Kwava nemakore zana negumi nerimwe kubva China yatanga kuvaka chiteshi chemagetsi cheShilongba, chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi emvura muna 1910. Mumakore anopfuura zana aya, kubva pachiteshi chemagetsi cheShilongba chine simba re480 kW chete kusvika ku370 miriyoni KW icho chiri pamberi pasi rose, indasitiri yemvura nemagetsi yeChina yabudirira zvikuru. Tiri muindasitiri yemarasha, uye tichanzwa nhau nezvemagetsi emvura, asi hatizivi zvakawanda nezveindasitiri yemagetsi emvura.
01 musimboti wekugadzira simba remvura
Simba remvura chaizvoizvo inzira yekushandura simba ringangowanikwa remvura kuita simba remagetsi, uye kubva pasimba remagetsi kuita simba remagetsi. Kazhinji, kushandisa mvura inoyerera murwizi kushandura mota kuti igadzire simba, uye simba riri murwizi kana chikamu chebheseni rayo rinoenderana nehuwandu hwemvura uye kudonha kwayo.
Huwandu hwemvura murwizi hahutongwi nemunhu wepamutemo, uye kudonha kwayo kwakanaka. Saka, kana uchivaka chiteshi chemagetsi, unogona kusarudza kuvaka dhamu wobva watsausa mvura kuti iwedzere kudonha, kuitira kuti uwedzere kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura.
Kudzima mvura zvinoreva kuvaka dhamu muchikamu cherwizi chine madonhwe makuru, kugadzira dziva rekuchengetera mvura uye kukwidza mwero wemvura, senge Chiteshi cheMagetsi cheThree Gorges; Kutsaudzira mvura zvinoreva kutsaudzira mvura kubva mudziva rekumusoro kuenda pasi perwizi kuburikidza nemugero wekutsaudzira mvura, senge chiteshi cheMagetsi cheJinping II.
02 hunhu hwesimba remvura
Zvakanakira zvemagetsi emvura zvinosanganisira kuchengetedza nekuvandudza nharaunda, kushanda nesimba uye kuchinjika, mari shoma yekugadzirisa nezvimwewo.
Kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi rinogona kudzokororwa ndiro rinofanira kuva mukana mukuru wesimba remagetsi. Simba remagetsi rinongoshandisa simba riri mumvura chete, harishandisi mvura, uye harizokonzere kusvibiswa kwemhepo.
Seti yejenareta yemvura, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira simba remvura, haingoshande zvakanaka chete, asiwo inochinjika mukutanga nekushanda. Inogona kutanga kushanda nekukurumidza kubva mumamiriro asina kusimba mumaminitsi mashoma uye kupedzisa basa rekuwedzera nekuderedza mutoro mumasekonzi mashoma. Simba remvura rinogona kushandiswa kuita mabasa ekugera peak, frequency modulation, load standby uye accident standby yemagetsi system.
Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura hakushandisi mafuta, hakudi vanhu vakawanda uye nzvimbo dzakashandiswa mukuchera nekutakura mafuta, kune michina iri nyore, kune vashoma vanoishandisa, kune simba shoma rekubatsira, kushanda kwenguva refu kwemidziyo uye mari shoma yekushanda nekugadzirisa. Nokudaro, mutengo wekugadzira magetsi echiteshi chemagetsi emvura wakaderera, unongori 1 / 5-1 / 8 chete yechiteshi chemagetsi ekupisa, uye mwero wekushandiswa kwesimba rechiteshi chemagetsi emvura wakakwira, kusvika pa85%, nepo kushanda nesimba kwesimba remagetsi ekupisa nemarasha kuri 40% chete.
Zvakaipa zvemagetsi emvura zvinosanganisira kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekunze, kuganhurirwa nemamiriro enzvimbo, mari yakawanda inotanga kushandiswa uye kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza.
Simba remagetsi rinokanganiswa zvikuru nemvura inonaya. Kana riri munguva yakaoma uye yemvura chinhu chakakosha pakutenga marasha emagetsi emagetsi ekupisa. Kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi emvura kwakagadzikana zvichienderana negore nedunhu, asi zvinoenderana ne "zuva" parinotsanangurwa kumwedzi, kota nedunhu. Harigone kupa simba rakasimba uye rakavimbika sesimba rekupisa.
Kune mutsauko mukuru pakati peChamhembe nekuchamhembe munguva yemvura nemwaka wemvura. Zvisinei, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura mumwedzi wega wega kubva muna 2013 kusvika 2021, mwaka wemvura muChina unosvika muna Chikumi kusvika Gumiguru uye mwaka wemvura unosvika muna Zvita kusvika Kukadzi. Musiyano uripo pakati pezviviri izvi unogona kupetwa kaviri. Panguva imwe chete, tinogonawo kuona kuti pasi pekuwedzera kwesimba remagetsi rakaiswa, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kubva muna Ndira kusvika Kurume gore rino kwakaderera zvakanyanya pane kwakaitika mumakore apfuura, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi muna Kurume kwakaenzana nekwa2015. Izvi zvakakwana kuti tione "kusagadzikana" kwemagetsi emvura.
Zvakaganhurirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu asina kujeka. Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinogadzirwa nemvura hazvigone kuvakwa uko kune mvura. Kuvakwa kwechiteshi chemagetsi zvinoganhurirwa ne geology, kudonha, mwero wekuyerera kwemvura, kutamiswa kwevagari uye kunyange kupatsanurwa kwehutungamiriri. Semuenzaniso, chirongwa chekuchengetedza mvura cheHeishan Gorge chakataurwa paNational People's Congress muna 1956 hachina kupasiswa nekuda kwekusashanda zvakanaka kwezvido pakati peGansu neNingxia. Kusvika zvaonekwazve muchikumbiro chezvikamu zviviri gore rino, hazvisati zvazivikanwa kuti kuvaka kunogona kutanga riini.
Mari inodiwa pakugadzira magetsi emvura yakakura. Mabasa ekugadzira matombo nekongiri ekuvaka zviteshi zvemagetsi emvura akawanda, uye mari yakawanda inofanira kubhadharwa pakugadzirisa; Uyezve, mari yekutanga haingoratidzwi chete nemari, asiwo nenguva. Nekuda kwekudiwa kwekugadzirisa nzvimbo itsva uye kubatanidzwa kwemadhipatimendi akasiyana-siyana, kuvaka kwezviteshi zvakawanda zvemagetsi emvura kuchanonoka kupfuura zvakarongwa.
Tichitora Baihetan Hydropower Station semuenzaniso, chirongwa ichi chakatangwa muna 1958 uye chakaiswa mu "chirongwa chechitatu chemakore mashanu" muna 1965. Zvisinei, mushure mekuchinja-chinja kwakati wandei, hachina kutanga zviri pamutemo kusvika Nyamavhuvhu 2011. Kusvika pari zvino, Baihetan Hydropower Station haisati yapera. Kunze kwekugadzira nekuronga kwekutanga, kutenderera chaiko kwekuvaka kunotora makore angangoita gumi.
Madhamu makuru anokonzera mafashamo makuru munzvimbo dzekumusoro kwedhamu, dzimwe nguva zvichikuvadza nzvimbo dzakaderera, mipata yenzizi, masango nenzvimbo dzine uswa. Panguva imwe chete, zvinokanganisawo nharaunda yemvura yakakomberedza chirimwa. Zvinokanganisa zvikuru hove, shiri dzemumvura nedzimwe mhuka.
03 mamiriro aripo pari zvino ekuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi emvura muChina
Mumakore achangopfuura, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura kwakaramba kuchikura, asi mwero wekukura mumakore mashanu achangopfuura wakaderera
Muna 2020, simba rekugadzira magetsi emvura rinosvika 1355.21 bhiriyoni kwh, nekuwedzera kwegore negore kwe3.9%. Zvisinei, munguva yeChirongwa cheMakore Mashanu chegumi nematatu, simba remhepo neOptoelectronics zvakakura nekukurumidza munguva yeChirongwa cheMakore Mashanu chegumi nematatu, zvichipfuura zvinangwa zvekuronga, nepo simba remvura rakangopedza hafu yezvinangwa zvekuronga. Mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, huwandu hwesimba remvura mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi ese hwakagadzikana, hwakachengetwa pa14% - 19%.
Kubva pakukura kwemagetsi eChina, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kukura kwemagetsi emvura kwaderera mumakore mashanu achangopfuura, zvichiramba zviri pa5%.
Ini ndinofunga kuti zvikonzero zvekuderera kwesimba remagetsi, kune rumwe rutivi, kuvharwa kwemagetsi madiki emvura, izvo zvinotaurwa zvakajeka muchirongwa chemakore mashanu che13 chekuchengetedza nekugadzirisa nharaunda. Kune nzvimbo diki dzemagetsi emvura dzinosvika 4705 dzinoda kugadziriswa uye kubviswa muSichuan Province chete;
Kune rumwe rutivi, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvekugadzira magetsi emvura muChina hazvina kukwana. China yakavaka zviteshi zvakawanda zvemagetsi emvura zvakaita seThree Gorges, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba neBaihetan. Zviwanikwa zvekuvakazve zviteshi zvikuru zvemagetsi emvura zvinogona kunge zviri "kukombama kukuru" kweRwizi rwaYarlung Zangbo. Zvisinei, nekuti dunhu iri rine chimiro che geology, kudzora zvakatipoteredza zvekuchengetedza zvisikwa uye hukama nenyika dzakapoteredza, zvave zvakaoma kugadzirisa kare.
