geology, hydrology, ndalama ndi zina zotero. Kulondola ndi kudalirika kwa kapangidwe kake kungatsimikizidwe pokhapokha mutadziwa bwino zinthu izi ndikuzisanthula.
Zigawo za malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi amadzi zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa malo opangira magetsi amadzi.
3. Kafukufuku wa Malo
Ubwino wa ntchito yofufuza malo umakhudza kwambiri kapangidwe ka uinjiniya ndi kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa uinjiniya.
Kufufuza za nthaka (kumvetsetsa momwe zinthu zilili m'nthaka) kuwonjezera pa kumvetsetsa ndi kufufuza za nthaka ya malo osungiramo madzi ndi m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, ndikofunikiranso kumvetsetsa ngati maziko a chipinda cha makina ndi olimba, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji chitetezo cha malo opangira magetsi okha. Pamene malo okhala ndi malo enaake osungiramo madzi awonongedwa, sizingowononga malo opangira magetsi okha, komanso zidzawononga miyoyo yambiri ndi katundu pansi pa mtsinje.
4. Kuyesa kwa madzi
Pa malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, deta yofunika kwambiri yamadzi ndi zolemba za kuchuluka kwa madzi mumtsinje, kuyenda kwa madzi, kuchuluka kwa matope, nyengo yozizira, deta ya nyengo ndi deta ya kafukufuku wa kusefukira kwa madzi. Kukula kwa madzi mumtsinje kumakhudza kapangidwe ka njira yotayira madzi mu malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi. Kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa kusefukira kwa madzi kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa damu; matope omwe amanyamulidwa ndi mtsinjewo amatha kudzaza dziwe mwachangu ngati zinthu zitavuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, njira yolowera madzi imapangitsa kuti ngalandeyo igwe matope, ndipo matope okhuthala adzadutsa mu turbine ndikupangitsa kuti turbine iwonongeke. Chifukwa chake, kumanga malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kuyenera kukhala ndi deta yokwanira yamadzi.
Chifukwa chake, tisanaganize zomanga siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi, choyamba tiyenera kufufuza momwe chitukuko cha zachuma chidzayendere m'dera lopereka magetsi komanso kufunikira kwa magetsi mtsogolo. Nthawi yomweyo, yesani momwe zinthu zilili ndi magwero ena amagetsi m'dera lopangira magetsi. Pokhapokha titafufuza ndi kusanthula zomwe zili pamwambapa ndi pomwe tingasankhe ngati siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi iyenera kumangidwa komanso kukula kwake kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu bwanji.
Kawirikawiri, cholinga cha ntchito yofufuza mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndikupereka chidziwitso cholondola komanso chodalirika chofunikira pakupanga ndi kumanga malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi.
5. Zofunikira zonse pakusankha malo
Zinthu zonse zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito posankha malo zitha kufotokozedwa kuchokera ku mbali zinayi izi:
(1) Malo osankhidwa ayenera kukhala okhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi m'njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso kutsatira mfundo yosungira ndalama, kutanthauza kuti, pambuyo poti malo opangira magetsi atha, ndalama zochepa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo magetsi ambiri amapangidwa. Nthawi zambiri zimatha kuyezedwa poyesa ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa pachaka zopangira magetsi komanso ndalama zomwe zayikidwa pomanga malo opangira magetsi kuti muwone nthawi yomwe ndalama zomwe zayikidwazo zingabwezeretsedwe. Komabe, mikhalidwe yamadzi ndi malo ndi yosiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana, ndipo zosowa zamagetsi nazonso ndizosiyana, kotero mtengo womanga ndi ndalama zomwe zayikidwa siziyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi zinthu zina.
(2) Mkhalidwe wa malo, malo ndi madzi a malo osankhidwawo uyenera kukhala wapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo payenera kukhala njira zogwirira ntchito popanga ndi kumanga. Pomanga malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomangira kuyenera kukhala motsatira mfundo ya "zipangizo zakomweko" momwe zingathere.
(3) Malo osankhidwawo akufunika kukhala pafupi ndi malo operekera magetsi ndi malo okonzera magetsi momwe angathere kuti achepetse ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka magetsi komanso kutayika kwa magetsi.
(4) Posankha malo, nyumba zomwe zilipo za hydraulic ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito momwe zingathere. Mwachitsanzo, dontho la madzi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kumanga malo opangira magetsi m'njira yothirira, kapena malo opangira magetsi m'madzi akhoza kumangidwa pafupi ndi malo osungira madzi kuti apange magetsi kuchokera ku madzi othirira, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chakuti malo opangira magetsi m'madzi awa amatha kukwaniritsa mfundo yopanga magetsi pamene pali madzi, kufunika kwawo pazachuma n'koonekeratu.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-19-2022
