Kusungira mphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito pompu ndi ukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso wokhwima kwambiri pakusungira mphamvu zambiri, ndipo mphamvu yokhazikika ya malo opangira magetsi imatha kufika pa gigawatts. Pakadali pano, malo osungira mphamvu omwe akhazikika komanso akuluakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi pompu pogwiritsa ntchito hydro.
Ukadaulo wosungira mphamvu zamagetsi ndi wokhwima komanso wokhazikika, wokhala ndi maubwino ambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndi kusunga mphamvu zamagetsi. Kusungira mphamvu zamagetsi ndi ukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso wokhwima kwambiri pakusungira mphamvu zamagetsi pamlingo waukulu, ndipo mphamvu yokhazikika ya malo opangira magetsi imatha kufika pa gigawatts.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosakwanira za Energy Storage Professional Committee ya China Energy Research Association, pomped hydro pakadali pano ndiye malo osungira mphamvu okhwima komanso akuluakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pofika mu 2019, mphamvu yosungira mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi idafika pa ma kilowatts 180 miliyoni, ndipo mphamvu yosungira mphamvu yosungira mphamvu yopomped idapitilira ma kilowatts 170 miliyoni, zomwe zimapangitsa 94% ya mphamvu zonse padziko lonse lapansi.
Malo osungira magetsi opompa amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi omwe amapangidwa panthawi yochepa ya makina amagetsi kuti apompe madzi kupita pamalo okwera kuti asungidwe, ndikutulutsa madzi kuti apange magetsi panthawi yomwe katunduyo ali wokwera kwambiri. Pamene katundu ali wochepa, malo osungira magetsi opompa ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito; pamene katundu ali wokwera kwambiri, ndiye malo opangira magetsi.
Chipangizo chosungira madzi chomwe chimapopedwa chili ndi ntchito ziwiri zazikulu: kupopa madzi ndi kupanga magetsi. Chipangizochi chimagwira ntchito ngati turbine yamadzi pamene mphamvu yamagetsi yafika pachimake. Kutseguka kwa guide vane ya turbine yamadzi kumasinthidwa kudzera mu dongosolo la governor, ndipo mphamvu yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito yamadzi imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamakina ya kuzungulira kwa unit, kenako mphamvu yamakina imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi kudzera mu jenereta;
Pamene mphamvu ya makina amagetsi ili yochepa, pampu yamadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera madzi kuchokera ku thanki yapansi kupita ku thanki yapamwamba. Kudzera mu kusintha kwa makina a governor, kutsegula kwa guide vane kumasinthidwa kokha malinga ndi kukweza kwa pampu, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamadzi ndikusungidwa.
Malo osungira magetsi opopa ndi omwe makamaka amayang'anira kulamulira kwa nthawi yayitali, kulamulira ma frequency, kubwezeretsa mphamvu mwadzidzidzi komanso kuyambitsa magetsi moyipa, zomwe zimatha kukonza ndikulinganiza katundu wa makina amagetsi, kukonza ubwino wa magetsi komanso phindu lachuma la makina amagetsi, ndipo ndi msana wowonetsetsa kuti gridi yamagetsi ikugwira ntchito bwino, mopanda ndalama komanso mokhazikika. . Malo osungira magetsi opopa amadziwika kuti "okhazikika", "owongolera" ndi "olinganiza" pakugwira ntchito bwino kwa ma gridi amagetsi.
Kukula kwa malo osungira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi ndi mutu waukulu, mphamvu yayikulu komanso liwiro lalikulu. Mutu wautali umatanthauza kuti chipangizocho chikukula kukhala mutu wapamwamba, mphamvu yayikulu imatanthauza kuti mphamvu ya chipangizo chimodzi ikuwonjezeka nthawi zonse, ndipo liwiro lalikulu limatanthauza kuti chipangizocho chikugwiritsa ntchito liwiro lapadera.
Kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe a siteshoni yamagetsi
Nyumba zazikulu za malo osungira magetsi opompedwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi: malo osungira madzi apamwamba, malo osungira madzi otsika, makina operekera madzi, malo ogwirira ntchito ndi nyumba zina zapadera. Poyerekeza ndi malo osungira magetsi amagetsi wamba, nyumba zama hydraulic za malo osungira magetsi opompedwa zimakhala ndi makhalidwe akuluakulu awa:
Pali malo osungiramo madzi apamwamba ndi apansi. Poyerekeza ndi malo osungiramo magetsi amadzi wamba omwe ali ndi mphamvu yofanana yokhazikika, mphamvu ya malo osungiramo madzi a malo osungiramo magetsi opompedwa nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa.
