Kua 111 tau te roa mai i te tīmatanga o Haina i te hanganga o te teihana hiko wai o Shilongba, te teihana hiko wai tuatahi i te tau 1910. I roto i ēnei tau neke atu i te 100, mai i te kaha tāuta o te teihana hiko wai o Shilongba he 480 kW anake ki te 370 miriona KW e tū ana i te tuatahi o te ao i tēnei wā, kua tino angitu te umanga wai me te hiko o Haina. Kei roto tātou i te umanga waro, ā, ka rongo tātou i ētahi purongo mō te hiko wai, engari kāore tātou i te mōhio nui mō te umanga hiko wai.
01 te mātāpono whakaputa hiko o te hiko wai
Ko te hiko wai te tukanga o te huri i te kaha pūmanawa o te wai hei kaha miihini, kātahi mai i te kaha miihini hei kaha hiko. Ko te tikanga, ko te whakamahi i te wai e rere ana i te awa hei huri i te motuka hei whakaputa hiko, ā, ko te kaha kei roto i te awa, i tētahi wāhanga rānei o tōna awa, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te rahinga me te maturuturunga o te wai.
Kāore he tangata ture e whakahaere ana i te nui o te wai o te awa, ā, he pai te hekenga. Nō reira, i te wā e hanga ana i tētahi teihana hiko wai, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri ki te hanga i tētahi tāmi me te huri i te wai hei whakapūmau i te hekenga, kia pai ake ai te tere o te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi wai.
Ko te tāmi i te awa he hanga i tētahi tāmi i te wāhanga awa me te hekenga nui, te whakatū i tētahi puna wai hei pupuri wai, hei whakapiki ake hoki i te taumata wai, pērā i te Teihana Hiko Wai o Three Gorges; ko te tahuritanga ko te tahuritanga o te wai mai i te puna wai o runga ki te awa o raro mā te awaawa tahuritanga, pērā i te teihana hiko wai o Jinping II.
02 ngā āhuatanga o te hiko wai
Ko ngā painga o te hiko wai ko te tiaki me te whakaora i te taiao, te whai huatanga me te ngāwari, te iti o te utu tiaki, me ērā atu.
Ko te tiaki i te taiao me te whakahounga o te hiko te painga nui rawa atu o te hiko wai. Ko te hiko wai anake e whakamahi ana i te pūngao, kāore e pau te wai, ā, e kore e poke.
Ko te huinga whakaputa hiko tāpine wai, te taputapu hiko matua o te whakaputa hiko wai, ehara i te mea he whai hua anake, engari he ngāwari hoki te tīmatanga me te whakahaere. Ka taea e ia te tīmata tere i te mahi mai i te āhua tūmau i roto i ētahi meneti, ā, ka oti te mahi whakanui me te whakaiti i te kawenga i roto i ētahi hēkona. Ka taea te whakamahi i te hiko wai hei mahi i ngā mahi o te heu tihi, te whakarerekētanga auau, te tūnga kawenga me te tūnga aituā o te pūnaha hiko.
Kāore te whakaputanga hiko wai e kai wahie, kāore e nui te tangata me ngā whare e hiahiatia ana mō te keri me te kawe wahie, he māmā noa iho ngā taputapu, he iti noa ngā kaiwhakahaere, he iti ake te hiko āwhina, he roa te ora o ngā taputapu, ā, he iti noa ngā utu whakahaere me te tiaki. Nō reira, he iti te utu whakaputa hiko o te teihana hiko wai, arā, 1/5-1/8 noa iho o te utu o te teihana hiko waiariki, ā, he teitei te tere whakamahinga pūngao o te teihana hiko waiariki, tae atu ki te 85% neke atu, ko te whai huatanga o te pūngao wera waro o te teihana hiko waiariki he tata ki te 40% noa iho.
Ko ngā ngoikoretanga o te hiko wai ko te nui o te pānga o te āhuarangi, te whakawhāititanga o ngā āhuatanga whenua, te haumi nui i te wāhanga tōmua me te kino ki te taiao.
He nui te pānga o te ua ki te hiko wai. Ahakoa he wā maroke, he wā ua rānei, he mea nui tēnei mō te hoko waro hiko a ngā tipu hiko wera. He pumau te whakaputanga hiko wai i runga i te tau me te kawanatanga, engari e whakawhirinaki ana ki te "rā" ina tohua ki te marama, te hauwhā me te rohe. Kāore e taea te whakarato hiko pumau me te pono pērā i te hiko wera.
