Wutar lantarki ita ce mai da makamashin ruwa na kogunan halitta zuwa wutar lantarki don mutane su yi amfani da su. Akwai hanyoyin samar da makamashi iri-iri da ake amfani da su wajen samar da wutar lantarki, kamar makamashin hasken rana, wutar lantarki a cikin koguna, da wutar lantarki da ake samu ta hanyar iska. Kudin samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki yana da arha, haka nan ana iya hada ginin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da sauran ayyukan kiyaye ruwa. Kasarmu tana da wadatar albarkatun ruwa kuma yanayin ma yana da kyau sosai. Ruwan ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina tattalin arzikin kasa.
Matsayin ruwan kogi na sama ya fi karfin ruwansa na kasa. Saboda bambancin matakin ruwa na kogin, ana samar da makamashin ruwa. Wannan makamashin ana kiransa yuwuwar makamashi ko kuzari. Bambanci tsakanin tsayin ruwan kogin ana kiransa digo, wanda kuma ake kira bambancin matakin ruwa ko kuma kan ruwa. Wannan digo shine yanayin asali don samar da wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, girman ƙarfin lantarki kuma ya dogara ne akan girman ruwan kogin, wanda shine wani yanayi mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci kamar digo. Dukan ɗigon ruwa da gudana kai tsaye suna shafar ikon hydraulic; mafi girman girman ruwa na digo, mafi girman ƙarfin hydraulic; idan ɗigon ruwa da ƙarar ruwan sun yi ƙanƙanta, aikin tashar wutar lantarki zai yi ƙasa kaɗan.
Gabaɗaya ana bayyana digon a cikin mita. Gradient shine rabon digo da nisa, wanda zai iya nuna matakin raguwar maida hankali. Digo ya fi maida hankali, kuma amfani da wutar lantarki ya fi dacewa. Ragowar da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ke amfani da ita ita ce bambancin da ke tsakanin saman ruwa na tashar wutar lantarki da kuma ruwan da ke karkashin ruwa bayan wucewa ta injin injin.
Gudun ruwa shine adadin ruwan da ke gudana a cikin kogi a kowace raka'a na lokaci, kuma ana bayyana shi a cikin mitoci masu kubik a cikin dakika ɗaya. Mita cubic na ruwa ton daya ne. Ruwan kogin yana canzawa a kowane lokaci, don haka idan muka yi magana game da kwararar, dole ne mu bayyana lokacin takamaiman wurin da yake gudana. Gudun yana canzawa sosai cikin lokaci. Gabaɗaya kogunan ƙasarmu suna da kwararar ruwa sosai a lokacin damina a lokacin rani da kaka, kuma suna da ƙanƙanta a lokacin sanyi da bazara. Gabaɗaya, magudanar ruwan kogin kaɗan ne a cikin kogin sama; saboda haduwar tributary, kwararar ruwa a hankali yana karuwa. Saboda haka, ko da yake ɗigon sama yana mai da hankali, magudanar ruwa kaɗan ne; magudanar ruwa babba ce, amma ɗigon yana da ɗan warwatse. Saboda haka, sau da yawa ya fi dacewa don amfani da wutar lantarki a tsakiyar kogin.
Sanin digo da kwararar da tashar wutar lantarki ke amfani da ita, ana iya ƙididdige abin da ya fitar ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa:
N= GQH
A cikin dabara, N-fitarwa, a cikin kilowatts, kuma ana iya kiransa iko;
Q-flow, a cikin cubic mita a sakan daya;
H - digo, a cikin mita;
G = 9.8, shine haɓakar nauyi, naúrar: Newton/kg
Bisa ga dabarar da ke sama, ana ƙididdige ikon ka'idar ba tare da cire wani asara ba. Hasali ma, a tsarin samar da wutar lantarki, injina, injina, na'urorin watsa wutar lantarki, janareta, da dai sauransu duk suna da hasarar wutar da babu makawa. Saboda haka, ya kamata a rage rangwame na ka'idar, wato, ainihin ikon da za mu iya amfani da shi ya kamata a ninka shi ta hanyar ingantaccen aiki (alama: K).
