I-Hydropower iwukuguqula amandla amanzi emifula yemvelo abe ugesi ukuze abantu bawusebenzise.Kunemithombo eyahlukene yamandla asetshenziswa ekuphehleni ugesi, njengamandla elanga, amandla amanzi emifuleni, namandla omoya akhiqizwa ukuhamba komoya.Izindleko zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi zisebenzisa amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi zishibhile, futhi ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi kungabuye kuhlanganiswe namanye amaphrojekthi okonga amanzi.Izwe lakithi licebe kakhulu ngezinsiza zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi kanti nezimo nazo zizinhle kakhulu.Amandla kagesi adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni komnotho wezwe.
Izinga lamanzi akhuphuka nomfula liphakeme kunezinga lawo lamanzi angezansi.Ngenxa yomehluko ezingeni lamanzi omfula, amandla amanzi akhiqizwa.La mandla abizwa ngokuthi amandla angaba khona noma amandla angaba khona.Umehluko phakathi kobude bamanzi omfula ubizwa ngokuthi ithonsi, okubuye kubizwe ngokuthi umehluko wezinga lamanzi noma ikhanda lamanzi.Lokhu kwehla kuyisimo esiyisisekelo sokwakheka kwamandla asebenza ngamanzi.Ukwengeza, ubukhulu bamandla kagesi buphinde buncike kubukhulu bokugeleza kwamanzi emfuleni, okungesinye isimo esiyisisekelo esibaluleke njengokwehla.Kokubili ukwehla nokugeleza kuthinta ngqo amandla adonsela amanzi;uma umkhulu umthamo wamanzi weconsi, amandla amakhulu we-hydraulic;uma ukwehla nomthamo wamanzi kukuncane, ukuphuma kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi kuzoba kuncane.
Ukwehla kuvame ukuvezwa ngamamitha.I-Gradient isilinganiso sokwehla nebanga, esingabonisa izinga lokugxila kokwehla.Ukwehla kugxile kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla we-hydraulic kulula kakhulu.Iconsi elisetshenziswa isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngumehluko phakathi kwendawo yamanzi akhuphuka nomfula wesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi kanye namanzi angaphansi komfula ngemva kokudlula ku-turbine.
Ukugeleza inani lamanzi ageleza emfuleni ngeyunithi yesikhathi, futhi kuvezwa ngama-cubic metres ngomzuzwana owodwa.I-cubic mitha yamanzi ithani elilodwa.Ukugeleza komfula kushintsha noma nini, ngakho uma sikhuluma ngokugeleza, kufanele sichaze isikhathi sendawo ethile ogeleza kuyo.Ukugeleza kushintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Imifula ezweni lakithi ivame ukugeleza kakhulu ngenkathi yezimvula ehlobo nasekwindla, futhi iba mincane kakhulu ebusika nasentwasahlobo.Ngokuvamile, ukugeleza komfula kuncane uma kuqhathaniswa enhla nomfula;ngenxa yokuthi ama-tributaries ayahlangana, ukugeleza komfula kancane kancane kuyanda.Ngakho-ke, nakuba ukwehla komfula kugxilile, ukugeleza kuncane;ukugeleza komfula kukhulu, kodwa ukudonsa kuhlakazekile.Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukonga kakhulu ukusebenzisa amandla asebenza ngogesi ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nomfula.
Ngokwazi ukwehla nokugeleza okusetshenziswa isiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, okukhiphayo kungabalwa kusetshenziswa le fomula elandelayo:
N = GQH
Kufomula, i-N-output, ngama-kilowatts, ingabuye ibizwe ngokuthi amandla;
Q-flow, ngama-cubic metres ngomzuzwana;
H - ukwehla, ngamamitha;
G = 9.8 , ukusheshisa amandla adonsela phansi, iyunithi: Newton/kg
Ngokwale fomula engenhla, amandla etiyetha abalwa ngaphandle kokudonsa noma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa.Eqinisweni, ohlelweni lokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, izinjini zomoya, izisetshenziswa zokudlulisa amandla, amajeneretha, njll. konke kunokulahlekelwa kwamandla okungenakugwemeka.Ngakho-ke, amandla etiyetha kufanele ehliswe, okungukuthi, amandla angempela esingawasebenzisa kufanele aphindwe nge-coefficient esebenzayo (uphawu: K).
