Nchekwa a na-etinye n'ime ọkpọkọ bụ teknụzụ kachasị eji eme ihe ma bụrụkwa nke tozuru oke na nnukwu nchekwa ike, ikike etinyere n'ime ọdụ ike nwere ike iru gigawatts. Ugbu a, nchekwa ike kachasị ochie na nke kachasị ukwuu arụnyere n'ụwa bụ mmiri a na-etinye n'ime ọkpọkọ.
Teknụzụ nchekwa a na-etinye n'ime ọkpọkọ bụ nke tozuru okè ma kwụsie ike, nwere uru dị ukwuu, a na-ejikwa ya eme ihe maka nhazi kachasị elu na nkwado ndabere. Nchekwa a na-etinye n'ime ọkpọkọ bụ teknụzụ kachasị eji eme ihe na nke tozuru oke na nchekwa ike buru ibu, ikike arụnyere nke ọdụ ike nwere ike iru gigawatts.
Dịka ọnụọgụgụ na-ezughị ezu nke Kọmitii Ọkachamara Nchekwa Ike nke China Energy Research Association si kwuo, mmiri a na-akụnye n'ime mmiri bụ ugbu a ebe nchekwa ike kachasị eto eto na nke kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Ruo afọ 2019, ikike nchekwa ike ọrụ n'ụwa ruru nde kilowatts 180, ikike nchekwa ike a na-akụnye n'ime mmiri karịrị nde kilowatts 170, nke bụ 94% nke nchekwa ike zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik a na-eji ọkụ eletrik emepụtara n'oge obere ibu nke sistemụ ike iji gbapụta mmiri gaa ebe dị elu maka nchekwa, ma wepụta mmiri iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik n'oge oke ibu. Mgbe ibu ahụ dị ala, ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik a na-agbapụta bụ onye ọrụ; mgbe ibu ahụ dị elu, ọ bụ ebe ọkụ eletrik.
Ngalaba nchekwa a na-akpọ "pumped storage unit" nwere ọrụ abụọ dị mkpa: ịgba mmiri na ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik. Ngalaba ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka turbine mmiri mgbe ibu nke sistemụ ike dị n'ọkwa kachasị elu. A na-agbanwe oghere nke vane nduzi nke turbine mmiri site na sistemụ gọvanọ, a na-agbanwekwa ike nwere ike nke mmiri ka ọ bụrụ ike mekaniki nke ntụgharị nke unit, wee gbanwee ike mekaniki ka ọ bụrụ ike eletrik site na jenereta;
Mgbe ibu nke sistemụ ike dị ala, a na-eji ọkpọ mmiri agbapụta mmiri site na olulu mmiri dị ala ruo na olulu mmiri dị elu. Site na mgbanwe akpaka nke sistemụ gọvanọ, a na-agbanwe oghere vane nduzi na akpaghị aka dịka ebuli ọkpọ mmiri si dị, a na-agbanwekwa ike eletrik ka ọ bụrụ ike mmiri nwere ike ime ma chekwaa ya.
Ebe nchekwa ike a na-etinye n'ime ọkpọkọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata iwu kachasị elu, nhazi ugboro ole, nkwado mberede na mmalite ojii nke sistemụ ike, nke nwere ike imeziwanye ma dozie ibu nke sistemụ ike, melite ogo ọkọnọ ike na uru akụ na ụba nke sistemụ ike, ha bụkwa isi ihe na-eme ka grid ike rụọ ọrụ nke ọma, dị ọnụ ala ma kwụsie ike. A maara ụlọ ọrụ ike a na-etinye n'ime ọkpọkọ dịka "ndị na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike", "ndị na-achịkwa" na "ndị na-edozi" n'ọrụ nchekwa nke grid ike.
Usoro mmepe nke ebe nchekwa ike a na-akpọ "pumped stations" n'ụwa bụ isi dị elu, ikike dị ukwuu na ọsọ dị elu. Isi dị elu pụtara na ngwaọrụ ahụ na-etolite ruo isi dị elu, ikike dị ukwuu pụtara na ikike nke otu ngwaọrụ na-abawanye mgbe niile, ọsọ dị elu pụtara na ngwaọrụ ahụ na-anabata ọsọ dị elu.
Ọdịdị na njirimara nke ọdụ ike
Ụlọ ndị bụ isi nke ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik a na-etinye ọkpọkọ na-agụnyekarị: ebe nchekwa ọkụ dị n'elu, ebe nchekwa ọkụ dị n'okpuru, usoro nnyefe mmiri, ebe ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche ndị ọzọ. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik nkịtị, usoro hydraulic nke ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik a na-etinye ọkpọkọ nwere njirimara ndị a:
E nwere ebe nchekwa mmiri dị n'elu na n'okpuru. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ebe nchekwa mmiri nkịtị nwere otu ikike arụnyere, ikike nchekwa mmiri nke ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik a na-apịpụta na-adịkarị obere.
