Simba remvura nderekushandura simba remvura renzizi dzechisikigo kuita magetsi kuti vanhu vashandise. Kune manyuko akasiyana-siyana esimba anoshandiswa mukugadzira magetsi, akadai sesimba rezuva, simba remvura munzizi, uye simba remhepo rinogadzirwa nemhepo. Mari yekugadzira simba remvura uchishandisa simba remvura yakachipa, uye kuvaka zviteshi zvemagetsi emvura kunogonawo kubatanidzwa nemamwe mapurojekiti ekuchengetedza mvura. Nyika yedu yakapfuma zvikuru muzviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura uye mamiriro acho akanakawo. Simba remvura rinoita basa rakakosha mukuvaka hupfumi hwenyika.
Mvura iri kumusoro kwerwizi yakakwira kupfuura mvura iri pasi payo. Nekuda kwemusiyano wemvura iri murwizi, simba remvura rinogadzirwa. Simba iri rinonzi simba rinogona kuoneka kana simba rinogona kuoneka. Musiyano uripo pakati pehurefu hwemvura iri murwizi unonzi donhwe, unonziwo musiyano wehuwandu hwemvura kana musoro wemvura. Donhwe iri chinhu chakakosha pakuumbwa kwesimba remahydraulic. Pamusoro pezvo, hukuru hwesimba remahydraulic hunoenderanawo nehukuru hwemvura iri murwizi, inova imwe mamiriro akakosha sedonhwe. Kudonha nekuyerera kwemvura zvinokanganisa zvakananga simba remahydraulic; kana vhoriyamu yemvura iri pasi yakakura, simba remahydraulic rinokura; kana donhwe nevhoriyamu yemvura zviri zvishoma, kubuda kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura kuchava kudiki.
Kudonha kunowanzoonekwa mumamita. Gradient inhamba yekudonha nekureba, izvo zvinogona kuratidza mwero wekudonha. Kudonha kwacho kwakanyanya, uye kushandiswa kwesimba re hydraulic kuri nyore. Kudonha kunoshandiswa nechiteshi chemagetsi emvura ndiko musiyano uripo pakati pemvura iri kumusoro kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura nenzvimbo iri pasi pemvura mushure mekupfuura nepaturbine.
Kuyerera kwemvura zvinoreva huwandu hwemvura inoyerera murwizi pachikamu chimwe chete chenguva, uye inoburitswa mumamita ekubhiti musekondi imwe chete. Mita yekubhiti imwe chete yemvura itani imwe chete. Kuyerera kwerwizi kunochinja chero nguva, saka patinotaura nezvekuyerera kwemvura, tinofanira kutsanangura nguva yenzvimbo chaiyo yainoyerera. Kuyerera kwemvura kunochinja zvakanyanya munguva. Nzizi munyika medu dzinowanzova nekuyerera kukuru munguva yemvura muzhizha nemumatsutso, uye kudiki muchando nemuchirimo. Kazhinji, kuyerera kwemvura yerwizi kudiki murwizi rwuri kumusoro; nekuti migero inoungana, kuyerera kwemvura yerwizi rwuri pasi kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Naizvozvo, kunyangwe kudonha kwemvura yekumusoro kwakasimba, kuyerera kwemvura kudiki; kuyerera kwemvura yerwizi kuri kukuru, asi kudonha kwemvura kwakapararira zvishoma nezvishoma. Saka, kazhinji zvinodhura kushandisa simba remvura yehydraulic pakati perwizi.
Kuziva kudonha nekuyerera kunoshandiswa nechiteshi chemagetsi, kubuda kwacho kunogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa fomura inotevera:
N= GQH
Mufomura, N–output, mu kilowatts, inogonawo kunzi simba;
Kuyerera kweQ, mumamita e cubic pasekondi;
H - kudonha, mumamita;
G = 9.8, ndiko kukurumidza kwegiravhiti, chikamu: Newton/kg
Zvichienderana nefomura iri pamusoro apa, simba redzidziso rinoverengerwa pasina kubvisa kurasikirwa kupi zvako. Kutaura zvazviri, mukugadzirwa kwesimba remvura, maturbine, michina yekutumira, majenareta, nezvimwewo zvese zvinorasikirwa nesimba zvisingadzivisike. Saka, simba redzidziso rinofanira kudzikiswa, kureva kuti, simba chairo ratinogona kushandisa rinofanira kuwanziridzwa ne efficiency coefficient (chiratidzo: K).
