Isitoreji samandla esipompiwe siwubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu futhi obuvuthiwe kakhulu ekugcinweni kwamandla okukhulu, futhi amandla afakiwe eziteshi zamandla angafinyelela kuma-gigawatts. Njengamanje, isitoreji samandla esifakwe esivuthiwe nesinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yi-hydro epompiwe.
Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina ugesi obupompiwe buvuthiwe futhi buzinzile, bunezinzuzo eziphezulu eziphelele, futhi buvame ukusetshenziselwa ukulawula nokusekela okuphezulu. Ukugcina ugesi obupompiwe buwubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu futhi obuvuthiwe kakhulu ekugcinweni kwamandla amakhulu, futhi amandla afakiwe eziteshini zamandla angafinyelela kuma-gigawatts.
Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele zeKomidi Lochwepheshe Besitoreji Samandla le-China Energy Research Association, i-pomped hydro okwamanje iyindawo yokugcina amandla evuthiwe futhi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kusukela ngo-2019, umthamo wokugcina amandla okusebenza emhlabeni wonke ufinyelele kuma-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-180, kanti umthamo ofakiwe wamandla okugcina amandla epomped udlule ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-170, okwenza u-94% wendawo yokugcina amandla emhlabeni.
Iziteshi zikagesi zokugcina amanzi ezimpompiwe zisebenzisa ugesi okhiqizwa ngesikhathi somthwalo ophansi ohlelweni lwamandla ukupompa amanzi aye endaweni ephezulu yokugcina amanzi, futhi akhulule amanzi ukuze akhiqize ugesi ngezikhathi zomthwalo ophakeme. Uma umthwalo uphansi, isiteshi sikagesi sokugcina amanzi esimpompiwe singumsebenzisi; uma umthwalo uphakeme, yisiteshi sikagesi.
Iyunithi yokugcina epompiwe inemisebenzi emibili eyisisekelo: ukupompa amanzi nokukhiqiza ugesi. Iyunithi isebenza njenge-turbine yamanzi lapho umthwalo wesistimu yamandla usuphezulu. Ukuvulwa kwe-guide vane ye-turbine yamanzi kulungiswa ngohlelo lwe-governor, futhi amandla angase abe khona amanzi aguqulwa abe amandla omshini wokujikeleza kweyunithi, bese amandla omshini eguqulwa abe amandla kagesi ngejeneretha;
Uma umthwalo wohlelo lwamandla uphansi, iphampu yamanzi isetshenziselwa ukupompa amanzi esuka echibini elingezansi iye echibini elingaphezulu. Ngokulungisa okuzenzakalelayo kohlelo lwe-governor, ukuvulwa kwe-guide vane kulungiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokuya ngokuphakanyiswa kwephampu, futhi amandla kagesi aguqulwa abe amandla angase abe amanzi futhi agcinwe.
Iziteshi zamandla okugcina ugesi ezipompiwe zinomthwalo omkhulu wokulawula okuphezulu, ukulawula imvamisa, ukusekela okuphuthumayo kanye nokuqala okumnyama kohlelo lwamandla, okungathuthukisa futhi kulinganise umthwalo wohlelo lwamandla, kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho zohlelo lwamandla, futhi kuyinsika yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile, okongayo nokuzinzile kwegridi yamandla. . Iziteshi zamandla okugcina ugesi ezipompiwe zaziwa ngokuthi “izinzisi”, “abalawuli” kanye “nabalansi” ekusebenzeni okuphephile kwamagridi kagesi.
Umkhuba wokuthuthukiswa kweziteshi zamandla okugcina izinto ezipompiwe emhlabeni wonke uwukuthi inhloko ephezulu, umthamo omkhulu kanye nesivinini esikhulu. Inhloko ephezulu isho ukuthi iyunithi ikhula ibe yinhloko ephezulu, umthamo omkhulu usho ukuthi umthamo weyunithi eyodwa uyanda njalo, kanti isivinini esikhulu sisho ukuthi iyunithi isebenzisa isivinini esithile esiphezulu.
Isakhiwo sesiteshi sikagesi kanye nezici zaso
Izakhiwo eziyinhloko zesiteshi sikagesi sokugcina esipompiwe ngokuvamile zifaka: idamu elingaphezulu, idamu elingaphansi, uhlelo lokulethwa kwamanzi, indawo yokusebenzela kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezikhethekile. Uma kuqhathaniswa neziteshi zikagesi zamanzi ezivamile, izakhiwo ze-hydraulic zeziteshi zikagesi zokugcina ezipompiwe zinezici ezilandelayo eziyinhloko:
Kunezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezingaphezulu nezingezansi. Uma kuqhathaniswa neziteshi zamandla kagesi ezivamile ezinomthamo ofanayo ofakiwe, umthamo wamanzi eziteshi zamandla okugcina amanzi ezipompiwe ngokuvamile mncane kakhulu.
