Indawo yokugcina amandla epompiweyo yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu nevuthiweyo yokugcina amandla amakhulu, kwaye amandla afakiweyo ezitishi zamandla anokufikelela kwi-gigawatts. Okwangoku, indawo yokugcina amandla epompiweyo enkulu nekhulileyo ehlabathini yi-hydro.
Itekhnoloji yokugcina umbane ompompiweyo ivuthiwe kwaye izinzile, ineenzuzo eziphezulu ezibanzi, kwaye isetyenziswa rhoqo ekulawuleni nasekugcineni amandla aphezulu. Ukugcina umbane ompompiweyo yeyona teknoloji isetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye ivuthiweyo kwisitoreji samandla esikhulu, kwaye amandla afakiweyo ezitishi zamandla anokufikelela kwi-gigawatts.
Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga zeKomiti yoBugcisa boLondolozo lwaMandla ye-China Energy Research Association, i-pomped hydro okwangoku yeyona ndawo yokugcina amandla ekhulileyo nenkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ukusukela ngo-2019, amandla okugcina amandla okusebenza ehlabathini afikelele kwi-180 yezigidi zee-kilowatts, kwaye amandla okufaka amandla okugcina amandla aphakanyisiweyo adlule kwi-170 yezigidi zee-kilowatts, nto leyo ebangela i-94% yendawo yokugcina amandla iyonke ehlabathini.
Izitishi zamandla zokugcina umbane ezimpompiweyo zisebenzisa umbane oveliswa ngexesha lomthwalo ophantsi wenkqubo yamandla ukupompa amanzi ukuya kwindawo ephezulu yokugcina, kunye nokukhupha amanzi ukuvelisa umbane ngexesha lomthwalo ophezulu. Xa umthwalo uphantsi, isitishi samandla sokugcina umbane esimpompiweyo ngumsebenzisi; xa umthwalo uphezulu, sisitishi samandla.
Iyunithi yokugcina epompelweyo inemisebenzi emibini esisiseko: ukupompa amanzi kunye nokuvelisa umbane. Iyunithi isebenza njenge-turbine yamanzi xa umthwalo wenkqubo yamandla uphezulu. Ukuvulwa kwe-guide vane ye-turbine yamanzi kulungiswa ngenkqubo yerhuluneli, kwaye amandla anokubakho amanzi aguqulwa abe ngamandla oomatshini okujikeleza kweyunithi, kwaye emva koko amandla oomatshini aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane ngejenereyitha;
Xa umthwalo wenkqubo yamandla uphantsi, ipompo yamanzi isetyenziselwa ukupompa amanzi ukusuka kwidama elisezantsi ukuya kwidama eliphezulu. Ngokuhlengahlengiswa ngokuzenzekelayo kwenkqubo yerhuluneli, ukuvulwa kwe-vane yesikhokelo kulungiswa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokwendlela yokuphakanyiswa kwepompo, kwaye amandla ombane aguqulwa abe ngamandla anokubakho amanzi aze agcinwe.
Izitishi zamandla zokugcina umbane ezimpompiweyo zinoxanduva olukhulu lokulawula incopho, ukulawula amaza ombane, ukugcinwa kwimeko engxamisekileyo kunye nokuqalisa inkqubo yamandla ngomnyama, okunokuphucula nokulinganisela umthwalo wenkqubo yamandla, ukuphucula umgangatho wonikezelo lwamandla kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho zenkqubo yamandla, kwaye zingumqolo wokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo, okunoqoqosho nokuzinzileyo kwegridi yamandla. . Izitishi zamandla zokugcina umbane ezimpompiweyo zaziwa ngokuba “zizinzisi”, “zilawula” kunye “nabalinganisi” ekusebenzeni ngokukhuselekileyo kweegridi zamandla.