Madzi a m'dziwelo amasinthasintha kwambiri ndipo amakwera ndi kutsika pafupipafupi. Pofuna kugwira ntchito yometa pamwamba ndi kudzaza zigwa mu gridi yamagetsi, kusintha kwa madzi a m'dziwelo tsiku ndi tsiku pa malo osungira magetsi opompedwa nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakukulu, nthawi zambiri kumapitirira mamita 10-20, ndipo malo ena opangira magetsi amafika mamita 30-40, ndipo kusintha kwa madzi a m'dziwelo kumakhala kofulumira, nthawi zambiri kumafika 5 ~ 8m/h, komanso ngakhale 8 ~ 10m/h.
Zofunikira popewa kutuluka kwa madzi m'chitsime ndi zambiri. Ngati malo osungira magetsi opangidwa ndi pompu apangitsa kuti madzi ambiri ataye chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa madzi m'chitsime chapamwamba, mphamvu ya magetsi m'chitsimecho idzachepa. Nthawi yomweyo, pofuna kupewa kutuluka kwa madzi m'chitsimecho kuti asawonongeke m'malo omwe ali ndi hydrogeological, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi awonongeke komanso kuti madzi alowe m'chitsimecho, pamafunika mphamvu zambiri popewa kutuluka kwa madzi m'chitsimecho.
Mutu wa madzi ndi wokwera. Mutu wa malo osungira magetsi opompedwa nthawi zambiri umakhala wokwera, makamaka mamita 200-800. Malo osungira magetsi opompedwa a Jixi okhala ndi mphamvu zonse zokwana ma kilowatts 1.8 miliyoni ndi pulojekiti yoyamba ya gawo la mutu wa mamita 650 m'dziko langa, ndipo malo osungira magetsi opompedwa a Dunhua okhala ndi mphamvu zonse zokwana ma kilowatts 1.4 miliyoni ndi pulojekiti yoyamba ya gawo la mutu wa mamita 700 m'dziko langa. Ndi chitukuko chopitilira cha ukadaulo wosungira magetsi opompedwa, chiwerengero cha malo osungira magetsi okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri m'dziko langa chidzawonjezeka.
Chipangizochi chimayikidwa pamalo otsika. Pofuna kuthana ndi mphamvu ya kuyandama ndi kutuluka kwa madzi pa nyumba yamagetsi, malo akuluakulu osungira magetsi opangidwa kunyumba ndi kunja m'zaka zaposachedwa amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a nyumba zamagetsi zapansi panthaka.
Malo oyamba padziko lonse osungira magetsi opompedwa ndi Netra ku Zurich, Switzerland, omwe adamangidwa mu 1882. Ntchito yomanga malo osungira magetsi opompedwa ndi Netra ku Zurich, Switzerland inayamba mochedwa. Gawo loyamba losinthika la oblique flow linakhazikitsidwa ku Gangnan Reservoir mu 1968. Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha kukula kwachangu kwa makampani opanga mphamvu m'nyumba, mphamvu yokhazikika ya mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi kutentha inakula mofulumira, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti makina amagetsi akhale ndi zida zosungiramo zamagetsi zopompedwa.
Kuyambira m'ma 1980, China yayamba kumanga mwamphamvu malo akuluakulu osungira magetsi opopa. M'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo mwachangu kwa chuma cha dziko langa komanso makampani opanga magetsi, dziko langa lapeza zotsatira zabwino zasayansi ndi ukadaulo pakudziyimira pawokha kwa zida zosungira magetsi opopa magetsi.
Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2020, mphamvu yopangira magetsi opopa m'dziko langa inali ma kilowatts 31.49 miliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa 4.0% poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha. Mu 2020, mphamvu yopangira magetsi opopa m'dziko lonse inali 33.5 biliyoni kWh, kuwonjezeka kwa 5.0% poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha; mphamvu yopangira magetsi opopa m'dziko muno inali 1.2 miliyoni kWh. Malo opangira magetsi opopa m'dziko langa omwe akupangidwa komanso akumangidwa ali pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi.
Kampani ya State Grid Corporation ya ku China nthawi zonse yakhala ikupereka kufunika kwakukulu pakukula kwa malo osungira magetsi opompedwa. Pakadali pano, State Grid ili ndi malo 22 osungira magetsi opompedwa omwe akugwira ntchito komanso malo 30 osungira magetsi opompedwa omwe akumangidwa.
