Ukugcinwa kompompo yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kunye neteknoloji evuthiweyo kwindawo yokugcina amandla amakhulu, kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo wezikhululo zamandla unokufikelela kwi-gigawatts. Okwangoku, eyona ndawo ikhulileyo kunye neyona inkulu yokugcina amandla efakelweyo emhlabeni yi-hydro.
Itekhnoloji yogcino olumpompelweyo ikhulile kwaye izinzile, ineenzuzo eziphezulu ezibanzi, kwaye ihlala isetyenziselwa ukulawulwa kwencopho kunye ne-backup. Ukugcinwa kompompo yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kunye neteknoloji evuthiweyo kwindawo yokugcina amandla amakhulu, kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo wezikhululo zamandla unokufikelela kwi-gigawatts.
Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga zeKomidi yobuGcisa bokuGcinwa kwe-Eneji ye-China Energy Research Association, i-hydro pumped okwangoku yeyona ndawo ikhulileyo kunye neyona inkulu yokugcina amandla emhlabeni. Ukusukela ngo-2019, amandla okugcina amandla okusebenza ehlabathi afikelele kwi-180 yezigidi ze-kilowatts, kwaye umthamo ofakiweyo wokumpontshwa kwamandla okugcina ungaphaya kwe-170 yezigidi zeekilowatts, ezibalelwa kwi-94% yogcino lwamandla ehlabathi.
Izikhululo zamandla ezimponthiweyo zisebenzisa umbane oveliswe ngexesha lomthwalo ophantsi wesixokelelwano sombane ukumpompa amanzi kwindawo ephakamileyo ukuze agcinwe, kunye nokukhulula amanzi ukuvelisa umbane ngexesha lomthwalo ophakamileyo. Xa umthwalo uphantsi, isikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo singumsebenzisi; xa umthwalo uphezulu, sisixhobo sombane.
Iyunithi yokugcina impompo inemisebenzi emibini esisiseko: ukupompa amanzi kunye nokuvelisa umbane. Iyunithi isebenza njenge turbine yamanzi xa umthwalo wenkqubo yamandla ukwincopho yawo. Ukuvulwa kwe-vane yesikhokelo se-iturbine yamanzi kulungelelaniswa ngenkqubo yerhuluneli, kwaye amandla anokubakho emanzini aguqulwa abe ngumatshini wokujikeleza kweyunithi, kwaye ke amandla oomatshini aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane ngokusebenzisa ijenereyitha;
Xa umthwalo wenkqubo yamandla uphantsi, impompo yamanzi isetyenziselwa ukumpompa amanzi ukusuka kwindawo engaphantsi ukuya kwindawo ephezulu. Ngohlengahlengiso oluzenzekelayo lwenkqubo yerhuluneli, ukuvulwa kwesikhokelo se-vane kulungelelaniswa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokunyuka kwempompo, kwaye amandla ombane aguqulwa abe ngamandla anamandla kwaye agcinwe. .
Izikhululo zamandla ezimponthiweyo zinoxanduva ikakhulu lolawulo oluphezulu, ukulawulwa ngamaza, ukugcinwa ngokungxamisekileyo kunye nokuqaliswa kumnyama kwenkqubo yamandla, enokuphucula kwaye ilinganise umthwalo wenkqubo yamandla, iphucule umgangatho wobonelelo lwamandla kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho zenkqubo yamandla, kwaye zingumqolo wokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo, uqoqosho kunye nozinzo lwegridi yamandla. . Izityalo zamandla ezipompayo ziyaziwa ngokuba yi "stabilizers", "regulators" kunye "ne-balancers" ekusebenzeni ngokukhuselekileyo kweegridi zamandla.
Intsingiselo yophuhliso lwezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwa zehlabathi ziphezulu, umthamo omkhulu kunye nesantya esiphezulu. Intloko ephezulu ithetha ukuba iyunithi iphuhlisa ukuya kwintloko ephezulu, umthamo omkhulu uthetha ukuba umthamo weyunithi enye ikhula ngokuqhubekayo, kwaye isantya esiphezulu sithetha ukuba iyunithi ithatha isantya esiphezulu.
Ubume besikhululo samandla kunye neempawu
Izakhiwo eziphambili zesikhululo samandla esipompelweyo sibandakanya ngokubanzi: indawo yokugcina amanzi ephezulu, indawo yokugcina amanzi, inkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi, indawo yokusebenzela kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zombane eziqhelekileyo ngamanzi, ubume behydraulic yezikhululo zamandla ezimponthiweyo zinezi mpawu zilandelayo:
Kukho amadama aphezulu nasezantsi. Xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zamandla ombane eziqhelekileyo ezinomthamo ofanayo ofakiweyo, umthamo wogcino lwamanzi wezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo udla ngokuba mncinci.
