The counterattack turbine ndi mtundu wa makina a hydraulic omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwa madzi kuti asinthe mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina.
(1) Kapangidwe. Zigawo zazikuluzikulu za turbine ya counterattack ndi wothamanga, chipinda chosinthira madzi, makina owongolera madzi ndi chubu cholembera.
1) Wothamanga. Wothamanga ndi gawo la turbine yamadzi yomwe imatembenuza mphamvu yamadzi kuti ikhale mphamvu yozungulira. Kutengera momwe amasinthira mphamvu yamadzi, zida zothamanga zama turbines osiyanasiyana zimasiyananso. Francis turbine wothamanga amapangidwa ndi masamba opindika, korona ndi mphete yapansi ndi zigawo zina zazikulu zowongoka; axial flow turbine runner imapangidwa ndi masamba, thupi lothamanga ndi chulu chokhetsa ndi zinthu zina zazikulu: mawonekedwe othamanga a diagonal flow turbine ndizovuta kwambiri. Malo oyika masamba amatha kusinthidwa ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito ndikufananizidwa ndi kutsegulidwa kwa kalozera. Mzere wapakati wozungulira wa tsamba uli pa ngodya yopingasa (45°-60°) kumtunda wa turbine.
2) Chipinda chosinthira madzi. Ntchito yake ndikupangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda mofanana m'makina otsogolera madzi, kuchepetsa kutaya mphamvu, komanso kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya turbine. Ma turbines akuluakulu ndi apakatikati nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zozungulira zozungulira ndi mitu pamwamba pa 50m, ndi trapezoidal cross-section konkriti volutes kwa omwe ali pansi pa 50m.
3) Njira yoyendetsera madzi. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mitundu ina ya mavane owongolera owongolera komanso makina ake ozungulira omwe amakonzedwa mozungulira pamphepete mwa wothamanga. Ntchito yake ndi kutsogolera madzi akuyenda mofanana mu wothamanga, ndikusintha kutsegula kwa chowongolera chowongolera, kusintha kuthamanga kwa turbine kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za jenereta, komanso imagwira ntchito yosindikiza madzi pamene yatsekedwa kwathunthu.
4) Tube lojambula. Kuthamanga kwa madzi pa kutuluka kwa wothamanga kumakhalabe ndi gawo la mphamvu zowonjezera zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ntchito ya chubu lokonzekera ndikubwezeretsa gawo ili la mphamvu ndikutulutsa madzi kunsi kwa mtsinje. Draft chubu lagawidwa mitundu iwiri, woongoka chulucho ndi yokhotakhota. Yoyambayo ili ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya mphamvu ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyenera kwa ma turbine ang'onoang'ono opingasa ndi ma tubula; yotsirizirayi imakhala ndi ntchito yotsika ya hydraulic kuposa ma cones owongoka, koma ili ndi kukumba kwakung'ono, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma turbines akuluakulu ndi apakatikati.
(2) Gulu. Malinga ndi njira ya axial yomwe madzi amayenda kudzera pa wothamanga, makina opangira mphamvu amagawidwa kukhala turbine ya Francis, turbine ya diagonal flow turbine, axial flow turbine ndi tubular turbine.
1) Francis turbine. Francis (radial axial flow kapena Francis) turbine ndi turbine yolimbana ndi zowukira momwe madzi amayenda mozungulira kuchokera kuzungulira kwa wothamanga kupita ku axial direction. Mtundu uwu wa turbine uli ndi mitu yambiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito (30-700m), kapangidwe kosavuta, voliyumu yaying'ono komanso mtengo wotsika. Makina opangira magetsi akulu kwambiri a Francis omwe ayamba kugwira ntchito ku China ndi Ertan Hydropower Plant, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yotulutsa 582 MW ndi mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa 621 MW.
2) Axial flow turbine. The axial flow turbine ndi antiattack turbine momwe madzi amayenda kuchokera ku axial direction ndipo amatuluka kuchokera pa wothamanga kupita ku axial direction. Mtundu wa turbine wamtunduwu umagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: mtundu wamtundu wokhazikika (mtundu wa screw) ndi mtundu wa rotary (mtundu wa Kaplan). Masamba akale amakhazikika, ndipo masamba omaliza amatha kuzunguliridwa. Mphamvu yodutsa madzi axial flow turbine ndi yayikulu kuposa ya turbine ya Francis. Chifukwa masamba a turbine opalasa amatha kusintha malo ndikusintha kwa katundu, amakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba pakusintha kosiyanasiyana. Kuchita kwa anti-cavitation ndi mphamvu zamakina axial flow turbine ndizoyipa kwambiri kuposa za Francis turbine, komanso kapangidwe kake ndizovuta kwambiri. Pakalipano, mutu woyenera wa turbine wamtunduwu wafika 80m kapena kuposa.
3) Tubular turbine. Kuthamanga kwa madzi kwa mtundu uwu wa turbine yamadzi kumayenda axially kunja kwa wothamanga, ndipo palibe kasinthasintha isanayambe ndi itatha wothamanga. Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito ndi 3-20. . Fuselage ili ndi ubwino wautali waung'ono, madzi oyenda bwino, kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri, zomangamanga zochepa, zotsika mtengo, zosafunikira ma volutes ndi machubu okhotakhota, komanso kutsika kwa mutu, ubwino wake ndi woonekeratu.
Ma turbines a tubular amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: oyenda monse ndi semi-through-flow molingana ndi kugwirizana kwa jenereta ndi njira yopatsira. Ma turbine a semi-through-flow amagawidwanso kukhala mtundu wa babu, mtundu wa shaft ndi mtundu wowonjezera wa shaft. Pakati pawo, mtundu wowonjezera wa shaft umagawidwanso m'mitundu iwiri. Pali oblique axis ndi yopingasa axis. Pakalipano, mtundu wa tubular wa babu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, mtundu wowonjezera wa shaft ndi mtundu wa shaft woyima umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mtundu wa shaft umagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'magulu akulu ndi apakatikati.
Jenereta ya shaft extension tubular unit imayikidwa kunja kwa njira yamadzi, ndipo jenereta imalumikizidwa ndi turbine yokhala ndi shaft yotalikirapo kapena shaft yopingasa. Mtundu wowonjezera shaft uwu ndi wosavuta kuposa mtundu wa babu.
4) Diagonal flow turbine. Mapangidwe ndi kukula kwa turbine ya diagonal (yomwe imatchedwanso diagonal) ili pakati pa kutuluka kosakanikirana ndi kutuluka kwa axial. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndikuti mzere wapakati wa masamba othamanga uli pamakona ena mpaka pakati pa turbine. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, chipangizocho sichiloledwa kumira panthawi yogwira ntchito, kotero chipangizo chotetezera chizindikiro cha axial displacement chimayikidwa mu dongosolo lachiwiri kuti ateteze ngozi zomwe masamba ndi chipinda chothamanga zimawombana. Mutu wogwiritsiridwa ntchito wa turbine ya diagonal flow turbine ndi 25 ~ 200m.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-19-2021