Mmiri dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwe nke ukwuu ma na-arị elu ma na-ada ugboro ugboro. Iji rụọ ọrụ nke ịkpụcha elu na ijupụta ndagwurugwu na grid ike, mgbanwe kwa ụbọchị nke ọkwa mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri nke ọdụ ike nchekwa a na-agbapụta na-abụkarị nnukwu, na-agafekarị mita 10-20, ụfọdụ ọdụ ike na-erukwa mita 30-40, ọnụego mgbanwe nke ọkwa mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-adịkwa ngwa ngwa, na-erukarị 5 ~8m/h, na ọbụna 8 ~ 10m/h.
Ihe achọrọ maka igbochi mmiri ozuzo n'ime ọdọ mmiri dị elu. Ọ bụrụ na ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik dị ọcha na-akpata nnukwu mfu mmiri n'ihi mmiri ozuzo nke ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik dị n'elu, a ga-ebelata mmepụta ọkụ eletrik nke ebe ọkụ eletrik. N'otu oge ahụ, iji gbochie mmiri ịpụta site na ọnọdụ mmiri ozuzo na-aka njọ na mpaghara ọrụ ahụ, nke na-ebute mmebi mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo siri ike, a na-etinyekwa ihe ndị dị elu n'igbochi mmiri ozuzo.
Isi mmiri dị elu. Isi nke ebe a na-echekwa ọkụ eletrik na-adịkarị elu, ọkachasị mita 200-800. Ebe a na-echekwa ọkụ eletrik na Jixi nke nwere ikike nrụnye nke nde kilowatt 1.8 bụ ọrụ mbụ nke ngalaba isi mita 650 nke mba m, ebe ebe a na-echekwa ọkụ eletrik na Dunhua nke nwere ikike nrụnye nke nde kilowatt 1.4 bụ ọrụ mbụ nke ngalaba isi mita 700 nke mba m. Site na mmepe na-aga n'ihu nke teknụzụ nchekwa ọkụ eletrik, ọnụọgụgụ ebe a na-echekwa ọkụ eletrik na-enwe ikike nrụpụta nke ukwuu na mba m ga-amụba.
A na-etinye ngwaọrụ a n'ebe dị ala. Iji merie mmetụta nke mmiri na mmiri na-asọpụta na ike ọkụ eletrik, nnukwu ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik e wuru n'ụlọ na mba ofesi n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya na-agbaso ụdị ike ọkụ eletrik dị n'okpuru ala.
Ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik kacha ochie n'ụwa bụ ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik Netra dị na Zurich, Switzerland, nke e wuru na 1882. E wuru ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik na China n'oge adịghị anya. E tinyere ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik mbụ na Gangnan Reservoir na 1968. Mgbe e mesịrị, site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ike dị n'ime obodo, ikike ọkụ eletrik na ike okpomọkụ dị n'ime ya mụbara ngwa ngwa, nke mere ka sistemụ ike ahụ nwee ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik kwekọrọ.
Kemgbe afọ 1980, Chaịna amalitela ịrụsi ọrụ ike n'ịrụpụta nnukwu ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke akụ na ụba na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke mba m, mba m enwetala ihe ịga nke ọma na sayensị na teknụzụ n'inwere onwe nke ngwa eletriki nke ngwa nchekwa ọkụ eletrik buru ibu.
Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 2020, ikike mmepụta ike nchekwa nke mba m dị na pampwatts nde 31.49, mmụba nke 4.0% karịa afọ gara aga. Na 2020, ikike mmepụta ike nchekwa nke mba ahụ bụ ijeri 33.5 kWh, mmụba nke 5.0% karịa afọ gara aga; ikike mmepụta ike nchekwa nke mba ahụ agbakwunyere bụ nde 1.2 kWh. ọdụ ike nchekwa nke mba m, ma n'imepụta ma n'ọrụ owuwu, bụ nke mbụ n'ụwa.
Ụlọ ọrụ State Grid Corporation nke China na-etinye aka nke ukwuu n'ịmepụta ebe a na-echekwa ihe. Ugbu a, State Grid nwere ebe a na-echekwa ihe ruru iri abụọ na abụọ na ebe a na-ewu ebe a na-echekwa ihe ruru iri atọ.
