Sele kudlule iminyaka eli-111 ukusukela oko iTshayina yaqala ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo samanzi saseShilongba, isikhululo samanzi sokuqala ngo-1910. Kule minyaka ingaphezulu kwe-100, ukusuka kumthamo ofakiweyo wesikhululo samanzi saseShilongba esingu-480 kW kuphela ukuya kwi-370 yezigidi ze-KW ngoku ezibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi, ishishini lamanzi nombane laseTshayina lenze impumelelo emangalisayo. Sikwishishini lamalahle, kwaye siza kuva iindaba ezithile malunga namandla ombane wamanzi, kodwa asazi okuninzi malunga neshishini lamandla ombane wamanzi.
01 umgaqo wokuvelisa umbane wamanzi
Amandla ombane aphuma emanzini yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla anokubakho amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini, aze emva koko abe ngamandla oomatshini abe ngamandla ombane. Ngokubanzi, kukusebenzisa amanzi omlambo ahambayo ukuguqula injini ukuze kuveliswe umbane, kwaye amandla aqulethwe emlanjeni okanye kwicandelo elithile lesitya sawo axhomekeke kumthamo wamanzi kunye nokuwa kwawo.
Umthamo wamanzi omlambo awulawulwa ngumntu osemthethweni, kwaye ukuhla kwamanzi kulungile. Ke ngoko, xa usakha isikhululo samandla ombane, ungakhetha ukwakha idama uze ujike amanzi ukuze agxininise ukuhla kwamanzi, ukuze kuphuculwe izinga lokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi.
Ukwakha idama kukwakha idama kwicandelo lomlambo elinomthombo omkhulu, ukuseka idama lokugcina amanzi nokuphakamisa umgangatho wamanzi, njengeSitishi sikagesi iThree Gorges; Ukuguquka kubhekisa ekuphambukeni kwamanzi ukusuka kwidama elingaphezulu ukuya kwicala elisezantsi ngomjelo wokutshintsha amanzi, njengesitishi sikagesi iJinping II.
Iimpawu ze-02 zamandla ombane ngamanzi
Iingenelo zombane ophuma emanzini ziquka ukhuseleko kunye nokuhlaziywa kwendalo, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuguquguquka, iindleko eziphantsi zokulungisa njalo njalo.
Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokuvuselelwa kufanele kube yeyona nzuzo inkulu yamandla ombane asetyenziswa ngamanzi. Amandla ombane asebenzisa amandla afumaneka emanzini kuphela, awasebenzisi manzi, kwaye awayi kubangela ungcoliseko.
Iseti yejenereyitha yeturbine yamanzi, isixhobo esiphambili sokuvelisa umbane ngamanzi, ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa ikwaguquguquka ekuqaliseni nasekusebenzeni. Ingaqala ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwimeko engaguqukiyo kwimizuzu embalwa kwaye igqibezele umsebenzi wokunyusa nokunciphisa umthwalo kwimizuzwana embalwa. Umbane wamanzi ungasetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokucheba ngokukhawuleza, ukuguquguquka kwamaza, ukulinda umthwalo kunye nokulinda ngengozi kwenkqubo yombane.
Ukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi akudli mafutha, akudingi mandla makhulu kunye nezakhiwo ezityalwe kwimigodi nasekuthuthweni kwepetroli, kunezixhobo ezilula, kukho abasebenzi abambalwa, kukho amandla ancedisayo amancinci, ixesha elide lenkonzo yezixhobo kunye neendleko zokusebenza nokugcinwa eziphantsi. Ke ngoko, iindleko zokuvelisa umbane zesikhululo samanzi ziphantsi, eziyi-1/5-1/8 kuphela yesikhululo samandla obushushu, kwaye izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla lesikhululo samanzi liphezulu, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-85%, ngelixa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla obushushu asebenzisa amalahle kwisikhululo samandla obushushu malunga ne-40% kuphela.
Izinto ezingalunganga ngombane ophuma emanzini ziquka ukuchaphazeleka kakhulu yimozulu, ukunqongophala ziimeko zejografi, utyalo-mali olukhulu kwinqanaba lokuqala kunye nomonakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Umbane ophuma emanzini uchatshazelwa kakhulu yimvula. Nokuba kusekwixesha elomileyo nelimanzi yinto ebalulekileyo ekubhekisele kuyo ekufumanekeni kwamalahle kwisikhululo samandla obushushu. Ukuveliswa kombane ophuma emanzini kuzinzile ngokonyaka kunye nephondo, kodwa kuxhomekeke "kusuku" xa luchazwe kwinyanga, ikota kunye nommandla. Akunakubonelela ngamandla azinzileyo nanokuthenjwa njengamandla obushushu.
Kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi koMzantsi nomntla ngexesha lemvula nexesha elomileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwezibalo zokuveliswa kwamandla emvula ngenyanga nganye ukususela ngo-2013 ukuya ku-2021, iyonke, ixesha lemvula laseTshayina limalunga noJuni ukuya ku-Okthobha kwaye ixesha elomileyo limalunga noDisemba ukuya kuFebruwari. Umahluko phakathi kwezi zimbini unokuphinda kabini. Kwangaxeshanye, sinokubona ukuba phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwanda kwamandla afakiweyo, ukuveliswa kwamandla ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuMatshi kulo nyaka kuphantsi kakhulu kunakwiminyaka edlulileyo, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla ngoMatshi kuyafana noko ngo-2015. Oku kwanele ukusibonisa "ukungazinzi" kwamandla emvula.
Ilinganiselwe ziimeko ezichanekileyo. Izitishi zamandla ombane azinakwakhiwa apho kukho amanzi. Ukwakhiwa kwesitishi samandla ombane kuthintelwe yi-geology, ukuhla, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi, ukufuduka kwabemi kunye nokwahlulwahlulwa kolawulo. Umzekelo, iprojekthi yokugcina amanzi eHeishan Gorge ekhankanyiweyo kwiNational People's Congress ngo-1956 ayikavunywa ngenxa yokungalingani kakuhle kwezilangazelelo phakathi kweGansu neNingxia. Ide ivele kwakhona kwisiphakamiso seeseshoni ezimbini kulo nyaka, akukaziwa ukuba ukwakhiwa kuza kuqala nini.
Utyalo-mali olufunekayo kumbane wamanzi lukhulu. Imisebenzi yamatye nomhlaba kunye nekhonkrithi yokwakha izitishi zamanzi inkulu, kwaye kufuneka kuhlawulwe iindleko ezinkulu zokuhlaliswa kwakhona; Ngaphezu koko, utyalo-mali lwasekuqaleni alubonakali nje kuphela kwimali, kodwa nakwixesha. Ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlaliswa kwakhona kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamasebe ahlukeneyo, umjikelo wokwakha izitishi ezininzi zamanzi uza kulibaziseka kakhulu kunokuba bekucwangcisiwe.
Xa sijonga iSitishi sikagesi samanzi saseBaihetan njengomzekelo, le projekthi yaqalwa ngo-1958 yaza yabandakanywa "kwisicwangciso sesithathu seminyaka emihlanu" ngo-1965. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokutshintshatshintsha okuliqela, ayizange iqalwe ngokusesikweni de kwaba ngu-Agasti 2011. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iSitishi sikagesi samanzi saseBaihetan asikagqitywa. Ngaphandle koyilo lokuqala kunye nocwangciso, umjikelo wokwakha wokwenyani uza kuthatha ubuncinci iminyaka eli-10.
Amadama amakhulu abangela ukugcwala okukhulu kwiindawo eziphezulu zedama, ngamanye amaxesha onakalise iindawo ezisezantsi, iintlambo zemilambo, amahlathi kunye neendawo ezinengca. Kwangaxeshanye, kuya kuchaphazela nenkqubo yendalo yasemanzini ejikeleze isityalo. Inempembelelo enkulu kwiintlanzi, iintaka zasemanzini nakwezinye izilwanyana.
Imeko yangoku yophuhliso lwamandla ombane ngamanzi eTshayina 03
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi kuye kwaqhubeka nokukhula, kodwa izinga lokukhula kwiminyaka emihlanu yakutshanje liphantsi
Ngowama-2020, amandla okuvelisa umbane ngamanzi yi-1355.21 yeebhiliyoni kwh, kunye nokunyuka konyaka kwe-3.9%. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu ye-13, amandla omoya kunye ne-Optoelectronics zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu ye-13, zidlula iinjongo zokucwangcisa, ngelixa umbane ngamanzi ugqibe kuphela malunga nesiqingatha seenjongo zokucwangcisa. Kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, umlinganiselo wamandla ngamanzi kwimveliso iyonke yombane ubuzinzile, ugcinwe kwi-14% - 19%.
Ngokwezinga lokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla eTshayina, kubonakala ukuba izinga lokukhula kwamandla e-hydropower liye lehla kwiminyaka emihlanu yakutshanje, ngokusisiseko ligcinwe malunga ne-5%.
Ndicinga ukuba izizathu zokuncipha komthamo, kwelinye icala, kukuvalwa kwamandla ombane amancinci, okukhankanyiweyo ngokucacileyo kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu se-13 sokukhusela nokulungisa okusingqongileyo. Kukho izikhululo zamandla amancinci ezingama-4705 ekufuneka zilungiswe kwaye zirhoxiswe kwiPhondo laseSichuan kuphela;
Kwelinye icala, izixhobo zophuhliso olukhulu lwamandla ombane eTshayina azanelanga. ITshayina yakhe izikhululo ezininzi zamandla ombane ezifana neThree Gorges, iGezhouba, iWudongde, iXiangjiaba kunye neBaihetan. Izixhobo zokwakhiwa kwakhona kwezikhululo zamandla ombane ezinkulu zisenokuba “yigophe elikhulu” loMlambo iYarlung Zangbo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba lo mmandla ubandakanya ulwakhiwo lwejoloji, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo lweendawo zokugcina indalo kunye nobudlelwane namazwe angqongileyo, bekunzima ukukusombulula ngaphambili.