He nui ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i te Tonga me te Raki i te wā ua me te wā maroke. Heoi, e ai ki ngā tatauranga mō te whakaputa hiko wai i ia marama mai i te tau 2013 ki te 2021, i te nuinga o te wā, ko te wā ua o Haina kei waenganui i te Pipiri ki te Oketopa, ā, ko te wā maroke kei waenganui i te Hakihea ki te Pēpuere. Ka taea te neke atu i te rua te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā mea e rua. I taua wā anō, ka kite tātou i raro i te papamuri o te pikinga o te kaha tāuta, he iti iho te whakaputa hiko mai i Hānuere ki Maehe o tēnei tau i tērā o ngā tau o mua, ā, he rite tonu te whakaputa hiko i te Maehe ki tērā o te tau 2015. He nui tēnei hei whakaatu i te "kore pumau" o te hiko wai.
E herea ana e ngā āhuatanga tūturu. Kāore e taea te hanga teihana hiko wai i ngā wāhi kei reira te wai. Ko te hanganga o tētahi teihana hiko wai e herea ana e te whenua, te hekenga, te tere rere, te nekehanga o ngā kainoho, tae atu ki te wehewehenga whakahaere. Hei tauira, ko te kaupapa tiaki wai o Heishan Gorge i whakahuatia i te Huihuinga a te Iwi o te Motu i te tau 1956 kāore anō kia whakaaetia nā te ngoikore o te whakaritenga o ngā pānga i waenga i a Gansu me Ningxia. Kia puta anō i roto i te tono o ngā huihuinga e rua o tēnei tau, kāore anō kia mōhiotia āhea ka taea te tīmata te hanganga.
He nui te haumitanga e hiahiatia ana mō te hiko wai. He nui te mahi toka me te raima mō te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko wai, ā, he nui ngā utu whakanohonoho me utu; Heoi anō, ko te haumitanga wawe ehara i te mea ka kitea noa i roto i te pūtea, engari i roto hoki i te wā. Nā te hiahia mō te whakanohonoho me te mahi tahi a ngā tari rerekē, ka roa rawa te huringa hanganga o te maha o ngā teihana hiko wai i te mea i whakaritea.
Hei tauira, i tīmatahia te kaupapa i te tau 1958, ā, i whakaurua ki te "mahere tuatoru tau rima" i te tau 1965. Heoi, i muri i ētahi huringa, kāore i tīmata mana tae noa ki Ākuhata 2011. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kāore anō kia oti te Teihana Hiko o Baihetan. Ki te kore te hoahoa me te whakamahere tuatahi, ka roa pea te huringa hanga tuturu mō te 10 tau pea.
Ka nui te waipuke o ngā wai i ngā taha whakarunga o te tāhuna nā ngā puna wai nunui, ā, ka kino pea ngā whenua papaku, ngā awaawa, ngā ngahere me ngā whenua tarutaru i ētahi wā. I taua wā anō, ka pāngia hoki te pūnaha wai e karapoti ana i te tipu. He nui te pānga ki ngā ika, ki ngā manu wai me ētahi atu kararehe.
03 te āhua o nāianei o te whanaketanga hiko wai i Haina
I ngā tau tata nei, kua piki tonu te tipu o te whakaputanga hiko wai, engari he iti te tere tipu i ngā tau e rima tata nei.
I te tau 2020, ko te kaha whakaputa hiko wai ko te 1355.21 piriona kwh, me te pikinga tau-ki-te-tau o te 3.9%. Heoi, i te wā o te Mahere Tau Rima 13, i tere te whanaketanga o te hiko hau me te Optoelectronics i te wā o te Mahere Tau Rima 13, i hipa atu i ngā whāinga whakamahere, i te mea ko te hiko wai anake i oti i te haurua o ngā whāinga whakamahere. I roto i ngā tau 20 kua pahure ake nei, he pumau tonu te ōwehenga o te hiko wai i roto i te whakaputa hiko katoa, i puritia ki te 14% – 19%.
Mai i te tere tipu o te whakaputa hiko o Haina, ka kitea kua puhoi te tere tipu o te hiko wai i roto i ngā tau e rima kua pahure ake nei, ā, kei te 5% tonu.
Ki taku whakaaro ko ngā take o te puhoi haere ko te kati o ngā pūnaha hiko wai iti, e whakahuatia mārama ana i roto i te mahere tau rima 13 hei tiaki me te whakatika i te taiao taiao. E 4705 ngā teihana hiko wai iti me whakatika me te tango i roto i te Porowini o Sichuan anake;
I tētahi atu taha, kāore i te rawaka ngā rauemi whakawhanake hiko wai nui o Haina. He maha ngā teihana hiko wai kua hangaia e Haina pērā i ngā Awaawa e Toru, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba me Baihetan. Ko ngā rauemi mō te hanga anō i ngā teihana hiko wai nui ko te "piko nui" o te awa o Yarlung Zangbo anake pea. Heoi, nā te mea kei roto i te rohe te hanganga whenua, te whakahaere taiao o ngā rahui taiao me ngā whanaungatanga ki ngā whenua e karapoti ana, he uaua ki te whakaoti i mua.