Izinga lamanzi echibini liyashintshashintsha kakhulu futhi liyakhuphuka futhi lehle njalo. Ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi wokugunda umgodi ophezulu kanye nokugcwalisa isigodi kugridi yamandla, ukushintshashintsha kwansuku zonke kwezinga lamanzi echibini lesiteshi samandla sokugcina esipompiwe ngokuvamile kukhulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile kudlula amamitha ayi-10-20, kanti ezinye iziteshi zamandla zifinyelela amamitha angu-30-40, kanti izinga lokushintsha kwezinga lamanzi echibini liyashesha kakhulu, ngokuvamile lifinyelela ku-5 ~ 8m/h, ngisho no-8~ 10m/h.
Izidingo zokuvimbela ukuvuza kwamanzi echibini ziphakeme. Uma isiteshi sikagesi sokugcina amanzi esipompiwe sibangela ukulahleka kwamanzi amaningi ngenxa yokuvuza kwamanzi echibini elingaphezulu, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla esiteshi sikagesi kuzoncishiswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza kwamanzi ezimweni eziwohlokayo zamanzi endaweni yephrojekthi, okuholela ekulimaleni kokuvuza kwamanzi kanye nokuvuza kwamanzi okugxilile, izidingo eziphakeme nazo zibekwe ekuvimbeleni ukuvuza kwamanzi echibini.
Inhloko yamanzi iphakeme. Inhloko yesiteshi samandla okugcina ugesi esipompiwe ngokuvamile iphakeme, ikakhulukazi amamitha angu-200-800. Isiteshi samandla okugcina ugesi esipompiwe saseJixi esinomthamo ofakiwe ongama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-1.8 siyiphrojekthi yokuqala yesigaba sekhanda samamitha angu-650 ezweni lami, kanti isiteshi samandla okugcina ugesi esipompiwe saseDunhua esinomthamo ofakiwe ongama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-1.4 siyiphrojekthi yokuqala yesigaba sekhanda samamitha angu-700 ezweni lami. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bokugcina ugesi esipompiwe, inani leziteshi zamandla ezinamandla amakhulu ezweni lami lizokhula.
Le yunithi ifakwe endaweni ephansi. Ukuze kunqotshwe ithonya lokuntanta nokuvuza kwendlu kagesi, iziteshi zikagesi ezinkulu zokugcina amanzi ezakhiwe ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe eminyakeni yamuva nje zisebenzisa kakhulu isimo sezindlu zikagesi ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Isiteshi samandla sokugcina amanzi esipompiwe sokuqala emhlabeni yisiteshi samandla sokugcina amanzi esipompiwe iNetra eZurich, eSwitzerland, esakhiwa ngo-1882. Ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zamandla zokugcina amanzi ezipompiwe eShayina kwaqala sekwephuzile. Iyunithi yokuqala eguquguqukayo yokugeleza kwe-oblique yafakwa eGangnan Reservoir ngo-1968. Kamuva, ngentuthuko esheshayo yemboni yamandla yasekhaya, amandla afakiwe kagesi wenuzi kanye namandla okushisa anda ngokushesha, okudinga ukuthi uhlelo lwamandla lufakwe amayunithi okugcina amanzi apompiwe afanele.
Kusukela ngawo-1980, iShayina isiqalile ukwakha ngamandla iziteshi zikagesi ezinkulu zokugcina izinto ezipompiwe. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngentuthuko esheshayo yomnotho wezwe lami kanye nemboni yamandla, izwe lami lifinyelele impumelelo yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe enenzuzo ekuzimeleni kwemishini kwamayunithi okugcina izinto ezipompiwe ezinkulu.
Ekupheleni kuka-2020, amandla okukhiqiza ugesi opompiwe ezweni lami ayengu-31.49 million kilowatts, ukwanda ngo-4.0% kunonyaka odlule. Ngo-2020, amandla okukhiqiza ugesi opompiwe kazwelonke ayengu-33.5 billion kWh, ukwanda ngo-5.0% kunonyaka odlule; amandla okukhiqiza ugesi opompiwe ezweni elisha ayengu-1.2 million kWh. Iziteshi zikagesi ezipompiwe ezweni lami kokubili ekukhiqizweni nasekwakhiweni zibekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni.
I-State Grid Corporation yaseShayina ibilokhu ibeka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesitoreji esipompiwe. Njengamanje, i-State Grid ineziteshi zikagesi ezingu-22 zokugcina ugesi ezipompiwe ezisebenzayo kanye neziteshi zikagesi ezingu-30 zokugcina ugesi ezipompiwe ezakhiwayo.