Simba rakagadzirwa nejenareta muchiteshi chemagetsi emvura rinonzi simba rakarongwa, uye simba chairo rinonzi simba chairo. Mukushandura simba, hazvidzivisiki kurasikirwa nechikamu chesimba. Mukugadzirwa kwesimba remvura, kunonyanya kurasikirwa nematurbine nemajenareta (kunewo kurasikirwa mumapaipi). Kurasikirwa kwakasiyana-siyana muchiteshi chemagetsi chidiki chemaruwa kunosvika 40-50% yesimba rese redzidziso, saka kubuda kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura kunogona kushandisa 50-60% chete yesimba redzidziso, kureva kuti, kushanda zvakanaka kuri pakati pe0.5-0.60 (iyo kushanda zvakanaka kweturbine kuri pakati pe0.70-0.85, kushanda zvakanaka kwemajenareta kuri pakati pe0.85 ne0.90, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemapaipi nemidziyo yekutumira magetsi kuri pakati pe0.80 ne0.85). Nokudaro, simba chairo (kubuda) kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura rinogona kuverengerwa seizvi:
K–kushanda zvakanaka kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura, (0.5 ~ 0.6) kunoshandiswa mukuverenga rough kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura; kukosha uku kunogona kurerutswa seizvi:
N=(0.5～0.6)QHG Simba chairo=kushanda zvakanaka×kuyerera×kudonha×9.8
Kushandiswa kwesimba remvura ndiko kushandisa simba remvura kumhanyisa muchina, unonzi turbine yemvura. Semuenzaniso, waterwheel yekare munyika medu iturbine yemvura iri nyore kwazvo. Ma hydraulic turbine akasiyana-siyana anoshandiswa parizvino anoshandiswa kumamiriro akasiyana-siyana e hydraulic, kuitira kuti akwanise kutenderera zvinobudirira uye kushandura simba remvura kuita simba remakanika. Imwe mhando yemuchina, jenareta, yakabatana neturbine, kuitira kuti rotor yejenareta itenderere neturbine kuti igadzire magetsi. Jenareta inogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: chikamu chinotenderera neturbine nechikamu chakasimbiswa chejenareta. Chikamu chakabatana neturbine uye chinotenderera chinonzi rotor yejenareta, uye kune mapori akawanda emagineti akatenderedza rotor; denderedzwa rakatenderedza rotor chikamu chakasimbiswa chejenareta, chinonzi stator yejenareta, uye stator inoputirwa nema coils akawanda emhangura. Kana mapori akawanda emagineti erotor achitenderera pakati pe coils dzemhangura dze stator, magetsi anogadzirwa pawaya dzemhangura, uye jenareta inoshandura simba remakanika kuita simba remagetsi.
Simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nechiteshi chemagetsi rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi (mota yemagetsi kana mota), simba rechiedza (rambi remagetsi), simba rekupisa (furnace yemagetsi) nezvimwewo nemidziyo yakasiyana-siyana yemagetsi.
chimiro chechiteshi chemagetsi emvura
Kuumbwa kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura kunosanganisira: zvivakwa zve hydraulic, michina yemakanika, uye michina yemagetsi.
(1) Zvivako zvemahydraulic
Ine madhamu (madhamu), magedhi ekupinda, migero (kana matuneri), matangi epamberi epressure (kana matangi anodzora), mapaipi epressure, mapowerhouses uye tailraces, nezvimwewo.