I taua wā anō, ka kitea anō hoki i te tere tipu o te whakaputa hiko i ngā tau 20 tata nei, ko te tere tipu o te hiko wera he rite tonu ki te tere tipu o te whakaputa hiko katoa, engari kāore he pānga o te tere tipu o te hiko wai ki te tere tipu o te whakaputa hiko katoa, e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te "pikinga i ia tau rua". Ahakoa he take mō te nui o te ōwehenga o te hiko wera, e whakaata ana hoki i te kore pumau o te hiko wai ki tētahi taumata.
I roto i te tukanga whakaiti i te ōwehenga o te hiko waiariki, kāore i nui te mahi a te hiko waiariki. Ahakoa tōna tere whanaketanga, ka taea anake te pupuri i tōna ōwehenga i roto i te whakaputanga hiko katoa i raro i te papamuri o te pikinga nui o te whakaputanga hiko ā-motu. Ko te nuinga o te wā, ko te hekenga o te ōwehenga o te hiko waiariki nā ētahi atu puna hiko ma, pērā i te hiko hau, te hiko photovoltaic, te hau māori, te hiko karihi me ētahi atu.
Te nui rawa o te kukū o ngā rauemi hiko wai
Tata ki te haurua o te whakaputanga hiko wai ā-motu e ahu mai ana i ngā kawanatanga o Sichuan me Yunnan, ā, ko te raruraru o muri mai, ko ngā rohe whai rawa i ngā rauemi hiko wai kāore pea e taea te mimiti i te whakaputanga hiko wai ā-rohe, ka mutu, ka moumou te pūngao. E rua hautoru o te wai para me te hiko i roto i ngā awa nui o Haina e ahu mai ana i te Porowini o Sichuan, tae atu ki te 20.2 piriona kwh, ko te neke atu i te haurua o te hiko para i te kawanatanga o Sichuan e ahu mai ana i te awa matua o te awa o Dadu.
I te ao whānui, kua tere te whanaketanga o te hiko wai o Haina i roto i ngā tau 10 kua pahure ake nei. Kua tata a Haina te akiaki i te tipu o te hiko wai o te ao mā tōna ake kaha. Tata ki te 80% o te tipu o te whakamahinga hiko wai o te ao i ahu mai i Haina, ā, neke atu i te 30% o te whakamahinga hiko wai o te ao te whakamahinga hiko wai a Haina.
Heoi, ko te ōwehenga o te nui o te whakamahinga hiko wai i roto i te whakamahinga pūngao tuatahi katoa o Haina he paku teitei ake i te toharite o te ao, he iti iho i te 8% i te tau 2019. Ahakoa kāore i whakaritea ki ngā whenua whakawhanake pērā i a Kanata me Nōwei, he iti iho te ōwehenga o te whakamahinga hiko wai i tō Brazil, he whenua whakawhanake anō hoki. E 680 miriona kirowati o ngā rauemi hiko wai a Haina, ko ia te tuatahi o te ao. Hei te tau 2020, ko te kaha tāuta o te hiko wai ka 370 miriona kirowati. Mai i tēnei tirohanga, he nui tonu te wāhi mō te whanaketanga o te umanga hiko wai o Haina.
04 te ia o te whanaketanga ā-muri o te hiko wai i Haina
Ka tere ake te tipu o te hiko wai i roto i ngā tau torutoru e whai ake nei, ā, ka piki tonu te ōwehenga o te whakaputa hiko katoa.
I tētahi taha, i roto i te wā o te Mahere Tau Rima 14, neke atu i te 50 miriona kirowati o te hiko wai ka taea te whakamahi i Haina, tae atu ki a Wudongde, ngā Teihana Hiko Wai Baihetan o te rōpū o Three Gorges me ngā rohe waenga o te teihana hiko wai o te awa o Yalong. Haunga tēnā, kua whakaurua te kaupapa whakawhanake hiko wai i ngā rohe whakararo o te awa o Yarlung Zangbo ki roto i te mahere tau rima 14, me te 70 miriona kirowati o ngā rauemi ka taea te whakamahi hangarau, he rite ki te neke atu i te toru ngā teihana hiko wai o Three Gorges, ko te tikanga kua arahi anō te hiko wai ki te whanaketanga nui;
I tētahi atu taha, he mārama te matapae i te whakahekenga o te tauine hiko wera. Ahakoa mai i te tirohanga tiaki taiao, haumarutanga pūngao me te whanaketanga hangarau, ka haere tonu te whakahekenga o te hiranga o te hiko wera i roto i te ao hiko.
I ngā tau torutoru e whai ake nei, kāore e taea te whakarite i te tere o te whanaketanga o te hiko wai ki te tere o te pūngao hou. Ahakoa te ōwehenga o te katoa o ngā whakaputanga hiko, tera pea ka hipa ake i ngā mea kua tomuri mai ki te whakaputa hiko hou. Ki te roa te wā, ka taea te kī ka hipa ake i ngā mea hou.
Wā tuku: Paenga-whāwhā-12-2022
