Mfundo ndi Kukula kwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Turbine Yamadzi

Turbine yamadzi ndi makina opangira ma turbo mu makina opangira madzi. Kale kwambiri cha m'ma 100 BC, chitsanzo cha turbine yamadzi, gudumu lamadzi, chinabadwa. Panthawiyo, ntchito yayikulu inali kuyendetsa makina opangira tirigu ndi kuthirira. Gudumu lamadzi, monga chipangizo chamakina chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito kuyenda kwa madzi ngati mphamvu, lakhala turbine yamadzi yomwe ilipo, ndipo malo ake ogwiritsira ntchito nawonso awonjezeka. Ndiye kodi ma turbine amadzi amakono amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti makamaka?
Ma turbine amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'malo osungira magetsi opompedwa. Pamene katundu wa makina amagetsi uli wochepa kuposa katundu woyambira, ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pampu yamadzi kuti ugwiritse ntchito mphamvu yochulukirapo yopanga magetsi kupompa madzi kuchokera ku thanki yotsika kupita ku thanki yokwera kuti usunge mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a mphamvu yomwe ingatheke; pamene katundu wa makinawo uli wokwera kuposa katundu woyambira, ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati turbine ya hydraulic, kupanga magetsi kuti azitha kuyendetsa katundu wokwera kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, malo osungira magetsi opompedwa okha sangawonjezere mphamvu ya makina amagetsi, koma amatha kusintha ndalama zogwirira ntchito zamayunitsi opanga magetsi otentha ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a makina amagetsi. Kuyambira m'ma 1950, mayunitsi osungira magetsi opompedwa akhala akuyamikiridwa kwambiri ndikupangidwa mwachangu m'maiko padziko lonse lapansi.

Magawo ambiri osungiramo zinthu omwe amapangidwa pachiyambi kapena okhala ndi madzi ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito makina atatu, kutanthauza kuti amapangidwa ndi injini ya jenereta, turbine yamadzi ndi pompo yamadzi motsatizana. Ubwino wake ndi wakuti turbine ndi pompo yamadzi zimapangidwa padera, zomwe zonse zimatha kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, ndipo pompo imazungulira mbali imodzi popanga magetsi ndikupopera madzi, ndipo imatha kusintha mwachangu kuchoka pakupanga magetsi kupita pa kupopera, kapena kuchoka pa kupopera kupita pakupanga magetsi. Nthawi yomweyo, turbine ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyambitsa pompo. Vuto lake ndilakuti mtengo wake ndi wokwera ndipo ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa siteshoni yamagetsi ndi zazikulu.
Masamba a turbine yothamanga ya oblique flow pump amatha kuzunguliridwa, ndipo imakhalabe ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino pamene mutu wa madzi ndi katundu zikusintha. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mawonekedwe a hydraulic ndi mphamvu ya zinthu, pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, mutu wake wa ukonde unali mamita 136.2 okha. (Takagen First Power Station ya ku Japan). Pa mitu yayitali, ma turbine a Francis pump amafunika.
Malo osungira magetsi opompedwa ali ndi malo osungira magetsi apamwamba ndi otsika. Pokhala ndi mphamvu zomwezo, kuwonjezera mphamvu yokwezera magetsi kungachepetse mphamvu yosungira, kuonjezera liwiro la chipangizocho, ndikuchepetsa mtengo wa polojekitiyi. Chifukwa chake, malo osungira magetsi amphamvu okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa mamita 300 akukula mofulumira. Francis pump-turbine yokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yakhazikitsidwa ku Baina Basta Power Station ku Yugoslavia. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1900, mayunitsi amagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi akhala akukula motsatira miyezo yapamwamba komanso mphamvu yayikulu. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi otenthetsera m'makina amagetsi ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu ya nyukiliya, kuti athetse vuto la malamulo oyenera, kuwonjezera pa kupanga kapena kukulitsa mwamphamvu malo akuluakulu amagetsi m'makina akuluakulu amadzi, mayiko padziko lonse lapansi akumanga mwachangu malo osungira magetsi opompedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma turbine amagetsi apangidwe mwachangu.

Monga makina amphamvu omwe amasintha mphamvu ya madzi kukhala mphamvu yozungulira yamakina, turbine yamadzi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la seti ya hydro-generator. Masiku ano, vuto la kuteteza chilengedwe likukulirakulira, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu yamadzi, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yoyera, kukukulirakulira. Pofuna kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamadzimadzi, mafunde, mitsinje yopanda madzi yokhala ndi mafunde ochepa kwambiri komanso mafunde ofanana nawonso akope chidwi cha anthu ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma turbine a machubu ndi mayunitsi ena ang'onoang'ono apangidwe mwachangu.