Indlela yophuhliso lwezikhululo zamandla zokugcina izinto ezipompiweyo kwihlabathi liphela yi-head ephezulu, umthamo omkhulu kunye nesantya esiphezulu. I-head ephezulu ithetha ukuba iyunithi ikhula iye kwi-head ephezulu, umthamo omkhulu uthetha ukuba umthamo weyunithi enye uyanda rhoqo, kwaye isantya esiphezulu sithetha ukuba iyunithi isebenzisa isantya esiphezulu.
Ulwakhiwo lwesikhululo samandla kunye neempawu
Izakhiwo eziphambili zesikhululo samandla sokugcina amanzi esimpompelwe ngokubanzi ziquka: ithangi eliphezulu, ithangi elisezantsi, inkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi, indawo yokusebenzela kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zamandla ombane eziqhelekileyo, izakhiwo ze-hydraulic zezikhululo zamandla okugcina amanzi zineempawu eziphambili ezilandelayo:
Kukho amadama okugcina amanzi aphezulu nasezantsi. Xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zamandla ombane ezisetyenziswa ngamanzi ezinomthamo ofanayo ofakiweyo, umthamo wamanzi okugcina amanzi kwizikhululo zamandla zokugcina amanzi ezimpompiweyo udla ngokuba mncinci.
Inqanaba lamanzi edama liyatshintshatshintsha kakhulu kwaye liyanyuka kwaye lehle rhoqo. Ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi wokucheba phezulu kunye nokuzalisa intlambo kwigridi yamandla, utshintsho lwemihla ngemihla lwenqanaba lamanzi edama lesikhululo samandla sokugcina amanzi esimpompiweyo ludla ngokuba lukhulu, ngokubanzi ludlule kwiimitha ezili-10-20, kwaye ezinye izikhululo zamandla zifikelela kwiimitha ezingama-30-40, kwaye izinga lokutshintsha kwenqanaba lamanzi edama likhawuleza, ngokubanzi lifikelela kwi-5 ~ 8m/h, kwaye lide libe yi-8 ~ 10m/h.
Iimfuneko zokuthintela ukuvuza kwamanzi edamini ziphezulu. Ukuba isikhululo samandla sokugcina amanzi esicociweyo sibangela ukulahleka kwamanzi amaninzi ngenxa yokuvuza kwamanzi edamini eliphezulu, ukuveliswa kwamandla esikhululo samandla kuya kuncitshiswa. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuze kuthintelwe ukuvuza kwamanzi kwiimeko eziwohlokayo ze-hydrogeological kwindawo yeprojekthi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekonakaleni kokuvuza kwamanzi kunye nokuvuza kwamanzi okuxineneyo, iimfuno eziphezulu zikwabekwa ekuthinteleni ukuvuza kwamanzi edamini.
Intloko yamanzi iphezulu. Intloko yesikhululo samandla sokugcina umbane esipompelweyo ngokubanzi iphezulu, uninzi lwayo luyi-200-800 yeemitha. Isikhululo samandla sokugcina umbane esipompelweyo saseJixi esinomthamo ofakelweyo we-1.8 yezigidi zee-kilowatts yiprojekthi yokuqala yecandelo lentloko ye-650 yeemitha zelizwe lam, kwaye isikhululo samandla sokugcina umbane esipompelweyo saseDunhua esinomthamo ofakelweyo we-1.4 yezigidi zee-kilowatts yiprojekthi yokuqala yecandelo lentloko ye-700 yeemitha zelizwe lam. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwetekhnoloji yokugcina umbane, inani lezikhululo zamandla eziphezulu nezinomthamo omkhulu kwilizwe lam liya kwanda.
Le yunithi ifakwe kwindawo ephantsi. Ukuze koyiswe impembelelo yokubhabheka nokuvuza kwamanzi kwi-powerhouse, izitishi zamandla ezinkulu zokugcina umbane ezakhiwe ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje zisebenzisa uhlobo lwe-powerhouses ezingaphantsi komhlaba.
