Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi ukuguqula amandla amanzi emifuleni yemvelo abe ugesi ukuze abantu bawasebenzise. Kunemithombo eyahlukene yamandla esetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ugesi, njengamandla elanga, amandla amanzi emifuleni, kanye namandla omoya akhiqizwa ukugeleza komoya. Izindleko zokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi kusetshenziswa amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi zishibhile, futhi ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi ezisebenzisa amanzi kungahlanganiswa neminye imisebenzi yokonga amanzi. Izwe lethu licebile kakhulu ngezinsiza zikagesi ezisebenzisa amanzi futhi nezimo nazo zinhle kakhulu. Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni komnotho wezwe.
Izinga lamanzi angenhla komfula liphakeme kunezinga lamanzi angaphansi komfula. Ngenxa yomehluko ezingeni lamanzi lomfula, kukhiqizwa amandla amanzi. Lawa mandla abizwa ngokuthi amandla angase abe khona noma amandla angase abe khona. Umehluko phakathi kokuphakama kwamanzi omfula ubizwa ngokuthi i-drop, okubizwa nangokuthi umehluko wezinga lamanzi noma ikhanda lamanzi. Lokhu kwehla kuyisimo esiyisisekelo sokwakheka kwamandla e-hydraulic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu bamandla e-hydraulic buxhomeke ebukhulwini bokugeleza kwamanzi emfuleni, okungenye isimo esiyisisekelo esibaluleke njengokwehla. Kokubili ukwehla kanye nokugeleza kuthinta ngqo amandla e-hydraulic; lapho umthamo wamanzi we-drop umkhulu, kulapho amandla e-hydraulic eba makhulu khona; uma ukwehla kanye nomthamo wamanzi kuncane kakhulu, umphumela wesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi uzoba mncane.
Ukwehla ngokuvamile kuvezwa ngamamitha. I-Gradient yisilinganiso sokwehla nebanga, okungabonisa izinga lokuhlushwa kokwehla. Ukwehla kugxile kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla e-hydraulic kulula kakhulu. Ukwehla okusetshenziswa yisiteshi sikagesi wamanzi umehluko phakathi kobuso bamanzi obuphezulu besiteshi sikagesi wamanzi kanye nobuso bamanzi obuphansi ngemva kokudlula ku-turbine.
Ukugeleza yinani lamanzi ageleza emfuleni ngeyunithi yesikhathi, futhi livezwa ngama-cubic metres ngomzuzwana owodwa. I-cubic meter eyodwa yamanzi iyithani elilodwa. Ukugeleza komfula kuyashintsha nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngakho-ke uma sikhuluma ngokugeleza, kufanele sichaze isikhathi sendawo ethile lapho kugeleza khona. Ukugeleza kushintsha kakhulu ngesikhathi. Imifula ezweni lakithi ngokuvamile inokuhamba okukhulu ngesikhathi semvula ehlobo nasekwindla, futhi incane ebusika nasentwasahlobo. Ngokuvamile, ukugeleza komfula kuncane kakhulu endaweni ephezulu; ngoba imifudlana iyahlangana, ukugeleza okuphansi kuyanda kancane kancane. Ngakho-ke, yize ukwehla okuphezulu kugxilile, ukugeleza kuncane; ukugeleza okuphansi kukhulu, kodwa ukwehla kuhlakazekile. Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukonga kakhulu ukusebenzisa amandla e-hydraulic ezindaweni eziphakathi komfula.
Njengoba sazi ukwehla nokugeleza okusetshenziswa yisiteshi sikagesi samanzi, umphumela waso ungabalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo:
N= GQH
Kule fomula, i-N–output, ngama-kilowatts, ingabizwa nangokuthi amandla;
ukugeleza kwe-Q, ngama-cubic metres ngomzuzwana;
H – ukuwa, ngamamitha;
G = 9.8, ukusheshisa kwamandla adonsela phansi, iyunithi: Newton/kg
Ngokusho kwefomula engenhla, amandla enkolelo-mbono abalwa ngaphandle kokukhipha noma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa. Eqinisweni, enkambisweni yokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi, ama-turbine, imishini yokudlulisa, ama-generator, njll. konke kunokulahlekelwa kwamandla okungenakugwenywa. Ngakho-ke, amandla enkolelo-mbono kufanele ancishiswe, okungukuthi, amandla angempela esingawasebenzisa kufanele aphindaphindwe nge-efficiency coefficient (uphawu: K).