Ngo-2016, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kweziteshi ezinhlanu zikagesi ezimpontshwa e-Zhen'an, Shaanxi, Jurong, Jiangsu, Qingyuan, Liaoning, Xiamen, Fujian, naseFukang, Xinjiang;
Ngo-2017, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zamandla ezimpontshwa eziyisithupha e-Yi County of Hebei, Zhirui of Inner Mongolia, Ninghai of Zhejiang, Jinyun of Zhejiang, Luoning of Henan nasePingjiang of Hunan;
Ngo-2019, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kweziteshi ezinhlanu zikagesi ezimpontshwa e-Funing e-Hebei, e-Jiaohe e-Jilin, e-Qujiang e-Zhejiang, e-Weifang e-Shandong, nase-Hami e-Xinjiang;
Ngo-2020, iziteshi zamandla ezine ezimpontshwayo e-Shanxi Yuanqu, Shanxi Hunyuan, Zhejiang Pan'an, naseShandong Tai'an Phase II zizoqala ukwakhiwa.
Isiteshi sokuqala samandla okugcina izinto esipompiwe ezweni lami esinemishini yamayunithi ezimele ngokuphelele. Ngo-Okthoba 2011, isiteshi samandla saqedwa ngempumelelo, okubonisa ukuthi izwe lami liphumelele ekuqondeni ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bokuthuthukiswa kwemishini yamayunithi okugcina izinto esipompiwe.
Ngo-Ephreli 2013, iSiteshi Sikagesi Sokupompa Esipompayo saseFujian Xianyou saqala ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi; ngo-Ephreli 2016, iSiteshi Sikagesi Sokupompa Esipompayo saseZhejiang Xianju esinomthamo wama-kilowatts angu-375,000 saxhunywa ngempumelelo kugridi. Imishini ezimele yamayunithi okugcina apompayo amakhulu ezweni lakithi iye yathandwa futhi yasetshenziswa njalo.
Isiteshi sokuqala samandla okugcina ugesi esinompompi wamamitha angu-700 ezweni lami. Umthamo ofakiwe uwonke ungama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-1.4. Ngomhlaka-4 Juni 2021, i-Unit 1 yaqala ukusebenza ukuze ikhiqize ugesi.
Isiteshi sikagesi sokugcina ugesi esinomthamo omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni siyakhiwa njengamanje. Umthamo ophelele ofakiwe ungama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-3.6.
Isitoreji esipompiwe sinezici eziyisisekelo, eziphelele nezikawonkewonke. Singabamba iqhaza ezinsizeni zokulawula zomthombo omusha wesistimu yamandla, inethiwekhi, umthwalo kanye nezixhumanisi zokugcina, futhi izinzuzo eziphelele zibaluleke kakhulu. Siphethe isiqinisi sikagesi esiphephile sesistimu yamandla, ibhalansi ehlanzekile enekhabhoni ephansi kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu Umsebenzi obalulekile womlawuli osebenzayo.
Okokuqala ukubhekana ngempumelelo nokuntuleka kwamandla okugcina athembekile ohlelweni lwamandla ngaphansi kokungena kwesilinganiso esikhulu samandla amasha. Ngenzuzo yokulawulwa kwesilinganiso esiphakeme samandla amabili, singathuthukisa amandla okulawula isivinini esikhulu samandla ohlelweni lwamandla, futhi sinciphise inkinga yokuhlinzekwa komthwalo ophezulu okubangelwa ukungazinzi kwamandla amasha kanye nomthwalo ophezulu obangelwa yi-trough. Ubunzima bokusetshenziswa obubangelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla amasha okukhulu phakathi naleso sikhathi bungakhuthaza kangcono ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amasha.
Okwesibili ukubhekana ngempumelelo nokungalingani phakathi kwezimpawu zokukhipha amandla amasha kanye nesidingo somthwalo, kuncike ekhonweni lokulungisa eliguquguqukayo lempendulo esheshayo, ukuzivumelanisa kangcono nokungahleliwe kanye nokuguquguquka kwamandla amasha, kanye nokuhlangabezana nesidingo sokulungisa esiguquguqukayo esilethwa amandla amasha "kuye ngesimo sezulu".
Okwesithathu ukubhekana ngempumelelo nesikhathi esinganele sokungapheleli kwesistimu yamandla amasha enesilinganiso esiphezulu. Ngenzuzo yesikhathi esiphezulu sokungapheleli kwejeneretha ehambisanayo, ingathuthukisa ngempumelelo ikhono lokulwa nokuphazamiseka kwesistimu futhi igcine ukuzinza kwemvamisa yesistimu.
