I-turbine yamanzi yi-turbomachinery kwimishini yolwelo. Kwasekuqaleni malunga ne-100 BC, kwazalwa uhlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi, ivili lamanzi. Ngelo xesha, umsebenzi ophambili yayikukuqhuba oomatshini bokucubungula iinkozo kunye nokunkcenkceshela. Ivili lamanzi, njengesixhobo soomatshini esisebenzisa ukuhamba kwamanzi njengamandla, liye laphuhliswa laba yi-turbine yamanzi yangoku, kwaye ububanzi bokusetyenziswa kwayo buye bandiswa. Ngoko ke zisetyenziswa phi ii-turbine zamanzi zanamhlanje?
Iiturbines zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizikhululo zamandla zokugcina umbane ezimpompiweyo. Xa umthwalo wenkqubo yamandla uphantsi kunomthwalo osisiseko, ingasetyenziswa njengepompo yamanzi ukuze isebenzise amandla okuvelisa umbane angaphezulu ukupompa amanzi ukusuka kwidama elisezantsi ukuya kwidama elingaphezulu ukugcina umbane ngendlela yamandla anokubakho; xa umthwalo wenkqubo uphezulu kunomthwalo osisiseko, ingasetyenziswa njenge-hydraulic turbine, ivelisa umbane ukulawula imithwalo ephezulu. Ke ngoko, isikhululo samandla sokugcina umbane esicocekileyo asinako ukunyusa amandla enkqubo yamandla, kodwa sinokuphucula uqoqosho lokusebenza kweeyunithi ezivelisa umbane oshushu kwaye siphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yamandla. Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1950, iiyunithi zokugcina umbane ezimpompiweyo ziye zaxatyiswa kakhulu kwaye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kumazwe kwihlabathi liphela.
Uninzi lweeyunithi zokugcina ezipompiweyo eziphuhliswe kwinqanaba lokuqala okanye ezinentloko yamanzi aphezulu zisebenzisa uhlobo lwezi matshini ezintathu, oko kukuthi, zenziwe yinjini yejenereyitha, i-turbine yamanzi kunye nempompo yamanzi ngokulandelana. Inzuzo yayo kukuba i-turbine kunye nempompo yamanzi zenziwe ngokwahlukeneyo, nto leyo enokuba nokusebenza okuphezulu, kwaye iyunithi ijikeleza kwicala elifanayo xa ivelisa umbane kwaye ipompa amanzi, kwaye inokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza ukusuka ekuveliseni umbane ukuya ekupompeni, okanye ukusuka ekupompeni ukuya ekuveliseni umbane. Kwangaxeshanye, i-turbine ingasetyenziselwa ukuqalisa iyunithi. Ingxaki yayo kukuba iindleko ziphezulu kwaye utyalo-mali lwesikhululo samandla lukhulu.
Iiblade ze-runner ye-oblique flow pump turbine zinokujikeleziswa, kwaye isenentsebenzo entle yokusebenza xa intloko yamanzi kunye nomthwalo zitshintsha. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokunqongophala kweempawu ze-hydraulic kunye namandla ezinto, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, intloko yayo ye-net yayiziimitha ezili-136.2 kuphela. (Isikhululo soMbane saseTakagen saseJapan). Kwiintloko eziphakamileyo, kufuneka ii-turbine ze-Francis pump.
Isikhululo samandla okugcina amanzi esipompethiweyo sineendawo zokugcina amanzi eziphezulu nezisezantsi. Phantsi kwemeko yokugcina amandla afanayo, ukunyusa i-lift kunokunciphisa amandla okugcina, kwandise isantya seyunithi, kwaye kunciphise iindleko zeprojekthi. Ke ngoko, isikhululo samandla okugcina amandla esiphezulu esingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-300 siphuhlile ngokukhawuleza. I-Francis pump-turbine enentloko yamanzi ephezulu ehlabathini ifakwe kwiSikhululo saMandla saseBaina Basta eYugoslavia. ukusukela kwinkulungwane yama-20, iiyunithi zamandla ombane ezisebenzisa amanzi ziye zaphuhliswa kwicala leeparameter eziphezulu kunye namandla amakhulu. Ngokwanda kwamandla ombane obushushu kwinkqubo yamandla kunye nophuhliso lwamandla enyukliya, ukuze kusonjululwe ingxaki yokulawulwa kwencopho efanelekileyo, ukongeza ekuphuhliseni ngamandla okanye ekwandiseni izikhulisi zamandla ezinkulu kwiinkqubo zamanzi eziphambili, amazwe kwihlabathi liphela ayakha ngokukhutheleyo izikhulisi zamandla okugcina amanzi, okubangela uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwee-pump-turbines.
Njengomatshini wamandla oguqula amandla okuhamba kwamanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini ajikelezayo, i-hydro turbine yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeseti ye-hydro-generator. Kule mihla, ingxaki yokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo iya isiba nzulu ngakumbi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kunye nokukhuthaza amandla e-hydropower, asebenzisa amandla acocekileyo, kuyanda. Ukuze kusetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-hydraulic, amaza, imilambo ecacileyo enehla eliphantsi kakhulu kunye namaza alinganayo nayo itsale ingqalelo enkulu, nto leyo ebangele uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwee-turbines zetyhubhu kunye nezinye iiyunithi ezincinci.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-23-2022