Umgangatho wamanzi wedama uguquguquka kakhulu kwaye unyuka kwaye uhla rhoqo. Ukwenzela ukwenza umsebenzi wokutsheva okuphakamileyo kunye nokuzaliswa kwentlambo kwigridi yamandla, ukwahluka kwemihla ngemihla kwinqanaba lendawo yokugcina amanzi kwisikhululo samandla esimpompeweyo kudla ngokuba kukhulu, ngokubanzi kudlula i-10-20 yeemitha, kwaye ezinye izikhululo zamandla zifikelela kwi-30-40 yeemitha, kwaye isantya sokutshintsha komgangatho wamanzi wedama sikhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye sifikelela kwi-8m/h.
Iimfuno zothintelo lwedama lokungena kwamanzi ziphezulu. Ukuba isikhululo samandla esimpompiweyo esisulungekileyo sibangela ilahleko enkulu yamanzi ngenxa yokumanzisa kwedama eliphezulu, ukuveliswa kombane kwisikhululo samandla kuya kuncitshiswa. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuze kuthintelwe ukuntywila kwamanzi ekuwohlokeni kweemeko ze-hydrogeological kwindawo yeprojekthi, okukhokelela kumonakalo we-sepage kunye ne-sepage egxininisiweyo, iimfuno eziphezulu zikwabekwe kuthintelo lokungena kwamanzi.
Intloko yamanzi iphezulu. Intloko yesikhululo samandla esipompelweyo siphezulu, ubukhulu becala buyi-200-800 yeemitha. Isikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo saseJixi esinomthamo ofakiweyo we-1.8 yezigidi zeekilowathi yiprojekthi yelizwe lam yokuqala yecandelo lentloko yeemitha ezingama-650, kwaye isikhululo samandla esimpompelwayo saseDunhua esinomthamo ofakiweyo we-1.4 sesigidi seekilowatts yiprojekthi yokuqala kwilizwe lam eliziimitha ezingama-700. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwetekhnoloji yogcino lwempompo, inani lezikhululo zamandla eziphezulu, ezinomthamo omkhulu kwilizwe lam ziya kwanda.
Iyunithi ifakwe kwindawo ephakamileyo ephantsi. Ukuze koyiswe impembelelo yokushukuma kunye nokuvuza kwindlu yombane, izikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ezinkulu ezakhiwe ekhaya nakumazwe angaphandle kwiminyaka yakutsha nje zamkele uhlobo lwezindlu zamandla ezingaphantsi komhlaba.
Esona sikhululo samandla sehlabathi esimpompelweyo sokuqala sisikhululo samandla esimpompelwa seNetra eZurich, eSwitzerland, esakhiwe ngo-1882. Iyunithi yokuqala ye-oblique flow reversible unit yafakwa kwi-Gangnan Reservoir ngo-1968. Kamva, kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini lamandla asekhaya, umthamo ofakelweyo wamandla enyukliya kunye namandla ashushu anyuka ngokukhawuleza, efuna ukuba inkqubo yamandla ixhotyiswe kunye neeyunithi ezihambelanayo zokugcina impompo.
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980s, iChina iqalise ngamandla ukwakha izikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ezinkulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo loqoqosho lwelizwe lam kunye noshishino lwamandla, ilizwe lam liphumelele impumelelo yenzululwazi kunye nethekhnoloji kwizixhobo ezizimeleyo zeeyunithi zokugcina ezimpontshwayo.
Ekupheleni kuka-2020, umthamo welizwe lam ofakelweyo wokuvelisa umbane ompontshwayo ubezizigidi ezingama-31.49 zeekilowathi, ukwanda nge-4.0% kunonyaka ophelileyo. Ngo-2020, amandla okuvelisa amandla okumpontshelwa kuzwelonke ayezibhiliyoni ezingama-33.5 kWh, ukwanda nge-5.0% kunonyaka ophelileyo; Umthamo welizwe osanda kongezwa ngokumpontshwa wokwenziwa kombane ubesisi-1.2 sesigidi kWh. izikhululo zombane zelizwe lam ezimpontshwayo kwimveliso naphantsi kolwakhiwo zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi.
I-State Grid Corporation yaseChina isoloko incamathele ukubaluleka okukhulu kuphuhliso lokugcinwa kwempompo. Okwangoku, i-State Grid inezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ezingama-22 ezisebenzayo kunye nezikhululo zombane ezingama-30 ezipompelweyo ezisakhiwayo.