Amandla aklanywe yijeneretha esiteshini sikagesi wamanzi abizwa ngokuthi amandla alinganisiwe, kanti amandla angempela abizwa ngokuthi amandla angempela. Enkambisweni yokuguqulwa kwamandla, akunakugwenywa ukulahlekelwa yingxenye yamandla. Enkambisweni yokukhiqizwa kwamandla amanzi, kuba khona ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwama-turbine namajeneretha (kukhona nokulahlekelwa emapayipini). Ukulahlekelwa okuhlukahlukene esiteshini sikagesi samanzi sasemaphandleni kubalelwa cishe ku-40-50% wamandla aphelele e-theorical, ngakho-ke umphumela wesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi empeleni ungasebenzisa kuphela u-50-60% wamandla e-theorical, okungukuthi, ukusebenza kahle cishe ku-0.5-0.60 (lapho ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine kungu-0.70-0.85, ukusebenza kahle kwamajeneretha kungu-0.85 kuya ku-0.90, kanti ukusebenza kahle kwamapayipi nemishini yokudlulisa kungu-0.80 kuya ku-0.85). Ngakho-ke, amandla angempela (ukuphuma) kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi kungabalwa kanje:
K – ukusebenza kahle kwesiteshi sikagesi samanzi, (0.5 ~ 0.6) kusetshenziswa ekubalweni okulinganiselwe kwesiteshi sikagesi samanzi amancane; leli nani lingenziwa lula kanje:
N=(0.5～0.6)QHG Amandla angempela=ukusebenza kahle×ukugeleza×ukwehla×9.8
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi ukusebenzisa amandla amanzi ukuhambisa umshini, obizwa ngokuthi i-turbine yamanzi. Isibonelo, i-waterwheel yasendulo ezweni lethu iyi-turbine yamanzi elula kakhulu. Ama-turbine ahlukahlukene e-hydraulic asetshenziswa njengamanje alungiswa ezimweni ezahlukene ze-hydraulic, ukuze akwazi ukujikeleza kahle futhi aguqule amandla amanzi abe amandla omshini. Olunye uhlobo lomshini, i-generator, luxhunywe ku-turbine, ukuze i-rotor ye-generator ijikeleze ne-turbine ukuze ikhiqize ugesi. I-generator ingahlukaniswa izingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye ejikeleza ne-turbine kanye nengxenye eqinile ye-generator. Ingxenye exhunywe ku-turbine futhi ijikeleza ibizwa ngokuthi i-rotor ye-generator, futhi kunezingodo eziningi zamagnetic ezizungeze i-rotor; indilinga ezungeze i-rotor yingxenye eqinile ye-generator, ebizwa ngokuthi i-stator ye-generator, futhi i-stator isongwe ngama-coil amaningi ethusi. Lapho izingodo eziningi zamagnetic ze-rotor zijikeleza phakathi kwama-coil ethusi e-stator, ugesi ukhiqizwa ezintanjeni zethusi, futhi i-generator iguqula amandla omshini abe amandla kagesi.
Amandla kagesi akhiqizwa yisiteshi sikagesi aguqulwa abe amandla omshini (injini kagesi noma i-motor), amandla okukhanya (isibani sikagesi), amandla okushisa (isithando sikagesi) njalo njalo ngemishini ehlukahlukene kagesi.
ukwakheka kwesiteshi sikagesi samanzi
Ukwakheka kwesiteshi sikagesi samanzi kuhlanganisa: izakhiwo ze-hydraulic, imishini yemishini, kanye nemishini kagesi.
(1) Izakhiwo ze-hydraulic
Inezindawo zokungenisa amanzi (amadamu), amasango okungenisa amanzi, iziteshi (noma imihubhe), amathangi okucindezela (noma amathangi okulawula amanzi), amapayipi okucindezela, izindawo zikagesi kanye nemigwaqo yangemuva, njll.