Amandla aklanyiwe ejeneretha esiteshini sokuphehlwa kwamanzi abizwa ngokuthi amandla alinganiselwe, futhi amandla angempela abizwa ngokuthi amandla angempela.Enqubweni yokuguqulwa kwamandla, akunakugwenywa ukulahlekelwa ingxenye yamandla.Enqubweni yokukhiqiza ugesi ngamanzi, kukhona ukulahleka okukhulu kwezinjini zomoya kanye namajeneretha (kukhona nokulahlekelwa kumapayipi).Ukulahlekelwa okunhlobonhlobo esiteshini samanzi sasemaphandleni afinyelela ku-40-50% wamandla aphelele etiyetha, ngakho-ke ukukhiqizwa kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi kungasebenzisa kuphela u-50-60% wamandla etiyetha, okungukuthi, ukusebenza kahle kumayelana. I-0.5-0.60 (lapho ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine kungu-0.70-0.85, ukusebenza kahle kwamajeneretha ku-0.85 kuya ku-0.90, nokusebenza kahle kwamapayipi kanye nemishini yokudlulisa ngu-0.80 kuya ku-0.85).Ngakho-ke, amandla wangempela (ophumayo) wesiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi angabalwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
K–ukusebenza kahle kwesiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, (0.5–0.6) kusetshenziswa ekubalweni okungalungile kwesiteshi samandla kagesi amancane;leli nani lingenziwa lula ngokuthi:
N=(0.5～0.6)QHG Amandla oqobo=ukusebenza ngempumelelo×ukugeleza×ukwehla×9.8
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngamanzi ukusebenzisa amandla amanzi ukuhambisa umshini, obizwa ngokuthi i-turbine yamanzi.Isibonelo, isondo lamanzi lasendulo ezweni lakithi liyi-turbine yamanzi elula kakhulu.Ama-hydraulic turbines ahlukahlukene asetshenziswayo njengamanje ajwayelane nezimo ezithile ezahlukahlukene ze-hydraulic, ukuze akwazi ukuzungezisa kahle futhi aguqule amandla amanzi abe amandla emishini.Olunye uhlobo lwemishini, i-generator, ixhunywe ku-turbine, ukuze i-rotor ye-generator izungeza ne-turbine ukuze ikhiqize ugesi.I-generator ingahlukaniswa ibe izingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye ezungeza ne-turbine kanye nengxenye engashintshi ye-generator.Ingxenye exhunywe ku-turbine futhi ejikelezayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-rotor ye-generator, futhi kunezigxobo eziningi kazibuthe ezizungeze i-rotor;umbuthano ozungeze i-rotor yingxenye engashintshi ye-generator, ebizwa ngokuthi i-stator ye-generator, futhi i-stator ihlanganiswe ngamakhoyili amaningi ethusi.Lapho izigxobo eziningi kazibuthe ze-rotor zizungeza phakathi kwamakhoyili ethusi e-stator, i-current ikhiqizwa ezintanjeni zethusi, futhi i-generator iguqula amandla emishini ibe amandla kagesi.
Amandla kagesi akhiqizwa esiteshini samandla aguqulwa abe amandla emishini (imoto kagesi noma i-motor), amandla okukhanya (isibani sikagesi), amandla ashisayo (isithando somlilo kagesi) njalonjalo ngemishini ehlukahlukene kagesi.
Ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi
Ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi kuhlanganisa: izakhiwo ezisebenza ngamanzi, okokusebenza ngomshini, nezinto zikagesi.
(1) Izakhiwo ze-hydraulic
Inemisele (amadamu), amasango okungenisa, imigudu (noma imigudu), amathange angaphambili okucindezela (noma amathangi alawulayo), amapayipi okucindezela, izindlu zamandla kanye nemigqa, njll.