N'afọ 2016, a malitere ịrụ ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa ọkụ ise na Zhen'an, Shaanxi, Jurong, Jiangsu, Qingyuan, Liaoning, Xiamen, Fujian, na Fukang, Xinjiang;
Na 2017, owuwu nke ebe nchekwa nchekwa isii na Yi County nke Hebei, Zhirui nke Inner Mongolia, Ninghai nke Zhejiang, Jinyun nke Zhejiang, Luoning nke Henan na Pingjiang nke Hunan malitere;
N'afọ 2019, a malitere ịrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ise na-ebufe ọkụ na Funing na Hebei, Jiaohe na Jilin, Qujiang na Zhejiang, Weifang na Shandong, na Hami na Xinjiang;
Na 2020, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri anọ na-ebunye ọkụ na Shanxi Yuanqu, Shanxi Hunyuan, Zhejiang Pan'an, na Shandong Tai'an Phase II ga-amalite iwu.
Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik mbụ nke mba m nke nwere ngwa ọrụ nke nwere onwe ya. Na Ọktoba 2011, arụchara ọdụ ọkụ eletrik nke ọma, nke na-egosi na mba m enweela ike ime nke ọma na teknụzụ dị mkpa nke imepụta ngwa ọrụ nke nwere ngwa ọrụ nke nwere ngwa ọrụ nke nwere ngwa ọrụ nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma.
N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2013, e tinyere ọdụ ọkụ Fujian Xianyou Pumped Storage Power Station n'ọrụ n'ihu ọha maka imepụta ọkụ; n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2016, e jikọtara ọdụ ọkụ Zhejiang Xianju Pumped Storage Power Station nke nwere ikike nkeji 375,000 kilowatts na grid nke ọma. Ngwaọrụ ndị nwere ike ichekwa ihe dị iche iche na mba m abụrụla ihe a ma ama ma na-etinye ha n'ọrụ mgbe niile.
Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik mbụ nke mba m nke nwere mita 700 nke a na-eji ọkpọkọ eme ihe. Oke ike etinyere bụ kilogram nde 1.4. Na June 4, 2021, e tinyere Unit 1 n'ọrụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik.
A na-arụzi ebe a na-echekwa ọkụ eletrik nke nwere ikike kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa ugbu a. Oke ike arụnyere bụ kilogram nde 3.6.
Nchekwa a na-etinye n'ime ọkpọkọ nwere njirimara nke isi, zuru oke na nke ọha. Ọ nwere ike isonye na ọrụ nhazi nke isi mmalite sistemụ ike ọhụrụ, netwọk, ibu na njikọ nchekwa, uru zuru oke dịkwa mkpa karịa. Ọ na-ebu ihe nchekwa ike dị mma nke sistemụ ike, ihe nhazi obere carbon dị ọcha na arụmọrụ dị elu Ọrụ dị mkpa nke onye na-achịkwa na-agba ọsọ.
Nke mbụ bụ ijikwa enweghị ikike nchekwa a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke sistemụ ike n'okpuru nnukwu oke ike ọhụrụ. Site na uru nke iwu kachasị elu okpukpu abụọ, anyị nwere ike imeziwanye ikike njikwa oke ikike nke sistemụ ike, ma belata nsogbu nnyefe ibu kachasị elu nke enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke ike ọhụrụ na oke ibu nke trough kpatara. Nsogbu oriri nke mmepe nnukwu ike ọhụrụ kpatara n'oge ahụ nwere ike ịkwalite oriri nke ike ọhụrụ nke ọma.
Nke abụọ bụ ijikwa enweghị nkwekọ n'etiti njirimara mmepụta nke ike ọhụrụ na mkpa ibu, dabere na ikike mgbanwe mgbanwe nke nzaghachi ngwa ngwa, iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe na mgbanwe nke ike ọhụrụ, na izute ọchịchọ mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ike ọhụrụ "dabere na ihu igwe".
Nke atọ bụ ijikwa oge enweghị ike nke sistemu ike ọhụrụ dị elu nke na-adịghị mma. Site na uru nke oge enweghị ike nke na-adịghị mma nke na-emepụta ihe na-arụ ọrụ, ọ nwere ike ime ka ikike mgbochi nke sistemụ ahụ dịkwuo mma ma nọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike ugboro ugboro nke sistemụ ahụ.
Nke anọ bụ ijikwa mmetụta nchekwa nke ụdị "elu okpukpu abụọ" nwere ike inwe na sistemụ ike ọhụrụ ahụ nke ọma, were ọrụ nkwado mberede, ma zaghachi mkpa mgbanwe mberede n'oge ọ bụla site na ikike mmalite ngwa ngwa na ike ọsọ ọsọ nke ịgbasa ike. N'otu oge ahụ, dị ka ibu a na-akwụsị akwụsị, ọ nwere ike iwepụ ibu a na-enye nke unit pumping n'enweghị nsogbu site na nzaghachi millisecond, ma melite ọrụ nchekwa na nkwụsi ike nke sistemụ ahụ.