Wutar da aka ƙera na janareta a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ana kiranta da rated power, kuma ainihin wutar lantarki ita ake kira ainihin wutar lantarki. A cikin tsarin canjin makamashi, babu makawa a rasa wani bangare na makamashi. A cikin aikin samar da wutar lantarki, an fi samun asarar injinan injina da injina (na kuma asara a bututun mai). Asara daban-daban da ke cikin tashar micro-hydropower na karkara suna da kusan kashi 40-50% na jimlar ƙarfin ka'idar, don haka fitarwa daga tashar samar da wutar lantarki na iya amfani da kashi 50-60% na ƙarfin ka'idar kawai, wato, ingancin yana kusan 0.5-0.60 (wanda ƙarfin injin injin shine 0.70-0.500.5). 0.90, kuma ingancin bututu da kayan aikin watsawa shine 0.80 zuwa 0.85). Don haka ana iya lissafin ainihin wutar lantarki (fitarwa) na tashar wutar lantarki kamar haka:
K- ana amfani da ingancin tashar wutar lantarki, (0.5～0.6) a cikin ƙididdige ƙididdiga na tashar micro-hydropower; Ana iya sauƙaƙe wannan ƙimar kamar:
N=(0.5～0.6)QHG Ƙarfin gaske = dacewa × kwarara × digo × 9.8
Amfani da wutar lantarki shine yin amfani da wutar lantarki don motsa na'ura, wanda ake kira turbin ruwa. Misali, tsohon keken ruwa a kasarmu injin turbin ruwa ne mai sauki. Nau'in turbines iri-iri da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu an daidaita su zuwa takamaiman yanayi na hydraulic daban-daban, ta yadda za su iya jujjuyawa cikin inganci da mai da makamashin ruwa zuwa makamashin injina. Wani nau’in inji, wato janareta, yana da alaka da injin injin, ta yadda rotor na janareta ya rika jujjuyawa da injin din don samar da wutar lantarki. Za a iya raba janareta zuwa kashi biyu: ɓangaren da ke juyawa tare da injin turbine da kuma tsayayyen ɓangaren janareta. Bangaren da ke da alaƙa da injin turbin kuma yana jujjuyawa ana kiransa rotor na janareta, kuma akwai sandunan maganadisu da yawa a kusa da na'urar; wani da'irar da ke kewaye da rotor shine kafaffen ɓangaren janareta, wanda ake kira stator na janareta, kuma stator yana naɗe da coils na tagulla da yawa. Lokacin da yawancin igiyoyin maganadisu na rotor ke jujjuyawa a tsakiyar coils na jan karfe na stator, ana yin wani motsi akan wayoyi na tagulla, kuma janareta ya canza makamashin injin zuwa makamashin lantarki.
Wutar lantarki da tashar wutar lantarki ke samarwa ta zama makamashin injina (motar lantarki ko mota), makamashin haske (fitilar wutar lantarki), makamashin thermal (wutar lantarki) da makamantansu ta hanyar kayan aikin lantarki daban-daban.
ya hada da tashar wutar lantarki
Abun da ke cikin tashar wutar lantarki ya haɗa da: Tsarin ruwa, kayan aikin injiniya, da kayan lantarki.
(1) Tsarin ruwa
Yana da magudanar ruwa (dams), ƙofofin shiga, tashoshi (ko tunnels), tankunan matsin lamba (ko tankuna masu daidaitawa), bututun matsa lamba, gidajen wuta da tailraces, da sauransu.