Panguva imwe chete, zvinogonawo kuonekwa kubva mukukura kwesimba remagetsi mumakore makumi maviri achangopfuura kuti kukura kwesimba remagetsi rinopisa kwakabatana nekukura kwesimba remagetsi, nepo kukura kwesimba remagetsi risingakoshi pakukura kwesimba remagetsi, zvichiratidza mamiriro ekuti "rinowedzera gore rega rega". Kunyangwe paine zvikonzero zvekuwanda kwesimba remagetsi rinopisa, zvinoratidzawo kusagadzikana kwesimba remagetsi kusvika pamwero wakati.
Mukuderedza chikamu chesimba rekupisa, simba remvura harina kuita basa guru. Kunyangwe richikura nekukurumidza, rinogona kuchengetedza chikamu charo mukugadzirwa kwesimba rese pasi pekuwedzera kukuru kwekugadzirwa kwesimba renyika. Kuderera kwechikamu chesimba rekupisa kunonyanya kukonzerwa nemamwe masosi esimba akachena, akadai sesimba remhepo, photovoltaic, gasi rechisikigo, simba renyukireya nezvimwewo.
Kuwanda kwesimba remagetsi emvura
Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura mudunhu reSichuan neYunnan kunotora inenge hafu yekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura munyika, uye dambudziko rinokonzereswa nderekuti nzvimbo dzakapfuma muzviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura dzingasakwanisa kupinza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura munharaunda, zvichikonzera kutambisa simba. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemvura nemagetsi ari mumipata mikuru yenzizi muChina zvinobva kuSichuan Province, kusvika kumabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri kwh, nepo anopfuura hafu yemagetsi emvura ari mudunhu reSichuan anobva kurwizi rukuru rweDadu River.
Pasi rose, simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura reChina rakura nekukurumidza mumakore gumi apfuura. China yave kuda kutungamira kukura kwesimba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura pasi rose nesimba rayo. Inenge 80% yekukura kwekushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi pasi rose kunobva kuChina, uye kushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura reChina kunodarika 30% yekushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi pasi rose.
Zvisinei, chikamu chekushandiswa kwesimba guru remvura muChina chakakwira zvishoma pane avhareji yepasi rose, pasi pe8% muna 2019. Kunyangwe zvikasaenzaniswa nenyika dzakabudirira dzakadai seCanada neNorway, chikamu chekushandiswa kwesimba remvura chakaderera zvikuru pane cheBrazil, iyo iriwo nyika iri kusimukira. China ine makirowati emamiriyoni mazana matanhatu nemakumi masere ezviwanikwa zvesimba remvura, iri pachinzvimbo chekutanga pasi rose. Panosvika gore ra2020, simba resimba remvura richave makirowati emamiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi manomwe. Kubva pamaonero aya, indasitiri yesimba remvura muChina ichiri nenzvimbo yakakura yekuvandudza.
04 Mafambiro ekuvandudza simba remagetsi emvura mune ramangwana muChina
Simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura richakurumidzisa kukura kwaro mumakore mashoma anotevera uye richaramba richikura muhuwandu hwemagetsi anowanikwa.
Kune rumwe rutivi, munguva yechirongwa chemakore mashanu chegumi nemana, makirowati anopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mashanu emagetsi emvura anogona kushandiswa muChina, kusanganisira Wudongde, Baihetan Hydropower Stations yeboka reThree Gorges uye nzvimbo dziri pakati pechiteshi chemagetsi emvura cheYalong River. Uyezve, chirongwa chekuvandudza magetsi emvura munzvimbo dziri pasi peRwizi rweYarlung Zangbo chakaverengerwa muchirongwa chemakore mashanu chegumi nemana, chine makirowati mamiriyoni makumi manomwe ezviwanikwa zvinogona kushandiswa nehunyanzvi, zvakaenzana nezviteshi zvemagetsi zveThree Gorges zvinopfuura zvitatu, zvinoreva kuti magetsi emvura akaunza budiriro huru zvakare;
Kune rumwe rutivi, kudzikira kwesimba rekupisa kuri pachena kuti kunogona kufanotaurwa. Kungave kubva pakuona kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedzeka kwesimba uye kukura kwetekinoroji, simba rekupisa richaramba richideredza kukosha kwaro mumunda wesimba.
Mumakore mashoma anotevera, kumhanya kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura hakugone kuenzaniswa nekwesimba idzva. Kunyangwe muchikamu chekugadzirwa kwesimba rese, rinogona kukundwa nevaya vanononoka kushandisa simba idzva. Kana nguva yacho ikawedzerwa, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti richakundwa nesimba idzva.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-12-2022
