Ko te rokiroki papu te hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana, e pakari ana hoki i roto i te rokiroki pūngao nui, ā, ka taea e te kaha tāuta o ngā teihana hiko te eke ki te gigawatts. I tēnei wā, ko te rokiroki pūngao kua pakari me te nui rawa atu o te ao ko te wai papu.
He pakari, he pumau hoki te hangarau rokiroki papu, he nui ngā painga whānui, ā, he maha ngā wā e whakamahia ana mō te whakahaere me te tārua i ngā taumata tiketike. Ko te rokiroki papu te hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana, e pakari ana hoki i roto i te rokiroki pūngao nui, ā, ka taea e te kaha tāuta o ngā teihana hiko te eke ki te gigawatts.
E ai ki ngā tatauranga kāore anō kia oti o te Komiti Ngaio Rokiroki Pūngao o te Rōpū Rangahau Pūngao o Haina, ko te wai papu te rokiroki pūngao kua tino pakari me te nui rawa atu kua tāutahia i te ao. I te tau 2019, kua eke te kaha rokiroki pūngao whakahaere o te ao ki te 180 miriona kirowati, ā, kua neke atu i te 170 miriona kirowati te kaha tāuta o te pūngao rokiroki papu, e 94% o te rokiroki pūngao katoa o te ao.
Ka whakamahia e ngā teihana hiko papu-pūnaha te hiko i hangaia i te wā iti o te kawenga o te pūnaha hiko hei papu i te wai ki te wāhi teitei hei penapena, ā, ka tukuna te wai hei whakaputa hiko i ngā wā tino kawenga. Ina iti te kawenga, ko te teihana hiko papu te kaiwhakamahi; ina tino kawenga, ko te tipu hiko.
E rua ngā mahi matua o te waeine rokiroki papu: te papu wai me te whakaputa hiko. Ka mahi te waeine hei tāpine wai ina tae te kawenga o te pūnaha hiko ki tōna taumata teitei. Ka whakatikatikaina te whakatuwheratanga o te arataki arataki o te tāpine wai mā te pūnaha kawana, ā, ka hurihia te kaha pūmanawa o te wai hei kaha miihini o te hurihanga o te waeine, kātahi ka hurihia te kaha miihini hei kaha hiko mā te whakaputa hiko;
Ina iti te kawenga o te pūnaha hiko, ka whakamahia te papu wai hei pupuhi wai mai i te puna wai o raro ki te puna wai o runga. Mā te whakarerekētanga aunoa o te pūnaha kaiārahi, ka whakarerekētia aunoa te whakatuwheratanga o te arai ārahi kia rite ki te hiki papu, ā, ka hurihia te pūngao hiko hei pūngao pūmanawa wai, ka rongoatia.
Ko ngā teihana hiko papu te kawenga matua mō te whakahaere i te tihi, te whakahaere i te auau, te tārua ohorere me te tīmatanga pango o te pūnaha hiko, ka taea te whakapai ake me te whakataurite i te kawenga o te pūnaha hiko, te whakapai ake i te kounga o te tuku hiko me ngā painga ōhanga o te pūnaha hiko, ā, koinei te pou tuara hei whakarite i te mahi haumaru, ōhanga me te pumau o te whatunga hiko. E mōhiotia ana ngā tipu hiko papu-pupuri ko ngā "kaitautoko", "kaiwhakahaere" me ngā "kaitaurite" i roto i te whakahaere haumaru o ngā whatunga hiko.
Ko te ia o te whanaketanga o ngā teihana hiko papu o te ao he teitei te pane, he nui te kaha, ā, he tere te tere. Ko te pane teitei te tikanga ka whanake te waeine ki te pane teitei ake, ko te kaha nui te tikanga ka piki haere tonu te kaha o te waeine kotahi, ā, ko te tere teitei te tikanga ka tangohia e te waeine he tere motuhake teitei ake.
Te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te teihana hiko
Ko ngā whare matua o te teihana hiko rokiroki papu ko: te puna wai o runga, te puna wai o raro, te pūnaha tuku wai, te awheawhe me ētahi atu whare motuhake. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā teihana hiko wai tuku iho, ko ngā āhuatanga matua o ngā hanganga wai o ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu ko ēnei:
He puna wai o runga, he puna wai o raro. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā teihana hiko wai tuku iho me te kaha tāuta ōrite, he iti noa te kaha puna wai o ngā teihana hiko papu-pūmanawa.