Nke ise bụ ijikwa ọnụ ahịa mmezi dị elu nke njikọ grid ike ọhụrụ buru ibu na-eweta nke ọma. Site na ụzọ ọrụ ezi uche dị na ya, yana ike okpomọkụ iji belata carbon ma mee ka arụmọrụ dịkwuo mma, belata ịhapụ ikuku na ìhè, kwalite nkesa ikike, ma melite akụnụba zuru oke na ọrụ dị ọcha nke sistemụ ahụ dum.
Mee ka akụrụngwa akụrụngwa dịkwuo mma ma jikọta nke ọma, hazie nchekwa, ịdị mma na njikwa ọganihu nke ọrụ iri atọ a na-ewu, kwalite owuwu igwe, njikwa ọgụgụ isi na owuwu ọkọlọtọ, mee ka oge owuwu dịkwuo mma, ma hụ na ikike nchekwa a na-agbapụta ga-akarị nde iri abụọ n'oge "Atụmatụ Afọ Ise nke Iri na Anọ". kilowatts, na ikike arụnyere n'ọrụ ga-akarị nde kilowatt iri asaa ka ọ na-erule afọ 2030.
Nke abụọ bụ ịrụsi ọrụ ike na njikwa dị nro. Ime ka nduzi atụmatụ sikwuo ike, itinye uche na ebumnuche "kabọn abụọ" na mmejuputa atụmatụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nkwadebe dị elu nke atụmatụ mmepe "Afọ Ise nke 14" maka nchekwa a na-agbapụta. Jiri sayensị mee ka usoro ọrụ mbido nke ọrụ ahụ ka mma, ma kwalite ọmụmụ ihe na nkwenye ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe. Na-elekwasị anya na nchekwa, ịdị mma, oge owuwu, na ọnụ ahịa, na-akwalite njikwa na njikwa nwere ọgụgụ isi, owuwu igwe na owuwu akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke owuwu injinia iji hụ na ọrụ ndị a na-ewu nwere ike nweta uru ozugbo enwere ike.
Mee ka njikwa usoro ndụ nke akụrụngwa dịkwuo mma, mee ka nchọpụta dị omimi banyere ọrụ grid ike nke nkeji dịkwuo mma, mee ka atụmatụ ọrụ nke nkeji dịkwuo mma, ma jee ozi zuru oke na ọrụ nchekwa na nkwụsi ike nke grid ike. Mee ka njikwa dị nro nke akụkụ dị iche iche dịkwuo mma, mee ka owuwu nke usoro ọkọnọ smart nke oge a dị ngwa ngwa, melite sistemụ njikwa ihe, kesaa isi obodo, akụrụngwa, teknụzụ, data na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe, melite mma na arụmọrụ nke ọma, ma melite arụmọrụ njikwa na arụmọrụ nke ọma.
Nke atọ bụ ịchọ ihe ga-eme n'ọganihu n'ihe ọhụrụ na teknụzụ. Mmejuputa nke ọma nke "Atụmatụ Ọrụ Mbuli Elu Ọhụrụ" maka ihe ọhụrụ sayensị na teknụzụ, mụbaa itinye ego na nyocha sayensị, ma melite ikike nke ihe ọhụrụ n'onwe ya. Mee ka ojiji nke teknụzụ ọsọ ọsọ dị elu, mee ka nchọpụta teknụzụ na mmepe nke nkeji ikike buru ibu nke 400-megawatt sikwuo ike, mee ngwa ngwa owuwu nke ụlọ nyocha ihe nlereanya nke pump-turbine na ụlọ nyocha ihe atụ, ma mee mgbalị niile iji wuo ikpo okwu ihe ọhụrụ sayensị na teknụzụ nọọrọ onwe ya.
Mee ka nhazi nyocha sayensị na nkesa akụrụngwa dịkwuo mma, mee ka nnyocha ahụ sie ike na teknụzụ bụ isi nke nchekwa a na-agbapụta, ma gbaa mbọ imeri nsogbu teknụzụ nke "olu gbagọrọ agbagọ". Mee ka nnyocha ahụ dịkwuo omimi na ojiji nke teknụzụ ọhụrụ dị ka "Nnukwu Igwe Ojii IoT Smart Chain", tinye iwu nke ụlọ ọrụ ike nwere ọgụgụ isi dijitalụ nke ọma, ma mee ka mgbanwe dijitalụ nke ụlọ ọrụ dịkwuo ngwa ngwa.
Oge ozi: Maachị-07-2022