Ana gina magudanar ruwa (dam) a cikin kogin don toshe ruwan kogin da kuma daga saman ruwan don samar da tafki. Ta haka ne ake samun digo mai ma’ana tsakanin ruwan tafki a kan rafin (dam) da kuma ruwan kogin da ke karkashin dam din, sannan a shigar da ruwan cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da bututun ruwa ko tunnels. A cikin koguna masu tudu, yin amfani da tashoshi masu karkata su ma na iya haifar da digo. Misali: Gabaɗaya, digon kogin na kowane kilomita ya kai mita 10. Idan aka bude tasha a saman saman wannan sashe na kogin don gabatar da ruwan kogin, za a tono tashar ta gefen kogin, kuma gangaren tashar za ta yi kyau. Idan an yi digo a cikin tashar a kowace kilomita Sai kawai ya sauke mita 1, wanda ya sa ruwa ya gudana 5 kilomita a cikin tashar, kuma ruwan saman ya fadi kawai mita 5, yayin da ruwan ya fadi mita 50 bayan tafiyar kilomita 5 a cikin tashar halitta. A wannan lokaci, ruwan da ke cikin tashar yana mayar da shi zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta kogin tare da bututun ruwa ko rami, kuma akwai raguwa mai tsayi na mita 45 da za a iya amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki. Hoto 2
Yin amfani da tashoshi na karkatar da tashoshi, tunnels ko bututun ruwa (kamar bututun filastik, bututun ƙarfe, bututun siminti, da sauransu) don kafa tashar samar da wutar lantarki tare da digo mai zurfi ana kiran tashar tashar wutar lantarki ta karkatar da tashar wutar lantarki, wanda shine yanayin yanayin tashoshin wutar lantarki.
(2) Makanikai da kayan lantarki
Baya ga ayyukan da aka ambata a sama (weirs, channels, forecourts, pipes, workshops), tashar wutar lantarki kuma tana buƙatar kayan aiki masu zuwa:
(1) Kayan aikin injina
Akwai injinan injina, gwamnoni, bawul ɗin ƙofa, na'urorin watsawa da na'urorin da ba sa samarwa.
(2) Kayan lantarki
Akwai janareta, na'urorin kula da rarrabawa, transfoma da layin watsawa.
Amma ba duk ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki ba ne ke da tsarin injin da aka ambata a sama da na'urorin inji da na lantarki. Idan shugaban ruwa bai wuce mita 6 ba a cikin tashar wutar lantarki mai ƙasa da ƙasa, ana amfani da tashar jagorar ruwa da tashar ruwa ta buɗe gabaɗaya, kuma babu matsi na forepool da bututun ruwa mai matsa lamba. Don tashoshin wutar lantarki masu ƙananan kewayon samar da wutar lantarki da ɗan gajeren nisa watsawa, ana ɗaukar watsa wutar lantarki kai tsaye kuma ba a buƙatar taswira. Tashoshin wutar lantarki tare da tafkunan ruwa basa buƙatar gina madatsun ruwa. Yin amfani da abubuwan sha mai zurfi, bututun dam na ciki (ko tunnels) da magudanar ruwa suna kawar da buƙatun tsarin hydraulic kamar magudanar ruwa, ƙofofin shiga, tashoshi da matsuguni na gaba-gaba.
Don gina tashar wutar lantarki, da farko, dole ne a gudanar da bincike mai zurfi da aikin ƙira. A cikin aikin ƙira, akwai matakan ƙira guda uku: ƙirar farko, ƙirar fasaha da cikakkun bayanai na gini. Don yin aiki mai kyau a cikin aikin ƙira, da farko ya zama dole don aiwatar da cikakken aikin bincike, wato, don fahimtar yanayin yanayi na gida da na tattalin arziki - watau topography, geology, hydrology, babban birnin kasar da sauransu. Ana iya tabbatar da daidaito da amincin ƙirar kawai bayan sarrafa waɗannan yanayi da kuma nazarin su.
Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki suna da nau'i daban-daban dangane da nau'in tashar wutar lantarki.
3. Binciken Topographic
Ingancin aikin binciken topographic yana da babban tasiri akan tsarin aikin injiniya da ƙididdige yawan aikin injiniya.
