I-turbine yamanzi iyi-turbomachinery emshinini owuketshezi. Emuva nje cishe nge-100 BC, i-prototype ye-turbine yamanzi, isondo lamanzi, yazalwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi oyinhloko kwakuwukushayela imishini yokucubungula okusanhlamvu nokunisela. Isondo lamanzi, njengomshini osebenzisa ukugeleza kwamanzi njengamandla, selithuthuke laba yinjini yamanzi yamanje, futhi ububanzi bokusebenza kwalo buye bandiswa. Ngakho-ke zisetshenziswa kuphi izinjini zamanzi zesimanje ngokuyinhloko?
Ama-turbines asetshenziswa kakhulu eziteshini zikagesi ezimpontshwayo. Uma umthwalo wesistimu kagesi uphansi kunomthwalo oyisisekelo, ungasetshenziswa njengephampu yamanzi ukuze usebenzise amandla angaphezu kwamandla okukhiqiza amandla ukumpompa amanzi ukusuka edamini elingaphansi komfula ukuya endaweni yokugcina umfudlana ukuze kugcinwe amandla ngendlela yamandla angaba khona; lapho umthwalo wesistimu ungaphezu komthwalo oyisisekelo, ungasetshenziswa njenge-hydraulic turbine, ukhiqiza ugesi ukuze ulawule imithwalo ephezulu. Ngakho-ke, isiteshi samandla esigciniwe esimpontshiwe esimsulwa asikwazi ukukhulisa amandla esistimu yamandla, kodwa singathuthukisa umnotho wokusebenza wamayunithi aphehla amandla ashisayo futhi sithuthukise ukusebenza kahle okuphelele kwesistimu yamandla. Kusukela ngawo-1950s, izindawo zokugcina ezimpontshwayo zaziswa kabanzi futhi zathuthukiswa ngokushesha emazweni emhlabeni jikelele.
Iningi lamayunithi okugcina amponliwe athuthukiswe ekuqaleni noma anekhanda eliphezulu lamanzi athatha uhlobo lwemishini emithathu, okungukuthi, akhiwe injini ye-generator, i-turbine yamanzi kanye nepompo yamanzi ngochungechunge. Inzuzo yayo ukuthi i-turbine kanye nepompo yamanzi kuklanywe ngokuhlukana, okungase kube nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, futhi iyunithi ijikeleza ngendlela efanayo lapho ikhiqiza ugesi kanye nokupompa amanzi, futhi ingashintsha ngokushesha kusuka ekukhiqizeni amandla kuya ekupompeni, noma ukusuka ekupompeni kuya ekuphehleni kwamandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-turbine ingasetshenziswa ukuqala iyunithi. Ububi bayo ukuthi izindleko ziphezulu kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwesiteshi sikagesi kukhulu.
Ama-blade omgijimi we-oblique flow pump turbine angashintshwa, futhi asenokusebenza okuhle kokusebenza lapho ikhanda lamanzi nomthwalo kushintsha. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomkhawulo wezimpawu ze-hydraulic namandla wezinto ezibonakalayo, ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, inhloko yayo inetha yayingamamitha ayi-136.2 kuphela. (Isiteshi Samandla Sokuqala saseTakagen saseJapan). Kumakhanda aphezulu, ama-turbine epompo kaFrancis ayadingeka.
Isiteshi samandla esipompayo sinezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezingaphezulu nangaphansi. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokugcina amandla afanayo, ukwandisa i-lift kunganciphisa umthamo wokugcina, kukhuphule isivinini seyunithi, futhi kunciphise izindleko zephrojekthi. Ngakho-ke, isiteshi samandla okugcina amandla aphezulu ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-300 sithuthuke ngokushesha. I-Francis pump-turbine enekhanda eliphezulu lamanzi emhlabeni ifakwe e-Baina Basta Power Station eYugoslavia. ngonyaka isebenze. Kusukela ngekhulu lama-20, amayunithi kagesi wamanzi abelokhu ethuthuka ekuqondeni kwamapharamitha aphezulu namandla amakhulu. Ngokukhula komthamo wamandla ashisayo ohlelweni lwamandla kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla enuzi, ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokulawulwa okuphezulu okunengqondo, ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa ngamandla noma ukwandisa iziteshi ezinkulu zikagesi ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zamanzi, amazwe emhlabeni jikelele akha ngenkuthalo iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwa, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwamaphampu-turbine.
Njengomshini wamandla oguqula amandla okugeleza kwamanzi abe amandla ashintshayo, i-hydro turbine iyingxenye ebalulekile yesethi ye-hydro-generator. Namuhla, inkinga yokuvikelwa kwemvelo iya ngokuya iba nkulu kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa nokukhuthazwa kwamandla kagesi, okusebenzisa amandla ahlanzekile, kuyanda. Ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele izinsiza ezihlukahlukene zama-hydraulic, amagagasi, imifula engenalutho enokwehla okuphansi kakhulu ngisho namagagasi nawo ahehe ukunakwa okusabalele, okuholele ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwama-tubular turbines namanye amayunithi amancane.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-23-2022