Kwakhiwa idamu (idamu) emfuleni ukuvimba amanzi omfula nokuphakamisa ubuso bamanzi ukuze kwakheke idamu. Ngale ndlela, kwakheka ithonsi elihlanganisiwe phakathi kobuso bamanzi bedamu edamini kanye nobuso bamanzi bomfula ngaphansi kwedamu, bese amanzi efakwa esiteshini samandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa amapayipi amanzi noma imigudu. Emifuleni ejulile kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kweziteshi zokuphambukisa nakho kungakha ithonsi. Isibonelo: Ngokuvamile, ithonsi ngekhilomitha ngalinye lomfula wemvelo lingamamitha ayi-10. Uma isiteshi sivulwa ekugcineni kwalesi sigaba somfula ukuze kungeniswe amanzi omfula, isiteshi sizombiwa eceleni komfula, futhi umthambeka wesiteshi uzoba yisicaba. Uma ithonsi lesiteshi lenziwa ngekhilomitha ngalinye Lehla ngemitha eli-1 kuphela, kangangokuthi amanzi ageleza amakhilomitha ama-5 esiteshini, kanti ubuso bamanzi behla ngamamitha ama-5 kuphela, kanti amanzi ehla ngamamitha angama-50 ngemva kokuhamba amakhilomitha ama-5 esiteshini semvelo. Ngalesi sikhathi, amanzi avela emseleni abuyiselwa esiteshini sikagesi eduze komfula ngepayipi lamanzi noma umhubhe, futhi kukhona ukwehla okugxilile kwamamitha angu-45 okungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ugesi. Umfanekiso 2
Ukusetshenziswa kweziteshi zokuphambukisa, imigudu noma amapayipi amanzi (njengepayipi lepulasitiki, amapayipi ensimbi, amapayipi ekhonkrithi, njll.) ukwakha isiteshi sikagesi samanzi esinokwehla okugxilile kubizwa ngokuthi isiteshi sikagesi samanzi sesiteshi sokuphambukisa, okuyindlela ejwayelekile yokwakheka kweziteshi zikagesi zamanzi.
(2) Imishini yemishini kanye nekagesi
Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi ye-hydraulic eshiwo ngenhla (ama-weir, iziteshi, ama-forecourt, amapayipi okucindezela, ama-workshop), isiteshi sikagesi samanzi sidinga futhi imishini elandelayo:
(1) Imishini yemishini
Kukhona ama-turbine, ama-governors, ama-gate valve, imishini yokudlulisa kanye nemishini engakhiqizi.
(2) Imishini kagesi
Kukhona amajeneretha, amaphaneli okulawula ukusabalalisa, ama-transformer kanye nemigqa yokudlulisela.
Kodwa akuzona zonke iziteshi zikagesi ezincane ezinamanzi anezakhiwo ze-hydraulic kanye nemishini yemishini neyegesi eshiwo ngenhla. Uma ikhanda lamanzi lingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-6 esiteshini sikagesi esiphansi, isiteshi sokuqondisa amanzi kanye nesiteshi samanzi esivulekile ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa, futhi akukho payipi lamanzi elingaphambili elinomfutho kanye nepayipi lamanzi elinomfutho. Eziteshini zikagesi ezinebanga elincane lokuphakelwa kwamandla kanye nebanga elifushane lokudlulisa, ukudluliselwa kwamandla okuqondile kuyasetshenziswa futhi akudingeki i-transformer. Iziteshi zikagesi ezinamanzi anezindawo zokugcina amanzi azidingi ukwakha amadamu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokungenisa ezijulile, amapayipi angaphakathi edamu (noma imigudu) kanye nezindawo zokuchitheka kwamanzi kuqeda isidingo sezakhiwo ze-hydraulic ezifana nezindawo zokudonsa amanzi, amasango okungenisa amanzi, iziteshi kanye namachibi angaphambili okucindezela.
Ukuze kwakhiwe isiteshi sikagesi wamanzi, okokuqala, kufanele kwenziwe ucwaningo olucophelelayo kanye nomsebenzi wokuklama. Emsebenzini wokuklama, kunezigaba ezintathu zokuklama: ukuklama kokuqala, ukuklama kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuchazwa kwemininingwane yokwakha. Ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi omuhle emsebenzini wokuklama, kubalulekile kuqala ukwenza umsebenzi wokuhlola ophelele, okungukuthi, ukuqonda ngokugcwele izimo zemvelo nezomnotho zendawo - okungukuthi, ukuma komhlaba, i-geology, i-hydrology, imali kanye nokunye. Ukunemba nokuthembeka komklamo kungaqinisekiswa kuphela ngemva kokuqonda lezi zimo nokuzihlaziya.
Izingxenye zeziteshi ezincane zikagesi wamanzi zinezinhlobo ezahlukene kuye ngohlobo lwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi.
3. Ucwaningo Lwesimo Sendawo
Ikhwalithi yomsebenzi wokuhlola indawo inethonya elikhulu ekwakhiweni kobunjiniyela kanye nokulinganisa inani lobunjiniyela.