He nui te piki me te heke o te taumata wai o te puna wai. Hei whakahaere i te mahi o te heu tihi me te whakakī i te awaawa o te whatunga hiko, he nui te rerekētanga o te taumata wai o te puna wai o te teihana hiko rokiroki e papuhia ana i ia rā, neke atu i te 10-20 mita te roa, ā, ko ētahi teihana hiko ka eke ki te 30-40 mita, ā, he tere te tere o te huringa o te taumata wai o te puna wai, tae atu ki te 5 ~8m/h, tae atu ki te 8~10m/h.
He nui ngā whakaritenga mō te ārai i te turuturu o te puna wai. Mēnā ka nui te ngaronga o te wai i te teihana hiko rokiroki parakore nā te turuturu o te puna wai o runga, ka whakaitihia te whakaputanga hiko o te teihana hiko. I taua wā anō, kia kore ai e kino haere ngā āhuatanga waiwhenua o te rohe kaupapa i te turuturu o te wai, ka hua ake he kino o te turuturu me te turuturu nui, ka nui ake ngā whakaritenga mō te ārai i te turuturu o te puna wai.
He teitei te pane wai. Ko te pane o te teihana hiko rokiroki papu he teitei i te nuinga o te wā, ko te nuinga he 200-800 mita. Ko te teihana hiko rokiroki papu a Jixi me te katoa o te kaha tāuta o te 1.8 miriona kirowati te kaupapa wāhanga pane tuatahi o tōku whenua he 650 mita te roa, ā, ko te teihana hiko rokiroki papu a Dunhua me te katoa o te kaha tāuta o te 1.4 miriona kirowati te kaupapa wāhanga pane tuatahi o tōku whenua he 700 mita te roa. Mā te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau rokiroki papu, ka piki ake te maha o ngā teihana hiko pane teitei, kaha nui i tōku whenua.
Kua tāutahia te waeine ki tētahi teitei iti. Hei whakakore i te awe o te pōrewarewa me te turuturu ki te whare hiko, ko ngā teihana hiko papu-pūmanawa nui i hangaia i te kāinga me tāwāhi i ngā tau tata nei kua tangohia te nuinga o te āhua o ngā whare hiko o raro whenua.
Ko te teihana hiko papu-rokiroki tuatahi o te ao ko te teihana hiko papu-rokiroki Netra i Zurich, Switzerland, i hangaia i te tau 1882. I tīmata te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko papu i Haina i te wā pōturi. I tāutahia te waeine hurihuri rere whakarara tuatahi ki te Puna Wai o Gangnan i te tau 1968. I muri mai, me te tere o te whanaketanga o te umanga hiko ā-rohe, ka tere te piki o te kaha tāuta o te hiko karihi me te hiko wera, me te hiahia kia whakauruhia te pūnaha hiko ki ngā waeine rokiroki papu e rite ana.
Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1980, kua tīmata a Haina ki te hanga kaha i ngā teihana hiko papu-rokiroki nui. I ngā tau tata nei, me te tere o te whanaketanga o te ōhanga me te umanga hiko o tōku whenua, kua tutuki i tōku whenua ngā whakatutukitanga pūtaiao me te hangarau whai hua i roto i te mana motuhake o ngā taputapu o ngā waeine rokiroki papu nui.
I te mutunga o te tau 2020, ko te kaha tāuta o tōku whenua mō te whakaputa hiko rokiroki papu he 31.49 miriona kilowatts, he pikinga 4.0% mai i te tau o mua. I te tau 2020, ko te kaha whakaputa hiko rokiroki papu ā-motu he 33.5 piriona kWh, he pikinga 5.0% mai i te tau o mua; ko te kaha whakaputa hiko rokiroki papu hou kua tāpirihia o te whenua he 1.2 miriona kWh. Ko ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu o tōku whenua kei te hangaia me te hanga kei te tuatahi i te ao.
He mea nui tonu te whanaketanga o te wāhi rokiroki papu a te State Grid Corporation o Haina. I tēnei wā, e 22 ngā teihana hiko papu-waihanga a te State Grid e mahi ana, me te 30 ngā teihana hiko papu-waihanga kei te hangaia.