Kwangaxeshanye, kunokubonwa nakwizinga lokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla kwiminyaka engama-20 yakutshanje ukuba izinga lokukhula kwamandla obushushu lihambelana ngokusisiseko nezinga lokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla iyonke, ngelixa izinga lokukhula kwamandla ombane angaphantsi komhlaba lingahambelani nezinga lokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla iyonke, nto leyo ebonisa imeko "yokunyuka rhoqo emva konyaka". Nangona kukho izizathu zomlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla obushushu, ikwabonakalisa ukungazinzi kwamandla ombane ukuya kwinqanaba elithile.
Kwinkqubo yokunciphisa umlinganiselo wamandla obushushu, amandla ombane angaphantsi komhlaba awadlalanga ndima ingako. Nangona ekhula ngokukhawuleza, anokugcina umlinganiselo wawo kuphela kwimveliso iyonke yamandla phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwanda okukhulu kokuveliswa kwamandla kazwelonke. Ukuncipha komlinganiselo wamandla obushushu kungenxa yeminye imithombo yamandla acocekileyo, njengamandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, igesi yendalo, amandla enyukliya njalo njalo.
Uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lwezixhobo zamanzi
Ukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi kwiphondo laseSichuan naseYunnan kumalunga nesiqingatha sokuveliswa kombane ngamanzi kuzwelonke, kwaye ingxaki ebangelwa koko kukuba iindawo ezityebileyo kwimithombo yombane ngamanzi zisenokungakwazi ukufunxa ukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi kwindawo leyo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kusetyenziswe amandla amdaka. Isibini kwisithathu samanzi amdaka kunye nombane kwiingingqi ezinkulu zemilambo eTshayina zivela kwiPhondo laseSichuan, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20.2 yeebhiliyoni kwh, ngelixa ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sombane omdaka kwiphondo laseSichuan uvela kumlambo oyintloko woMlambo iDadu.
Ehlabathini lonke, umbane wamanzi waseTshayina ukhule ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka eli-10 edlulileyo. ITshayina iphantse yaqhuba ukukhula kombane wamanzi wehlabathi ngamandla ayo. Phantse i-80% yokukhula kokusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi wehlabathi ivela eTshayina, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi waseTshayina kungaphezulu kwe-30% yokusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi wehlabathi.
Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwamandla amakhulu kangaka e-hydropower kwinani elipheleleyo lamandla aphambili aseTshayina liphezulu kancinci kunomndilili wehlabathi, ngaphantsi kwe-8% ngo-2019. Nokuba ayithelekiswa namazwe aphuhlileyo afana neKhanada neNorway, umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwamandla e-hydropower uphantsi kakhulu kunoweBrazil, ekwalilizwe eliphuhlileyo. I-China ine-680 yezigidi zee-kilowatts zezixhobo zamandla e-hydropower, ebekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi. Ngo-2020, umthamo ofakiweyo wamandla e-hydropower uya kuba yi-370 yezigidi zee-kilowatts. Ngolu hlobo, ishishini lamandla e-hydropower laseTshayina lisenendawo enkulu yophuhliso.
04 Inkqubela phambili yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lwamandla ombane eTshayina
Amandla ombane aphuma emanzini aza kukhawulezisa ukukhula kwawo kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo kwaye aza kuqhubeka nokwanda kwinani lokuveliswa kombane iyonke.
Kwelinye icala, ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-14, ii-kilowatts ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 zamandla ombane anokusetyenziswa eTshayina, kuquka iWudongde, iZitishi zoMbane zamanzi zaseBaihetan zeqela leeGorges ezintathu kunye neendawo eziphakathi zesitishi soMbane wamanzi saseYalong. Ngaphezu koko, iprojekthi yophuhliso lwamandla ombane kwiindawo ezisezantsi zoMlambo iYarlung Zangbo ifakiwe kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu se-14, esinee-kilowatts ezingama-70 ezigidi zezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngobuchwephesha, ezilingana nezikhululo zombane zamanzi ezingaphezu kwezintathu zeThree Gorges, oko kuthetha ukuba amandla ombane avuselele uphuhliso olukhulu kwakhona;
Kwelinye icala, ukuncitshiswa kwamandla obushushu kuyacaca ukuba kuyaqikelelwa. Nokuba kukwicala lokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko lwamandla kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, amandla obushushu aya kuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwawo kwicandelo lamandla.
Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, isantya sophuhliso lwamandla ombane angaphantsi komhlaba asinakuthelekiswa neso samandla amatsha. Nokuba kumlinganiselo wokuveliswa kwamandla onke, sinokudlulwa ngabafikeli bamandla amatsha emva kwexesha. Ukuba ixesha liyanda, kunokuthiwa liyadlulwa ngamandla amatsha.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-12-2022