Isikhululo samandla sokugcina umbane esimpompelwe okokuqala emhlabeni sisikhululo samandla sokugcina umbane esimpompelwe yiNetra eZurich, eSwitzerland, esakhiwa ngo-1882. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla zokugcina umbane ezimpompelwe eTshayina kwaqala kade. Iyunithi yokuqala eguquguqukayo yokuhamba komoya ogobileyo yafakwa kwiGangnan Reservoir ngo-1968. Kamva, ngophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweshishini lamandla asekhaya, amandla afakiweyo amandla enyukliya kunye namandla obushushu anda ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba inkqubo yamandla ixhotyiswe ngeeyunithi zokugcina umbane ezimpompelwe ezifanelekileyo.
Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1980, iTshayina iqalile ukwakha ngamandla izitishi zamandla zokugcina umbane ezinkulu ezimpompiweyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngophuhliso olukhawulezileyo loqoqosho lwelizwe lam kunye nomzi-mveliso wamandla, ilizwe lam lifumene impumelelo yesayensi netekhnoloji enenzuzo ekuzimeleni kwezixhobo zeeyunithi zokugcina umbane ezinkulu ezimpompiweyo.
Ekupheleni kuka-2020, amandla okuvelisa umbane ofakwe kwilizwe lam ebeyi-31.49 yezigidi zee-kilowatts, ukwanda kwe-4.0% kunonyaka ophelileyo. Ngo-2020, amandla okuvelisa umbane ofakwe kwilizwe lonke ebeyi-33.5 yeebhiliyoni zee-kWh, ukwanda kwe-5.0% kunonyaka ophelileyo; amandla okuvelisa umbane ofakwe kwilizwe lonke ebeyi-1.2 yezigidi zee-kWh. Izitishi zamandla zokugcina umbane ezifakwe kwilizwe lam zombini eziveliswayo nezisakhiwayo zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala ehlabathini.
I-State Grid Corporation yaseTshayina ibisoloko ibeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kuphuhliso lweendawo zokugcina umbane ezimpompiweyo. Okwangoku, i-State Grid inezikhululo zamandla zokugcina umbane ezimpompiweyo ezingama-22 ezisebenzayo kunye nezikhululo zamandla zokugcina umbane ezimpompiweyo ezingama-30 ezisakhiwayo.
Ngo-2016, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezimpompe ezihlanu eZhen'an, eShaanxi, eJurong, eJiangsu, eQingyuan, eLiaoning, eXiamen, eFujian, naseFukang, eXinjiang;
Kwi-2017, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezipompe ezintandathu kwi-Yi County yaseHebei, iZhirui yase-Inner Mongolia, i-Ninghai yaseZhejiang, iJinyun yaseZhejiang, iLuoning yaseHenan kunye nePingjiang yaseHunan yaqala;
Ngo-2019, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezimpompe ezihlanu kwi-Funing e-Hebei, i-Jiaohe e-Jilin, i-Qujiang e-Zhejiang, i-Weifang e-Shandong, kunye ne-Hami e-Xinjiang yaqala;
Ngo-2020, izikhululo zamandla ezine ezimpompelweyo e-Shanxi Yuanqu, Shanxi Hunyuan, Zhejiang Pan'an, kunye neShandong Tai'an Phase II ziya kuqalisa ukwakhiwa.
Isikhululo samandla sokugcina izinto ezimpompiweyo kwilizwe lam sokuqala esinezixhobo zeyunithi ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo. Ngo-Okthobha ka-2011, isikhululo samandla sagqitywa ngempumelelo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ilizwe lam liphumelele ekuphuhliseni iteknoloji ephambili yophuhliso lwezixhobo zeyunithi yokugcina izinto ezimpompiweyo.
Ngo-Epreli 2013, iSitishi soMbane sokuGcina iFujian Xianyou saqaliswa ngokusesikweni ukusebenza kokuvelisa umbane; ngo-Epreli 2016, iSitishi soMbane sokuGcina iZhejiang Xianju esinomthamo weyunithi ye-375,000 kilowatts saqhagamshelwa ngempumelelo kwigridi. Izixhobo ezizimeleyo zeeyunithi zokugcina i-pumped ezinkulu kwilizwe lam ziye zathandwa kwaye zasetyenziswa rhoqo.