Ngo-2016, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezimpompe ezihlanu eZhen'an, eShaanxi, eJurong, eJiangsu, eQingyuan, eLiaoning, eXiamen, eFujian, naseFukang, eXinjiang;
Kwi-2017, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezipompe ezintandathu kwi-Yi County yaseHebei, iZhirui yase-Inner Mongolia, i-Ninghai yaseZhejiang, iJinyun yaseZhejiang, iLuoning yaseHenan kunye nePingjiang yaseHunan yaqala;
Ngo-2019, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezimpompe ezihlanu kwi-Funing e-Hebei, i-Jiaohe e-Jilin, i-Qujiang e-Zhejiang, i-Weifang e-Shandong, kunye ne-Hami e-Xinjiang yaqala;
Ngo-2020, izikhululo zamandla ezine ezimpompelweyo e-Shanxi Yuanqu, Shanxi Hunyuan, Zhejiang Pan'an, kunye neShandong Tai'an Phase II ziya kuqalisa ukwakhiwa.
isikhululo samandla sokuqala esimponthiweyo selizwe lam esinezixhobo zeyunithi ezizimeleyo. Ngo-Okthobha ka-2011, isikhululo samandla sagqitywa ngempumelelo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ilizwe lam liphumelele ubugcisa obuphambili bophuhliso lwesixhobo sogcino olumpompelweyo.
NgoAprili 2013, iFujian Xianyou Pumped Storage Power Station yasetyenziswa ngokusesikweni ekuveliseni umbane; ngoAprili 2016, Zhejiang Xianju Pumped Storage Power Station ngeyunithi umthamo 375,000 kilowatts yaqhagamshelwa ngempumelelo kwigridi. Izixhobo ezizimeleyo zeeyunithi zokugcina ezipompeweyo kwilizwe lam ziye zathandwa kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo.
Isikhululo sombane sokuqala esiziimitha ezingama-700 sempompo esimpompekayo. Umthamo ofakiweyo uphelele yi-1.4 yezigidi zeekilowathi. Ngomhla wesi-4 kuJuni, ngo-2021, iYunithi yoku-1 yasetyenziswa ukuvelisa umbane.
Isikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo esinomthamo omkhulu ofakelweyo ehlabathini siyakhiwa ngoku. Umthamo ofakiweyo uphelele yi-3.6 yezigidi zeekilowathi.
Ukugcinwa kompompo kuneempawu ezisisiseko, ezibanzi kunye noluntu. Inokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkonzo zolawulo lwenkqubo entsha yomthombo wamandla, inethiwekhi, imithwalo kunye nokugcinwa kweekhonkco, kunye neenzuzo ezibanzi zibaluleke kakhulu. Ithwala isistim samandla esikhuselekileyo sonikezelo lwamandla, ibhalansi ecocekileyo yekhabhoni ephantsi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu Umsebenzi obalulekileyo wolawulo olusebenzayo.
Eyokuqala kukujongana ngokufanelekileyo nokungabikho komthamo othembekileyo wokugcinwa kwenkqubo yamandla phantsi kokungena komlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla amatsha. Ngenzuzo yolawulo lwencopho yomthamo ophindwe kabini, sinokuphucula umthamo omkhulu wokulawula umthamo wenkqubo yamandla, kwaye sinciphise ingxaki yokunikezelwa komthwalo wencopho obangelwa kukungazinzi kwamandla amatsha kunye nomthwalo omkhulu obangelwa ngumkhombe. Ubunzima bokusebenzisa obubangelwa kuphuhliso olukhulu lwamandla amatsha ngeli xesha linokukhuthaza ngcono ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha.
Okwesibini kukujongana ngokufanelekileyo nokungahambi kakuhle phakathi kweempawu zokuphuma kwamandla amatsha kunye nemfuno yomthwalo, kuxhomekeke kwikhono lokulungelelanisa okuguquguqukayo lokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, ukulungelelanisa kangcono ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nokuguquguquka kwamandla amatsha, kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zohlengahlengiso eziguquguqukayo eziziswa ngamandla amatsha "kuxhomekeke kwimozulu".
Okwesithathu kukujongana ngokufanelekileyo nomzuzu ongonelanga we-inertia yenkqubo yamandla entsha ye-eneji ephezulu. Ngenzuzo yomzuzu ophezulu we-inertia yejeneretha ye-synchronous, inokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo amandla okulwa nokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo kunye nokugcina ukuzinza kwenkqubo.
Okwesine kukujongana ngokufanelekileyo nefuthe elinokuthi likhuseleke kwifomu "yombini-phezulu" kwinkqubo entsha yamandla, ukuthatha umsebenzi wokulondoloza ngokukhawuleza, kwaye uphendule kwiimfuno zohlengahlengiso ngokukhawuleza nangaliphi na ixesha ngokuqala ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhawuleza amandla okujikeleza amandla. Ngexesha elifanayo, njengomthwalo ophazamisayo, unokususa ngokukhuselekileyo umthwalo olinganisiweyo weyunithi yokupompa ngempendulo ye-millisecond, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo.