I te 2016, i timata te hanganga o nga teihana hiko e rima i Zhen'an, Shaanxi, Jurong, Jiangsu, Qingyuan, Liaoning, Xiamen, Fujian, me Fukang, Xinjiang;
I roto i te 2017, i timata te hanga o nga teihana hiko e ono i roto i Yi County o Hebei, Zhirui o Inner Mongolia, Ninghai o Zhejiang, Jinyun o Zhejiang, Luoning o Henan me Pingjiang o Hunan;
I te tau 2019, ka timata te hanga o nga teihana hiko e rima i roto i Funing i Hebei, Jiaohe i Jilin, Qujiang i Zhejiang, Weifang i Shandong, me Hami i Xinjiang;
I te tau 2020, e wha nga teihana hiko putunga i Shanxi Yuanqu, Shanxi Hunyuan, Zhejiang Pan'an me Shandong Tai'an Wāhanga II ka timata te hanga.
Ko te teihana hiko rokiroki papu tuatahi o tōku whenua me ngā taputapu waeine motuhake. I te marama o Oketopa 2011, i oti pai te teihana hiko, e tohu ana kua angitu tōku whenua ki te hangarau matua o te whakawhanake i ngā taputapu waeine rokiroki papu.
I te marama o Āperira 2013, i whakatūria mana te Teihana Hiko Pupuri Pamu o Fujian Xianyou hei whakaputa hiko; i te marama o Āperira 2016, i honoa angitu te Teihana Hiko Pupuri Pamu o Zhejiang Xianju ki te whatunga hiko, he 375,000 kilowatts te kaha o te waeine. Kua rongonui haeretia, ā, kua whakamahia tonutia ngā taputapu motuhake o ngā waeine rokiroki papu nui i tōku whenua.
Ko te teihana hiko pūngao-pūngao tuatahi o tōku whenua, 700 mita te roa, he mea papu. Ko te katoa o te kaha kua tāutahia he 1.4 miriona kirowati. I te 4 o Hune, 2021, i whakahaerehia te Wāhanga 1 hei whakaputa hiko.
Kei te hangaia te teihana hiko rokiroki-pamu me te kaha nui rawa atu o te ao. Ko te kaha katoa o te kaha he 3.6 miriona kirowati.
Ko ngā āhuatanga o te rokiroki papu he taketake, he whānui, he tūmatanui hoki. Ka taea e ia te whai wāhi atu ki ngā ratonga whakahaere o te pūtake pūnaha hiko hou, te whatunga, te kawenga me ngā hononga rokiroki, ā, he nui ake ngā painga whānui. Kei a ia te whakaū hiko haumaru o te pūnaha hiko, te taurite waro-iti ma, me te mahi tino pai. He mahi nui tēnei o te kaiwhakahaere whakahaere.
Ko te tuatahi, ko te whakatau tika i te korenga o te kaha rahui pono o te pūnaha hiko i raro i te urunga nui o te ōwehenga nui o te pūngao hou. Mā te painga o te whakahaere tihi kaha rua, ka taea e tātou te whakapai ake i te kaha whakahaere tihi kaha nui o te pūnaha hiko, me te whakaiti i te raruraru tuku kawenga tihi i puta mai i te kore pumau o te pūngao hou me te kawenga tihi i puta mai i te heke. Ko ngā uauatanga o te whakapaunga i puta mai i te whanaketanga nui o te pūngao hou i roto i taua wā ka taea te whakatairanga ake i te whakapaunga o te pūngao hou.
Ko te tuarua ko te whakatau tika i te kore taurite i waenga i ngā āhuatanga putanga o te pūngao hou me te tono kawenga, me te whakawhirinaki ki te kaha whakarerekē ngāwari o te urupare tere, kia pai ake ai te urutau ki te matapōkere me te hurihuri o te pūngao hou, me te whakatutuki i te tono whakarerekē ngāwari e kawea mai ana e te pūngao hou "i runga i te rangi".
Ko te tuatoru, ko te whakahaere tika i te koretake o te wā o te puku o te pūnaha hiko hou. Mā te painga o te wā o te puku o te whakaputa hiko tukutahi, ka taea e ia te whakarei ake i te kaha ārai-whakararuraru o te pūnaha me te pupuri i te pumau o te auau pūnaha.