Mu 2016, ntchito yomanga malo opangira magetsi opopera asanu ku Zhen'an, Shaanxi, Jurong, Jiangsu, Qingyuan, Liaoning, Xiamen, Fujian, ndi Fukang, Xinjiang inayamba;
Mu 2017, ntchito yomanga malo opangira magetsi asanu ndi limodzi ku Yi County ya Hebei, Zhirui ya Inner Mongolia, Ninghai ya Zhejiang, Jinyun ya Zhejiang, Luoning ya Henan ndi Pingjiang ya Hunan inayamba;
Mu 2019, ntchito yomanga malo opangira magetsi asanu ku Funing ku Hebei, Jiaohe ku Jilin, Qujiang ku Zhejiang, Weifang ku Shandong, ndi Hami ku Xinjiang kunayamba;
Mu 2020, malo anayi opangira magetsi opopera ku Shanxi Yuanqu, Shanxi Hunyuan, Zhejiang Pan'an, ndi Shandong Tai'an Phase II ayamba kumanga.
Malo oyamba osungira magetsi opopa m'dziko langa okhala ndi zida zodziyimira pawokha. Mu Okutobala 2011, malo osungira magetsi adamalizidwa bwino, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti dziko langa lakhala likudziwa bwino ukadaulo wofunikira pakupanga zida zosungira magetsi opopa.
Mu Epulo 2013, Fujian Xianyou Pumped Storage Power Station idakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo kuti ipange magetsi; mu Epulo 2016, Zhejiang Xianju Pumped Storage Power Station yokhala ndi mphamvu ya ma kilowatts 375,000 idalumikizidwa bwino ku gridi. Zipangizo zodziyimira pawokha za mayunitsi akuluakulu osungiramo zinthu zopopedwa m'dziko langa zakhala zikutchuka ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza.
Siteshoni yoyamba yamagetsi yosungira magetsi ya mamita 700 m'dziko langa. Mphamvu yonse yoyikidwa ndi ma kilowatts 1.4 miliyoni. Pa June 4, 2021, Unit 1 idayamba kugwira ntchito kuti ipange magetsi.
Malo osungira magetsi opompedwa omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zoyikidwa padziko lonse lapansi akumangidwa pakadali pano. Mphamvu yonse yoyikidwa ndi ma kilowatts 3.6 miliyoni.
Malo osungiramo zinthu zopopera ali ndi makhalidwe oyambira, odzaza komanso opezeka pagulu. Akhoza kutenga nawo mbali mu ntchito zoyang'anira magwero atsopano a magetsi, maukonde, katundu ndi malo osungira, ndipo ubwino wake wonse ndi wofunika kwambiri. Amakhala ndi chokhazikika cha magetsi chotetezeka, choyeretsa chotsika mpweya komanso chogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Choyang'anira choyendetsa bwino.
Choyamba ndi kuthana bwino ndi kusowa kwa mphamvu yodalirika yosungira mphamvu yamagetsi pansi pa kulowa kwa mphamvu zatsopano zambiri. Ndi ubwino wa kulamulira mphamvu ziwiri, titha kukonza mphamvu yayikulu yolamulira mphamvu yamagetsi, ndikuchepetsa vuto la kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kusakhazikika kwa mphamvu zatsopano komanso kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi chitoliro. Mavuto ogwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zatsopano panthawiyi angathandize kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zatsopano.
Chachiwiri ndi kuthana bwino ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa makhalidwe otulutsa mphamvu zatsopano ndi kufunikira kwa katundu, kudalira luso losinthasintha la kuyankha mwachangu, kusintha bwino kusinthasintha ndi kusasinthasintha kwa mphamvu zatsopano, ndikukwaniritsa kufunikira kosinthika kobwera ndi mphamvu zatsopano "kutengera nyengo".
Chachitatu ndi kuthana bwino ndi nthawi yochepa ya inertia ya dongosolo latsopano lamphamvu. Ndi ubwino wa nthawi yayitali ya inertia ya jenereta yolumikizana, imatha kukulitsa bwino mphamvu yolimbana ndi kusokonezeka kwa dongosolo ndikusunga kukhazikika kwa ma frequency a dongosolo.
Chachinayi ndi kuthana bwino ndi zotsatira za chitetezo cha mawonekedwe a "double-high" pa makina atsopano amagetsi, kutenga ntchito yobwezeretsa mwadzidzidzi, ndikuyankha pazosowa zosintha mwadzidzidzi nthawi iliyonse ndi mphamvu yoyambira-yoyima mwachangu komanso mphamvu yofulumira. Nthawi yomweyo, ngati katundu wosokoneza, imatha kuchotsa bwino katundu wovoteledwa wa chipangizo chopopera ndi ma millisecond, ndikukonza magwiridwe antchito otetezeka komanso okhazikika a makinawo.