Okwesihlanu kukujongana ngokufanelekileyo neendleko eziphezulu zohlengahlengiso eziziswa ludibaniso olukhulu lwegridi yamandla amatsha. Ngeendlela zokusebenza ezifanelekileyo, ezidityaniswe namandla ashushu okunciphisa i-carbon kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, ukunciphisa ukulahlwa komoya kunye nokukhanya, ukukhuthaza ukunikezelwa kwamandla, kunye nokuphucula uqoqosho olupheleleyo kunye nokusebenza okucocekileyo kwenkqubo yonke.
Ukuqinisa ukulungelelaniswa nokuhlanganiswa kwezibonelelo zeziseko ezingundoqo, ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko, umgangatho kunye nolawulo lwenkqubela phambili yeeprojekthi ezingama-30 ezisakhiwayo, ukukhuthaza ngamandla ukwakhiwa koomatshini, ulawulo olukrelekrele nolwakhiwo olusemgangathweni, ukwandisa ixesha lokwakha, nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthamo wogcino olumpompelweyo uya kudlula izigidi ezingama-20 ngexesha “leSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu ye-14”. iikilowatts, kunye nomthamo ofakiweyo wokusebenza uya kudlula i-70 yezigidi zeekilowatts ngo-2030.
Okwesibini kukusebenza nzima kulawulo olubhityileyo. Ukuqiniswa kwesikhokelo sokucwangcisa, sigxile kwinjongo "yekhabhoni ezimbini" kunye nokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso senkampani, ukulungiswa komgangatho ophezulu wesicwangciso sophuhliso se-"14 seminyaka emihlanu" yokugcina impompo. Ukwandisa ngokwenzululwazi iinkqubo zokuqala zomsebenzi zeprojekthi, kunye nokuqhubela phambili isifundo sokwenzeka kweprojekthi kunye nokuvunywa ngendlela enocwangco. Ukugxininisa kukhuseleko, umgangatho, ixesha lokwakha, kunye neendleko, ngamandla ukukhuthaza ulawulo olukrelekrele kunye nolawulo, ulwakhiwo ngoomatshini kunye nolwakhiwo oluluhlaza lolwakhiwo lobunjineli ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiprojekthi ezisakhiwayo zinokufikelela iingenelo ngokukhawuleza.
Gxininisa ulawulo lomjikelo wobomi bezixhobo, nzulu uphando kwinkonzo yegridi yamandla yeeyunithi, uphucule isicwangciso sokusebenza kweeyunithi, kwaye usebenze ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo nokuzinza kwegridi yamandla. Gxininisa ulawulo oluthambileyo olunamacala amaninzi, ukukhawulezisa ulwakhiwo lwekhonkco lokubonelela ngobuchule bale mihla, ukuphucula inkqubo yolawulo lwemathiriyeli, ukwaba imali eyinkunzi ngokwenzululwazi, izixhobo, itekhnoloji, idatha kunye nezinye izinto zemveliso, ukuphucula ngamandla umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuphucula ngokugqibeleleyo ulawulo olusebenzayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Okwesithathu kukufuna impumelelo kwizinto ezintsha zetekhnoloji. Ukuphunyezwa ngokunzulu “kweSicwangciso sokuQinisa iNtshukumo eNtsha yokuQhubela Phambili” kutshintsho lwezenzululwazi nethekhinoloji, ukwandisa utyalo-mali kuphando lwezenzululwazi, nokuphucula isakhono sokwenza izinto ezintsha ezizimeleyo. Ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kweteknoloji yesantya esiguquguqukayo, ukomeleza uphando lwezobuchwepheshe kunye nophuhliso lweeyunithi ezinkulu ze-400-megawatt, ukukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kweelebhu zemodeli yepompo-iturbine kunye neelebhu zokulinganisa, kwaye wenze zonke iinzame zokwakha iqonga elizimeleyo lezenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe.
Ukwandisa ubume bophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nokwabiwa kwezibonelelo, ukuqinisa uphando kwi-teknoloji engundoqo yokugcina impompo, kwaye uzame ukunqoba ingxaki yobugcisa "yentamo exinyiweyo". Gxininisa uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha obufana ne "Big Cloud IoT Smart Chain", ukuhambisa ngokubanzi ulwakhiwo lwezikhululo zamandla ezikrelekrele zedijithali, kunye nokukhawulezisa inguqu yedijithali yamashishini.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-07-2022