Okwesine ukubhekana ngempumelelo nomthelela wokuphepha ongaba khona wefomu "eliphindwe kabili" ohlelweni olusha lwamandla, ukuthatha umsebenzi wokusekela ophuthumayo, nokuphendula ezidingweni zokulungisa okungazelelwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngamakhono okuqala nokumisa okusheshayo kwamandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengomthwalo ophazamisekayo, ingasusa ngokuphephile umthwalo olinganisiwe weyunithi yokupompa ngempendulo yamasekhondi ayi-milli, futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza okuphephile nokuzinzile kohlelo.
Okwesihlanu ukubhekana ngempumelelo nezindleko zokulungisa eziphezulu ezilethwa ukuxhumana okukhulu kwegridi entsha yamandla. Ngezindlela zokusebenza ezifanele, kuhlanganiswe namandla okushisa ukunciphisa ikhabhoni nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle, ukunciphisa ukushiywa komoya nokukhanya, ukukhuthaza ukwabiwa kwamandla, nokuthuthukisa umnotho jikelele kanye nokusebenza okuhlanzekile kohlelo lonke.
Ukuqinisa ukwenza ngcono nokuhlanganiswa kwezinsizakusebenza zengqalasizinda, ukuxhumanisa ukuphepha, ikhwalithi kanye nokuphathwa kwenqubekela phambili kwamaphrojekthi angu-30 asakhiwayo, ukukhuthaza ngamandla ukwakhiwa ngomshini, ukulawula okuhlakaniphile kanye nokwakhiwa okujwayelekile, ukwenza ngcono isikhathi sokwakha, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthamo wokugcina opompiwe uzodlula izigidi ezingu-20 ngesikhathi "soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu lwe-14". Ama-kilowatts, kanye nomthamo ofakiwe wokusebenza uzodlula ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-70 ngo-2030.
Okwesibili ukusebenza kanzima ekuphathweni okungenamsoco. Ukuqinisa isiqondiso sokuhlela, okugxile emgomweni "wekhabhoni ephindwe kabili" kanye nokuqaliswa kwesu lenkampani, ukulungiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kohlelo lokuthuthukisa "lweminyaka emihlanu ye-14" lokugcina okupompiwe. Ukuthuthukisa ngokwesayensi izinqubo zomsebenzi zokuqala zephrojekthi, kanye nokuthuthukisa ucwaningo lokwenzeka kwephrojekthi kanye nokuvunywa ngendlela ehlelekile. Ukugxila ekuphepheni, ikhwalithi, isikhathi sokwakha, kanye nezindleko, ukukhuthaza ngamandla ukuphathwa nokulawula okuhlakaniphile, ukwakhiwa ngomshini kanye nokwakhiwa okuluhlaza kokwakhiwa kobunjiniyela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphrojekthi akhiwayo angazuza izinzuzo ngokushesha okukhulu.
Sijulisa ukuphathwa komjikelezo wokuphila kwemishini, sijulise ucwaningo ngensizakalo yegridi yamandla yamayunithi, sithuthukise isu lokusebenza kwamayunithi, futhi sikhonze ngokugcwele ukusebenza okuphephile nokuzinzile kwegridi yamandla. Sijulisa ukuphathwa kwe-lean okunezinhlangothi eziningi, sisheshise ukwakhiwa kochungechunge lokuphakelwa oluhlakaniphile lwesimanje, sithuthukise uhlelo lokuphathwa kwezinto, sabe ngokwesayensi imali, izinsiza, ubuchwepheshe, idatha nezinye izici zokukhiqiza, sithuthukise ngamandla ikhwalithi nokusebenza kahle, futhi sithuthukise ngokuphelele ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Okwesithathu ukufuna intuthuko ekusungulweni kwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuqaliswa okujulile kwe-“New Leap Forward Action Plan” yokusungulwa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukwandisa ukutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni lwesayensi, kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhono lokusungulwa okuzimele. Ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe beyunithi yesivinini esiguquguqukayo, ukuqinisa ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamayunithi amakhulu angu-400-megawatt, ukusheshisa ukwakhiwa kwama-laboratories emodeli ye-pump-turbine kanye nama-laboratories okulingisa, kanye nokwenza yonke imizamo yokwakha ipulatifomu yokusungulwa okuzimele kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe.
Lungiselela ukwakheka kocwaningo lwesayensi kanye nokwabiwa kwezinsiza, uqinise ucwaningo ngobuchwepheshe obuyinhloko besitoreji esipompiwe, futhi ulwele ukunqoba inkinga yobuchwepheshe "yentamo enamathele". Sísa ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha njenge-"Big Cloud IoT Smart Chain", sebenzisa ngokuphelele ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zamandla ezihlakaniphile zedijithali, futhi usheshise ukuguqulwa kwedijithali kwamabhizinisi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-07-2022