Chachisanu ndi kuthana bwino ndi ndalama zambiri zosinthira zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwakukulu kwa gridi yatsopano yamagetsi. Kudzera mu njira zoyenera zogwirira ntchito, kuphatikiza mphamvu ya kutentha kuti muchepetse mpweya wa kaboni ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito, kuchepetsa kusiya kwa mphepo ndi kuwala, kulimbikitsa kugawa mphamvu, ndikukonza chuma chonse komanso magwiridwe antchito oyera a dongosolo lonse.
Kulimbitsa kukonza ndi kuphatikiza zinthu zogwirira ntchito, kugwirizanitsa chitetezo, khalidwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka patsogolo kwa mapulojekiti 30 omwe akumangidwa, kulimbikitsa mwamphamvu zomangamanga zopangidwa ndi makina, kuwongolera mwanzeru komanso zomangamanga zokhazikika, kukonza nthawi yomanga, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mphamvu yosungiramo zinthu zopopedwa idzapitirira 20 miliyoni panthawi ya "Ndondomeko ya Zaka Zisanu ya 14", ndipo mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito idzapitirira 70 miliyoni kilowatts pofika chaka cha 2030.
Chachiwiri ndikugwira ntchito mwakhama pa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kopanda mphamvu. Kulimbitsa malangizo okonzekera, okhazikika pa cholinga cha "kabotolo kawiri" ndi kukhazikitsa njira ya kampaniyo, kukonzekera bwino kwambiri dongosolo la chitukuko cha "Zaka Zisanu 14" la malo osungiramo zinthu. Kukonza njira zoyambirira za ntchito yoyambirira ya polojekitiyi mwasayansi, ndikupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wotheka wa polojekitiyi ndi kuvomereza mwadongosolo. Kuyang'ana kwambiri pa chitetezo, khalidwe, nthawi yomanga, ndi mtengo, kulimbikitsa mwamphamvu kayendetsedwe kanzeru ndi kuwongolera, kumanga ndi makina komanso kumanga zomangamanga zobiriwira kuti zitsimikizire kuti mapulojekiti omwe akumangidwa akhoza kupeza phindu mwachangu.
Kulitsani kasamalidwe ka zida nthawi yonse ya moyo, kukulitsa kafukufuku pa ntchito ya gridi yamagetsi ya mayunitsi, kukonza njira yogwirira ntchito ya mayunitsi, ndikutumikira mokwanira ntchito yotetezeka komanso yokhazikika ya gridi yamagetsi. Kulitsani kasamalidwe koyenera ka magawo ambiri, kufulumizitsa kumanga unyolo wamakono wanzeru, kukonza njira yoyendetsera zinthu, kugawa ndalama mwasayansi, zinthu, ukadaulo, deta ndi zinthu zina zopangira, kukulitsa mwamphamvu khalidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito, ndikukulitsa mokwanira magwiridwe antchito ndi magwiridwe antchito.
Chachitatu ndi kufunafuna kupita patsogolo mu luso lamakono. Kukhazikitsa mozama "Ndondomeko Yatsopano Yopangira Zinthu Zatsopano" ya luso lamakono la sayansi ndi ukadaulo, kuwonjezera ndalama mu kafukufuku wa sayansi, ndikukweza luso la luso lodziyimira pawokha. Kuonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa mayunitsi osinthasintha, kulimbitsa kafukufuku waukadaulo ndi chitukuko cha mayunitsi akuluakulu a 400-megawatt, kufulumizitsa kumanga ma laboratories a chitsanzo cha pump-turbine ndi ma laboratories oyeserera, ndikuchita zonse zomwe angathe kuti amange nsanja yodziyimira pawokha ya luso la sayansi ndi ukadaulo.
Konzani bwino kapangidwe ka kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi kugawa zinthu, limbitsani kafukufuku pa ukadaulo wofunikira wa malo osungira zinthu, ndikuyesetsa kuthana ndi vuto laukadaulo la "khosi losweka". Limbitsani kafukufuku pakugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano monga "Big Cloud IoT Smart Chain", gwiritsani ntchito bwino ntchito yomanga malo opangira magetsi anzeru, ndikufulumizitsa kusintha kwa digito kwa mabizinesi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-07-2022