Idamu (idamu) lakhiwa emfuleni ukuze livimbe amanzi omfula futhi likhuphule indawo yamanzi ukuze yenze idamu.Ngale ndlela, kwakheka ukwehla okugxilile phakathi kwendawo yamanzi echibini (edamini) kanye namanzi omfula ngaphansi kwedamu, bese amanzi efakwa esiteshini sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ngokusebenzisa amapayipi amanzi. noma imigudu.Emifuleni ewumqansa, ukusetshenziswa kwamashaneli okuphambukisa kungakha iconsi.Isibonelo: Ngokuvamile, ukwehla ngekhilomitha ngalinye lomfula wemvelo ngamamitha ayi-10.Uma umzila uvulwa engxenyeni engenhla yalesi sigaba somfula ukuze kwethulwe amanzi omfula, umsele uzombiwa eduze nomfula, futhi umthambeka womzila uzoba isicaba.Uma ukwehla esiteshini kwenziwa ikhilomitha ngalinye Kwehla imitha elingu-1 kuphela, ukuze amanzi ageleze amakhilomitha angu-5 esiteshini, futhi indawo yamanzi yawa ngamamitha angu-5 kuphela, kuyilapho amanzi ehla ngamamitha angu-50 ngemva kokuhamba amakhilomitha angu-5 esiteshini semvelo. .Ngalesi sikhathi, amanzi avela esiteshini abuyiselwa esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla ngomfula ngepayipi lamanzi noma umhubhe, futhi kukhona ukwehla okugxilile kwamamitha angu-45 angasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ugesi.Umfanekiso 2
Ukusetshenziswa kwamashaneli okuphambukisa, amahubhe noma amapayipi amanzi (njengamapayipi epulasitiki, amapayipi ensimbi, amapayipi kakhonkolo, njll.) ukwakha isiteshi sokuphehla amandla ngamanzi esinokwehla okugxilile kubizwa ngokuthi isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi, okuyisakhiwo esijwayelekile seziteshi zokuphehla ugesi. .
(2) Imishini kagesi nekagesi
Ukwengeza kule misebenzi eshiwo ngenhla yama-hydraulic (ama-weirs, amashaneli, indawo engaphambili, amapayipi okucindezela, ama-workshop), isiteshi sokuphehla amandla ngamanzi sidinga lezi zinsiza ezilandelayo:
(1) Imishini kagesi
Kunama-turbines, ama-governors, ama-valve esango, amathuluzi okudlulisela kanye nemishini engaphehli.
(2) Izinto ezisebenza ngogesi
Kukhona amajeneretha, amaphaneli okulawula ukusabalalisa, ama-transformer kanye nezintambo zokudlulisela.
Kodwa akuzona zonke iziteshi ezincane zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ezinezakhiwo ezibalwe ngenhla zama-hydraulic kanye nemishini eyimishini nekagesi.Uma ikhanda lamanzi lingaphansi kwamamitha angu-6 esiteshini sikagesi esinekhanda eliphansi, umgudu wamanzi oqondisa amanzi kanye nomgudu wamanzi ovulekile ngokuvamile uyasetshenziswa, futhi ayikho indawo yokucindezela kanye nepayipi lamanzi anomfutho.Eziteshini zikagesi ezinobubanzi obuncane bokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nebanga elifushane lokudlulisa, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okuqondile kuyamukelwa futhi akukho mshini wokuguqula amandla odingekayo.Iziteshi eziphehla amandla kagesi ezinamadamu azidingi ukwakha amadamu.Ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi ajulile, amapayipi angaphakathi edamini (noma imigudu) kanye nemigudu yokuchitheka kwamanzi kuqeda isidingo sezakhiwo ezisebenza ngogesi njengezindawo ezidonsa amanzi, amasango okudonsa amanzi, imigudu namachibi okucindezela angaphambili.
Ukwakha isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, okokuqala nje, kufanele kwenziwe ucwaningo olunzulu kanye nomsebenzi wokuklama.Emsebenzini wokuklama, kunezigaba ezintathu zokuklama: umklamo wokuqala, umklamo wobuchwepheshe kanye nemininingwane yokwakha.Ukuze wenze umsebenzi omuhle emsebenzini wokuklama, okokuqala kudingekile ukwenza umsebenzi wokuhlola ophelele, okungukuthi, ukuqonda ngokugcwele izimo zemvelo nezomnotho zendawo - okungukuthi i-topography, i-geology, i-hydrology, i-capital nokunye.Ukunemba nokuthembeka komklamo kungaqinisekiswa kuphela ngemva kokwazi lezi zimo nokuzihlaziya.
Izingxenye zeziteshi ezincane zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi zinezinhlobo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi.