Binciken yanayin kasa (fahimtar yanayin yanayin kasa) baya ga cikakkiyar fahimta da bincike kan ilimin kasa na magudanar ruwa da kuma gefen kogin, yana da kyau a fahimci ko harsashin dakin injin yana da karfi, wanda kai tsaye ya shafi amincin tashar wutar lantarki da kanta. Da zarar jirgin ruwan da ke dauke da wani adadin tafki ya lalace, ba wai kawai zai lalata tashar wutar lantarki da kanta ba, har ma zai haifar da hasarar rayuka da dukiyoyi a karkashin ruwa.
4. Gwajin ruwa
Ga tashoshin wutar lantarki, mafi mahimmancin bayanan ruwa sune bayanan matakin ruwan kogi, kwarara, abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa, yanayin ƙanƙara, bayanan yanayi da bayanan binciken ambaliyar ruwa. Girman kwararar kogin yana shafar tsarin malalar tashar wutar lantarki. Yin la'akari da tsananin ambaliyar zai haifar da lalacewar dam; nakasar da kogi ke ɗauka zai iya cika tafki cikin sauri a cikin mafi munin yanayi. Misali, tashar da ke shigowa za ta sa tashar ta yi nisa, kuma tsattsauran raƙuman hatsi za su ratsa ta cikin injin turbin kuma ya haifar da lalacewa na injin turbin. Don haka dole ne ginin tashoshin wutar lantarki ya kasance yana da isassun bayanan ruwa.
Don haka, kafin yanke shawarar gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki, dole ne mu fara bincikar alkiblar ci gaban tattalin arziki a fannin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma yadda ake bukatar wutar lantarki a nan gaba. A lokaci guda kuma, kimanta halin da sauran hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a yankin ci gaba. Sai bayan bincike da nazarin halin da ake ciki a sama za mu iya yanke shawarar ko akwai bukatar gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki da kuma girman girman girman.
Gabaɗaya, manufar aikin binciken wutar lantarki shi ne samar da ingantattun bayanai masu inganci waɗanda suka dace don ƙira da gina tashoshin wutar lantarki.
5. Gabaɗaya yanayi don zaɓin wurin
Za a iya yin bayanin sharuɗɗan gama gari don zaɓar rukunin yanar gizo daga abubuwa huɗu masu zuwa:
(1) Wurin da aka zaba ya kamata ya iya amfani da makamashin ruwa ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa da tattalin arziki kuma ya bi ka'idar ceton farashi, wato bayan an kammala tashar wutar lantarki, ana kashe mafi ƙarancin kuɗi kuma ana samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki. Yawanci ana iya auna ta ta hanyar kididdige kudaden shigar da ake samu na samar da wutar lantarki a duk shekara da kuma zuba jari a aikin gina tashar don ganin tsawon lokacin da za a iya kwato jarin da aka zuba. Duk da haka, yanayin yanayin ruwa da yanayin yanayi sun bambanta a wurare daban-daban, kuma bukatun wutar lantarki ma daban ne, don haka bai kamata a iyakance kudin gini da saka hannun jari da wasu dabi'u ba.
(2) Yanayin yanayi, yanayin ƙasa da yanayin ruwa na wurin da aka zaɓa ya kamata ya zama mafi girma, kuma yakamata a sami damar yin ƙira da gini. A cikin gina ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki, yin amfani da kayan gini ya kamata ya kasance daidai da ka'idar "kayan gida" kamar yadda zai yiwu.
(3) Ana buƙatar wurin da aka zaɓa ya kasance kusa da wurin samar da wutar lantarki da sarrafawa gwargwadon yadda zai yiwu don rage zuba jari na kayan aikin watsa wutar lantarki da asarar wutar lantarki.
(4) Lokacin zabar rukunin yanar gizon, ya kamata a yi amfani da sifofin hydraulic da ake da su gwargwadon yiwuwa. Misali, ana iya amfani da digon ruwa wajen gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki a tashar ban ruwa, ko kuma a gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki kusa da tafkin ban ruwa domin samar da wutar lantarki daga magudanar ruwa, da dai sauransu. Domin kuwa wadannan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki za su iya cika ka’idar samar da wutar lantarki idan akwai ruwa, muhimmancin tattalin arzikinsu ya fi fitowa fili.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-19-2022