Damu (dhamu) rinovakwa murwizi kuti rivhare mvura yerwizi uye risimudze pamusoro pemvura kuti riite dziva. Nenzira iyi, donhwe rakawanda rinoumbwa pakati pemvura yedhamu iri padhamu (dhamu) nepamusoro pemvura yerwizi riri pasi pedhamu, uye mvura inopinzwa muchiteshi chemagetsi emvura kuburikidza nekushandisa mapaipi emvura kana matuneri. Munzizi dzakadzika, kushandiswa kwemigero yekutsauka kunogonawo kugadzira donhwe. Semuenzaniso: Kazhinji, donhwe pakiromita yerwizi rwechisikigo mamita gumi. Kana mugero ukavhurwa kumucheto wepamusoro wechikamu chino cherwizi kuti uunze mvura yerwizi, mugero uchacherwa parwizi, uye mugero wemugero uchava wakadzika. Kana donhwe mugwara rikaitwa pakiromita Rinodonha mita imwe chete, zvekuti mvura yakayerera makiromita mashanu mugwara, uye pamusoro pemvura pakadonha mamita mashanu chete, nepo mvura yakadonha mamita makumi mashanu mushure mekufamba makiromita mashanu mugwara rechisikigo. Panguva ino, mvura inobva mugero inodzoserwa kuchigadzirwa chemagetsi chiri pedyo nerwizi nepaipi yemvura kana mugero, uye pane kudonha kwakasimba kwemamita makumi mana nemashanu kunogona kushandiswa kugadzira magetsi. Mufananidzo 2
Kushandiswa kwemigero yekutsausa, matuneri kana mapaipi emvura (akadai semapaipi epurasitiki, mapaipi esimbi, mapaipi ekongiri, nezvimwewo) kugadzira chiteshi chemagetsi chemvura chine mvura inodonhedzwa zvakanyanya kunonzi chiteshi chemagetsi chemvura chedhivhaizi, chinova chimiro chezviteshi zvemagetsi zvemvura.
(2) Midziyo yemakanika nemagetsi
Pamusoro pemabasa emvura ataurwa pamusoro apa (maweirs, channels, forecourt, pressure pombi, maworkshop), chiteshi chemagetsi chinodawo michina inotevera:
(1) Midziyo yemakanika
Kune maturbine, magavhuna, mavharuvhu egedhi, michina yekutumira magetsi uye michina isingagadziri magetsi.
(2) Midziyo yemagetsi
Kune majenareta, mapaneru ekudzora kugoverwa, matransformer uye mitsetse yekutumira.
Asi hazvisi zvese zviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi zvine zvivakwa zve hydraulic nemidziyo yemakanika nemagetsi zvataurwa pamusoro apa. Kana musoro wemvura uri pasi pemamita matanhatu muchiteshi chemagetsi che low-head, nzira yekufambisa mvura negwara remvura rakavhurika zvinowanzo shandiswa, uye hapana pombi ye pressure front ne pressure water. Kune zviteshi zvemagetsi zvine nzvimbo diki yekupa magetsi uye daro pfupi rekutumira magetsi, nzira yekufambisa magetsi zvakananga inoshandiswa uye hapana transformer inodiwa. Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvine matangi hazvidi kuvaka madhamu. Kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzakadzika dzekupinda, mapaipi emukati medhamu (kana matunnel) uye nzira dzinodira mvura kunobvisa kudiwa kwezvivakwa zve hydraulic zvakaita sema weirs, ma geti ekupinda, nzira uye nzvimbo dze pressure front-pools.
Kuti uvake chiteshi chemagetsi emvura, kutanga, ongororo nekunyatsogadzira zvinofanira kuitwa. Mubasa rekugadzira, pane matanho matatu ekugadzira: dhizaini yekutanga, dhizaini yehunyanzvi uye ruzivo rwekuvaka. Kuti uite basa rakanaka mubasa rekugadzira, zvakakosha kutanga waita basa rekuongorora rakakwana, kureva kuti, kunzwisisa zvizere mamiriro ezvemamiriro ekunze nehupfumi hwenzvimbo - kureva topography, geology, hydrology, capital nezvimwewo. Kururama uye kuvimbika kwedhizaini kunogona kuvimbiswa chete mushure mekunyatsonzwisisa mamiriro aya uye kuaongorora.
Zvikamu zvezviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi zvine maumbirwo akasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura.
3. Ongororo yeMamiriro Ekunze
Hunhu hwebasa rekuongorora topographic hune simba guru pakurongeka kwemainjiniya uye kufungidzira huwandu hweinjiniya.
Kuongorora mafambiro enzvimbo (kunzwisisa mamiriro enzvimbo) pamusoro pekunzwisisa kwakawanda uye kutsvagisa pamusoro pemamiriro enzvimbo yemvura uye iri pedyo nerwizi, zvakakoshawo kunzwisisa kana hwaro hwekamuri remuchina hwakasimba, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakananga kuchengetedzeka kwechiteshi chemagetsi pachacho. Kana gomba rine huwandu hwakati hwedhamu raparadzwa, haringokuvadzi chete chiteshi chemagetsi emvura, asiwo rinokonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwehupenyu nepfuma pasi perwizi.