Isikhululo samandla sokuqala selizwe lam sokugcina umbane esineemitha ezingama-700. Umthamo opheleleyo ofakiweyo yi-1.4 yezigidi zee-kilowatts. Ngomhla wesi-4 kweyeSilimela ngo-2021, iYunithi yoku-1 yaqaliswa ukusebenza ukuvelisa umbane.
Isikhululo samandla sokugcina umbane esinomthamo omkhulu ofakelweyo ehlabathini sisakhiwa okwangoku. Umthamo ofakelweyo uwonke yi-3.6 yezigidi zee-kilowatts.
Indawo yokugcina epompelweyo ineempawu ezisisiseko, ezibanzi nezikawonke-wonke. Ingabandakanyeka kwiinkonzo zolawulo lomthombo omtsha wenkqubo yamandla, inethiwekhi, umthwalo kunye namakhonkco okugcina, kwaye iingenelo ezibanzi zibaluleke ngakumbi. Ithwala isizinzisi sombane esikhuselekileyo senkqubo yamandla, i-balancer ecocekileyo enekhabhoni ephantsi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Umsebenzi obalulekileyo womlawuli osebenzayo.
Eyokuqala kukujongana ngempumelelo nokungabikho komthamo othembekileyo wokugcina amandla kwinkqubo yamandla phantsi kokungena kwamandla amatsha amaninzi. Ngenzuzo yokulawula incochoyi yomthamo ophindwe kabini, singayiphucula umthamo wokulawula incochoyi yomthamo omkhulu wenkqubo yamandla, kwaye sinciphise ingxaki yokunikezelwa komthwalo ophezulu obangelwa kukungazinzi kwamandla amatsha kunye nomthwalo ophezulu obangelwa yi-trough. Ubunzima bokusetyenziswa obubangelwa kuphuhliso olukhulu lwamandla amatsha ngeli xesha bunokukhuthaza ngcono ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha.
Okwesibini kukujongana ngempumelelo nokungalingani phakathi kweempawu zemveliso yamandla amatsha kunye nemfuno yomthwalo, kuxhomekeke kubuchule bokulungisa obuguquguqukayo bempendulo ekhawulezileyo, ukuziqhelanisa ngcono nokuguquguquka kwamandla amatsha, kunye nokuhlangabezana nemfuno yokulungisa eguquguqukayo eziswa ngamandla amatsha "kuxhomekeke kwimozulu".
Okwesithathu kukujongana ngempumelelo nomzuzu wokungoneli kwe-inertia yenkqubo yamandla amatsha enomlinganiselo ophezulu. Ngenxa yenzuzo yomzuzu wokungoneli kwe-inertia yejenereyitha ehambelanayo, inokuphucula ngempumelelo amandla okulwa nokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo kwaye igcine uzinzo lwefrikhwensi yenkqubo.
Okwesine kukujongana ngempumelelo nempembelelo yokhuseleko enokubakho yefomu "ephindwe kabini" kwinkqubo entsha yamandla, ukuthatha umsebenzi wokubuyisela umva ongxamisekileyo, kunye nokuphendula kwiimfuno zohlengahlengiso ngequbuliso nangaliphi na ixesha ngezakhono zokuqalisa nokuyeka ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhawuleza kwamandla. Kwangaxeshanye, njengomthwalo onokuthi uphazamiseke, inokususa ngokukhuselekileyo umthwalo olinganisiweyo weyunithi yokupompa ngempendulo ye-millisecond, kwaye iphucule ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo nokuzinzileyo kwenkqubo.