Ukuhlola i-geology (ukuqonda izimo ze-geological) ngaphezu kokuqonda okuvamile kanye nocwaningo nge-geology ye-watershed kanye nogu lomfula, kuyadingeka futhi ukuqonda ukuthi isisekelo segumbi lomshini siqinile yini, okuthinta ngqo ukuphepha kwesiteshi sikagesi uqobo. Uma i-barrage ene-reservoir ethile isibhujisiwe, ngeke nje yonakalise isiteshi sikagesi samanzi uqobo, kodwa futhi izobangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwempilo kanye nempahla ezansi komfula.
4. Ukuhlolwa kwamanzi
Eziteshini zikagesi zamanzi, idatha ebaluleke kakhulu yezamanzi yirekhodi lamanzi omfula, ukugeleza, okuqukethwe yizibi, izimo zeqhwa, idatha yesimo sezulu kanye nedatha yokuhlolwa kwezikhukhula. Ubukhulu bokugeleza komfula buthinta ukwakheka kwendlela yokuchitheka kwesiteshi sikagesi samanzi. Ukungaqapheli ubukhulu bezibi kuzobangela umonakalo wedamu; izibi ezithwalwa ngumfula zingagcwalisa ngokushesha ichibi lamanzi esimweni esibi kakhulu. Isibonelo, isiteshi sokungena kwamanzi sizobangela ukuthi isiteshi sigcwale udaka, futhi izibi eziqinile zizodlula ku-turbine futhi zibangele ukuguguleka kwe-turbine. Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi zamanzi kumele kube nedatha eyanele yezamanzi.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokunquma ukwakha isiteshi sikagesi wamanzi, kumele siqale sihlole indlela yokuthuthukiswa komnotho endaweni yokuphakelwa kukagesi kanye nesidingo sikagesi sesikhathi esizayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, qagela isimo seminye imithombo kagesi endaweni yokuthuthukiswa. Kungemva kocwaningo nokuhlaziywa kwalesi simo esingenhla kuphela lapho singanquma khona ukuthi isiteshi sikagesi wamanzi sidinga ukwakhiwa nokuthi ubukhulu kufanele bube bukhulu kangakanani.
Ngokuvamile, inhloso yomsebenzi wokuhlola ugesi wamanzi ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi oluyisisekelo olunembile noluthembekile oludingekayo ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizweni kweziteshi zikagesi wamanzi.
5. Imibandela ejwayelekile yokukhetha indawo
Izimo ezijwayelekile zokukhetha indawo zingachazwa kusukela kulezi zici ezine ezilandelayo:
(1) Indawo ekhethiwe kufanele ikwazi ukusebenzisa amandla amanzi ngendlela eyonga kakhulu futhi ihambisane nomgomo wokonga izindleko, okungukuthi, ngemva kokuba isiteshi sikagesi sesiqediwe, kuchithwa imali encane kakhulu futhi kukhiqizwa ugesi omningi kakhulu. Ngokuvamile kungalinganiswa ngokulinganisa imali engenayo yonyaka yokukhiqizwa kukagesi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi ukuze kubonwe ukuthi imali etshaliwe ingabuyiswa isikhathi esingakanani. Kodwa-ke, izimo zamanzi kanye nezindawo zihlukile ezindaweni ezahlukene, futhi izidingo zikagesi nazo zihlukile, ngakho-ke izindleko zokwakha kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali akufanele kukhawulelwe yizindinganiso ezithile.
(2) Izimo zesimo sendawo, i-geological kanye ne-hydrological zendawo ekhethiwe kufanele zibe ziphakeme kakhulu, futhi kufanele kube namathuba ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizweni. Ekwakhiweni kweziteshi ezincane zamandla kagesi, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha kufanele kuhambisane nomgomo "wezinto zasendaweni" ngangokunokwenzeka.
(3) Indawo ekhethiwe kudingeka ibe seduze nendawo yokuphakelwa kukagesi kanye nendawo yokucubungula ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini yokudlulisa ugesi kanye nokulahlekelwa ugesi.
(4) Uma ukhetha indawo, izakhiwo ezikhona ze-hydraulic kufanele zisetshenziswe ngangokunokwenzeka. Isibonelo, ithonsi lamanzi lingasetshenziswa ukwakha isiteshi sikagesi wamanzi esiteshini sokunisela, noma isiteshi sikagesi wamanzi singakhiwa eduze kwechibi lokunisela ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi kusukela ekugelezeni kokunisela, njalo njalo. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zitshalo zikagesi wamanzi zingahlangabezana nomgomo wokukhiqiza ugesi lapho kunamanzi, ukubaluleka kwazo kwezomnotho kusobala kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-19-2022