3. Ucwaningo Lwesimo Sendawo
Izinga lomsebenzi wenhlolovo yesimo sendawo inethonya elikhulu kusakhiwo sobunjiniyela kanye nesilinganiso sobuningi bobunjiniyela.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-geological (ukuqonda izimo ze-geological) ngaphezu kokuqonda okujwayelekile kanye nocwaningo mayelana ne-geology ye-watershed kanye nomfula, kuyadingeka futhi ukuqonda ukuthi isisekelo segumbi lomshini siqinile, esithinta ngokuqondile ukuphepha kwamandla. isiteshi uqobo lwaso.Uma inqwaba enomthamo othile wechibi isicekeleke phansi, ngeke nje kulimaze isiteshi sikagesi ngokwaso kuphela, kodwa futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwempilo kanye nempahla ezansi nomfula.
4. Ukuhlolwa kwamanzi
Eziteshini eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, idatha ebaluleke kakhulu ye-hydrological amarekhodi wezinga lamanzi emfuleni, ukugeleza, okuqukethwe kwenhlabathi, izimo zeqhwa, idatha yesimo sezulu kanye nedatha yocwaningo lwezikhukhula.Ubukhulu bokugeleza komfula buthinta ukwakheka kwendlela yokuchitheka kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.Ukubukela phansi ubukhulu bezikhukhula kuzodala umonakalo wedamu;inzika ethwelwe umfula ingagcwalisa ngokushesha ichibi esimweni esibi kakhulu.Isibonelo, ishaneli yokungena izobangela ukuthi ishaneli ligcwale udaka, futhi inzika enezinhlamvu ezimahhadla izodlula ku-turbine futhi ibangele ukuguga kwe-turbine.Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi wamanzi kumele kube nedatha eyanele ye-hydrological.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo sokwakha isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, kufanele siqale siphenye isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa komnotho endaweni yokuphakelwa kukagesi kanye nesidingo sikagesi esizayo.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, linganisa isimo seminye imithombo yamandla endaweni yokuthuthukiswa.Kuphela ngemva kocwaningo nokuhlaziya isimo esingenhla lapho singanquma khona ukuthi isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi sidinga ukwakhiwa nokuthi isikali kufanele sibe sikhulu kangakanani.
Ngokuvamile, inhloso yomsebenzi wokuhlola amandla kagesi ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi oluyisisekelo olunembile noluthembekile oludingekayo ekwakhiweni nasekwakheni iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
5. Izimo ezijwayelekile zokukhethwa kwendawo
Imibandela evamile yokukhetha isayithi ingachazwa kulezi zici ezine ezilandelayo:
(1) Indawo ekhethiwe kufanele ikwazi ukusebenzisa ugesi wamanzi ngendlela eyonga kakhulu futhi ihambisane nomgomo wokonga, okungukuthi, ngemva kokuba isiteshi sikagesi sesiqediwe, kusetshenziswe imali encane kakhulu futhi kukhiqizwa ugesi omningi. .Ngokuvamile kungakalwa ngokulinganisa imali engenayo yonyaka yokuphehlwa kukagesi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi ukuze kubonakale ukuthi singakanani isikhathi imali etshaliwe engabuyiswa.Kodwa-ke, izimo ze-hydrological kanye ne-topographical zihlukile ezindaweni ezahlukene, nezidingo zikagesi nazo zihlukile, ngakho-ke izindleko zokwakha kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali akufanele kukhawulwe ngamavelu athile.
(2) Isimo sendawo, isimo sokwakheka komhlaba kanye nesimo samanzi sesiza esikhethiwe kufanele sibe phezulu kakhulu, futhi kufanele kube nokwenzeka ekuklanyweni nasekwakheni.Ekwakhiweni kweziteshi ezincane zamanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha kufanele kuhambisane nesimiso "sezinto zendawo" ngangokunokwenzeka.
(3) Isizinda esikhethiwe sidingeka ukuthi sibe seduze nendawo yokuphakelwa kukagesi kanye nendawo yokucutshungulwa ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo zokuthutha ugesi kanye nokulahlekelwa amandla.
(4) Lapho kukhethwa isiza, izakhiwo ezikhona zama-hydraulic kufanele zisetshenziswe ngangokunokwenzeka.Isibonelo, ukwehla kwamanzi kungasetshenziselwa ukwakha isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi emhumeni wokunisela, noma indawo yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ingakhiwa eduze kwedamu lokuchelela ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi ekugelezeni kokuchelela, njalonjalo.Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zindawo zokuphehla ugesi ziyakwazi ukuhlangabezana nomgomo wokukhiqiza ugesi uma kunamanzi, ukubaluleka kwazo kwezomnotho kusobala kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-19-2022