Okwesihlanu kukujongana ngempumelelo neendleko zohlengahlengiso eziphezulu ezibangelwa kuqhagamshelo olukhulu lwegridi entsha yamandla. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokusebenza, kunye namandla obushushu ukunciphisa ikhabhoni nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, ukunciphisa ukushiywa komoya nokukhanya, ukukhuthaza ukwabiwa kwamandla, kunye nokuphucula uqoqosho ngokubanzi kunye nokusebenza okucocekileyo kwenkqubo yonke.
Ukuqinisa ukwenziwa ngcono kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo zeziseko zophuhliso, ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko, umgangatho kunye nolawulo lwenkqubela phambili lweeprojekthi ezingama-30 ezisakhiwayo, ukukhuthaza ngamandla ukwakhiwa ngoomatshini, ulawulo olukrelekrele kunye nolwakhiwo olusemgangathweni, ukuphucula ixesha lokwakha, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla okugcina ampompiweyo aya kudlula kwizigidi ezingama-20 ngexesha le-"14th Five-Year Plan". ii-kilowatts, kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo wokusebenza uya kudlula kwizigidi ezingama-70 zee-kilowatts ngo-2030.
Okwesibini kukusebenza nzima kulawulo olungenamthungo. Ukuqinisa isikhokelo socwangciso, sigxile kwinjongo "yekhabhoni ephindwe kabini" kunye nokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso senkampani, ukulungiswa komgangatho ophezulu kwesicwangciso sophuhliso "seminyaka emihlanu ye-14" yokugcina izinto ezipompiweyo. Ukuphucula ngokwesayensi iinkqubo zomsebenzi wokuqala weprojekthi, kunye nokuqhubela phambili uphando lokwenzeka kweprojekthi kunye nokuvunywa kwayo ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Ukugxila kukhuseleko, umgangatho, ixesha lokwakha, kunye neendleko, ukukhuthaza ngamandla ulawulo olukrelekrele kunye nolawulo, ukwakhiwa ngoomatshini kunye nokwakhiwa okuluhlaza kolwakhiwo lobunjineli ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiprojekthi ezisakhiwayo zinokufumana iingenelo ngokukhawuleza.
Ukwandisa ulawulo lomjikelo wobomi bezixhobo, ukwandisa uphando ngenkonzo yegridi yamandla yeeyunithi, ukuphucula isicwangciso sokusebenza kweeyunithi, kunye nokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo nangokuzinzileyo kwegridi yamandla. Ukwandisa ulawulo olungenamilinganiselo emininzi, ukukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kwekhonkco lokubonelela elikrelekrele lanamhlanje, ukuphucula inkqubo yolawulo lwezinto, ukwabela ngokwesayensi imali, izixhobo, itekhnoloji, idatha kunye nezinye izinto zemveliso, ukuphucula ngamandla umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuphucula ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Okwesithathu kukufuna impumelelo kwimveliso entsha yezobuchwepheshe. Ukuphunyezwa okunzulu kwe-"New Leap Forward Action Plan" yokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ukwandisa utyalo-mali kuphando lwesayensi, kunye nokuphucula amandla okuvelisa izinto ezintsha ngokuzimeleyo. Ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe beyunithi yesantya esiguquguqukayo, ukuqinisa uphando lweteknoloji kunye nophuhliso lweeyunithi ezinkulu ezinomthamo we-400-megawatt, ukukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kweelabhoratri zemodeli ye-pump-turbine kunye neelabhoratri zokulinganisa, kunye nokwenza yonke imizamo yokwakha iqonga lokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe elizimeleyo.
Lungiselela ulwakhiwo lophando lwesayensi kunye nokwabiwa kwezixhobo, uqinise uphando malunga netekhnoloji ephambili yokugcina izinto ezipompiweyo, kwaye uzame ukoyisa ingxaki yobugcisa "yentamo enamatheleyo". Ukwandisa uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji entsha efana ne-"Big Cloud IoT Smart Chain", uqalise ngokupheleleyo ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezikrelekrele zedijithali, kwaye ukhawulezise utshintsho lwedijithali kumashishini.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-07-2022