Ko te tuawhā, ko te aro atu ki te pānga haumaru pea o te āhua "rua-teitei" ki te pūnaha hiko hou, te tango i te mahi tārua ohorere, me te urupare ki ngā hiahia whakarerekētanga ohorere i ngā wā katoa me ngā āheinga tīmatanga-mutu tere me te whakanui tere i te mana. I taua wā anō, hei kawenga whakakorekore, ka taea e ia te tango haumaru i te kawenga kua whakatauria o te wae papu me te urupare mirihekona, me te whakapai ake i te mahi haumaru me te pumau o te pūnaha.
Ko te tuarima, ko te whakahaere tika i ngā utu whakatikatika nui e hua mai ana i te hononga whatunga hiko hou nui. Mā roto i ngā tikanga whakahaere whaitake, me te whakakotahitanga o te mana wera hei whakaiti i te waro me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga, hei whakaiti i te whakarerenga o te hau me te mārama, hei whakatairanga i te tohatoha kaha, me te whakapai ake i te ōhanga whānui me te whakahaere ma o te pūnaha katoa.
Whakakaha ake i te arotautanga me te whakaurunga o ngā rauemi hanganga, te whakarite i te haumaru, te kounga me te whakahaere ahunga whakamua o ngā kaupapa 30 kei te hangaia, te whakatairanga kaha i te hanganga mīhini, te whakahaere atamai me te hanganga paerewa, te arotau i te wā hanga, me te whakarite kia neke atu te kaha rokiroki papu i te 20 miriona i te wā "Mahere Tau Rima 14". kirowati, ā, ka neke atu te kaha whakahaere kua tāuta i te 70 miriona kirowati i te tau 2030.
Ko te tuarua ko te mahi kaha ki te whakahaere hiroki. Te whakapakari i te aratohu whakamahere, me te arotahi ki te whāinga "waro rua" me te whakatinanatanga o te rautaki a te kamupene, te whakarite kounga teitei o te mahere whanaketanga "14th Five-Year" mō te rokiroki papu. Te arotau pūtaiao i ngā tikanga mahi tuatahi o te kaupapa, me te whakatairanga i te rangahau whaihua me te whakaaetanga o te kaupapa i roto i te huarahi tika. Ma te arotahi ki te haumaru, te kounga, te wā hanga, me te utu, me te whakatairanga kaha i te whakahaere me te whakahaere atamai, te hanga miihini me te hanga matomato o te hanga miihini kia taea ai e ngā kaupapa kei te hangaia te whakatutuki i ngā hua i te wa e taea ai.
Whakahōhonu ake i te whakahaere i te huringa ora o ngā taputapu, whakahōhonu ake i te rangahau mō te ratonga whatunga hiko o ngā waeine, arotau i te rautaki whakahaere o ngā waeine, me te mahi katoa i te mahi haumaru me te pumau o te whatunga hiko. Whakahōhonu ake i te whakahaere hiroki maha-ahu, tere ake te hanga i tētahi mekameka tuku atamai hou, whakapai ake i te pūnaha whakahaere rauemi, tohatoha pūtaiao i te whakapaipai, ngā rauemi, te hangarau, ngā raraunga me ētahi atu āhuatanga whakaputa, whakapai ake i te kounga me te whai huatanga, me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakahaere me te whai huatanga o te whakahaere.
Ko te tuatoru ko te rapu i ngā putanga hou i roto i te auahatanga hangarau. Te whakatinanatanga hōhonu o te "Mahere Mahi Peke Whakamua Hou" mō te auahatanga pūtaiao me te hangarau, te whakanui ake i te haumi ki te rangahau pūtaiao, me te whakapai ake i te kaha o te auahatanga motuhake. Te whakanui ake i te whakamahinga o te hangarau waeine tere rerekē, te whakapakari i te rangahau hangarau me te whakawhanake i ngā waeine kaha nui 400-megawatt, te tere ake i te hanganga o ngā taiwhanga tauira papu-turbine me ngā taiwhanga whakaata, me te whakapau kaha ki te hanga i tētahi tūāpapa auahatanga pūtaiao me te hangarau motuhake.
Whakarei ake i te whakatakotoranga rangahau pūtaiao me te tohatoha rauemi, whakapakari ake i te rangahau mō te hangarau matua o te rokiroki papu, me te whai kia wikitoria i te raruraru hangarau o te "kaki piri". Whakahohonu ake te rangahau mō te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te "Big Cloud IoT Smart Chain", whakatinanahia te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko mamati mohio, me te whakateretere i te panonitanga mamati o ngā umanga.
Wā tuku: Maehe-07-2022