4. Kuedzwa kwemvura
Kune zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura, data rakakosha rezvemvura murwizi inyaya yehuwandu hwemvura murwizi, kuyerera kwayo, huwandu hwemadhaka, mamiriro echando, data rezvemamiriro ekunze uye data rekuongorora mafashamo. Hukuru hwekuyerera kwerwizi hunokanganisa marongerwo enzira yekudururira mvura murwizi. Kusakoshesa kuoma kwemafashamo kunokonzera kukuvara kwedhamu; madhaka anotakurwa nerwizi anogona kuzadza dziva nekukurumidza kana zvanyanya kuipa. Semuenzaniso, nzira yekubuda kwemvura ichaita kuti nzira iite sevhu, uye madhaka akakora achapfuura nepaturbine okonzera kupera kweturbine. Nokudaro, kuvaka zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinofanirwa kunge zvine data rakakwana rezvemvura.
Saka, tisati tasarudza kuvaka chiteshi chemagetsi emvura, tinofanira kutanga taongorora mafambiro ehupfumi munzvimbo inopa magetsi uye kudiwa kwemagetsi mune ramangwana. Panguva imwe chete, fungidzira mamiriro emamwe magetsi munzvimbo inogadzirwa magetsi. Mushure mekutsvaga nekuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu ari pamusoro apa ndipo patinogona kusarudza kana chiteshi chemagetsi emvura chichida kuvakwa uye kuti chiyero chacho chinofanira kuva chakakura sei.
Kazhinji, chinangwa chebasa rekuongorora magetsi emvura ndechekupa ruzivo rwakarurama uye rwakavimbika rwekutanga runodiwa pakugadzira nekuvaka zviteshi zvemagetsi emvura.
5. Zvinodiwa pakusarudza nzvimbo
Mamiriro ezvinhu ekusarudza nzvimbo anogona kutsanangurwa kubva pazvinhu zvina zvinotevera:
(1) Nzvimbo yakasarudzwa inofanira kukwanisa kushandisa simba remvura nenzira isingadhuri uye kutevedzera musimboti wekuchengetedza mari, kureva kuti, mushure mekunge chiteshi chemagetsi chapera, mari shoma inoshandiswa uye magetsi akawanda anogadzirwa. Izvi zvinogona kuyerwa nekufungidzira mari inowanikwa pagore yekugadzira magetsi uye mari inoiswa mukuvaka chiteshi kuti uone kuti mari inoiswa inogona kudzoserwa kwenguva yakareba sei. Zvisinei, mamiriro emvura nenzvimbo dzakasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana, uye zvinodiwa nemagetsi zvakasiyanawo, saka mari yekuvaka nekudyara hazvifanirwe kuganhurirwa nezvimwe zvinhu.
(2) Mamiriro enzvimbo, geology uye hydrological enzvimbo yakasarudzwa anofanira kunge ari nani, uye panofanira kuva nemikana mukugadzira nekuvaka. Mukuvaka nzvimbo diki dzemagetsi emvura, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvekuvaka kunofanirwa kuenderana nepfungwa yekuti "zvinhu zvemuno" zvakanyanya sezvinobvira.
(3) Nzvimbo yakasarudzwa inofanirwa kunge iri pedyo nenzvimbo inopa magetsi neyokugadzirisa magetsi zvakanyanya sezvinobvira kuderedza mari inoshandiswa pakushandisa michina yekufambisa magetsi uye kurasikirwa kwemagetsi.
(4) Pakusarudza nzvimbo yacho, zvivakwa zve hydraulic zviripo zvinofanira kushandiswa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Semuenzaniso, donhwe remvura rinogona kushandiswa kuvaka nzvimbo yemagetsi emvura mugwara rekudiridza, kana nzvimbo yemagetsi emvura inogona kuvakwa padyo nedhamu rekudiridza kuti igadzire magetsi kubva mukuyerera kwekudiridza, nezvimwewo. Nekuti nzvimbo idzi dzemagetsi emvura dzinogona kuzadzisa musimboti wekugadzira magetsi kana paine mvura, kukosha kwadzo muhupfumi kuri pachena.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-19-2022
