Sekuphele iminyaka eyi-111 selokhu iShayina yaqala ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseShilongba, isiteshi sokuqala sikagesi samanzi ngo-1910. Kule minyaka engaphezu kweyi-100, kusukela kumthamo ofakiwe wesiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseShilongba esingu-480 kW kuphela kuya ku-370 million KW manje esibekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni, imboni yamanzi nogesi yaseShayina yenze impumelelo emangalisayo. Sisembonini yamalahle, futhi sizozwa ezinye izindaba mayelana namandla kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi, kodwa asazi okuningi ngemboni kagesi wamanzi.
01 isimiso sokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi
Amandla kagesi asebenza ngamanzi empeleni inqubo yokuguqula amandla angaba khona amanzi abe amandla omshini, bese kuba amandla omshini abe amandla kagesi. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenzisa amanzi omfula agelezayo ukuguqula injini ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi, futhi amandla aqukethwe emfuleni noma engxenyeni yesitsha sawo ancike kumthamo wamanzi kanye nokuwa kwawo.
Umthamo wamanzi womfula awulawulwa ngumuntu osemthethweni, futhi ukwehla kulungile. Ngakho-ke, lapho wakha isiteshi sikagesi wamanzi, ungakhetha ukwakha idamu bese uphambukisa amanzi ukuze agxilise ukwehla, ukuze uthuthukise izinga lokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi.
Ukudambisa amanzi kusho ukwakha idamu engxenyeni yomfula eneconsi elikhulu, ukwakha ichibi lokugcina amanzi nokuphakamisa izinga lamanzi, njengeSiteshi sikagesi samanzi i-Three Gorges; Ukuphambuka kubhekisela ekuphambukisweni kwamanzi esuka echibini elingaphezulu komfula aye elangeni elingezansi ngomsele wokuphambuka, njengesiteshi sikagesi samanzi i-Jinping II.
Izici ze-02 zamandla kagesi
Izinzuzo zikagesi wamanzi zifaka phakathi ukuvikelwa nokuvuselelwa kwemvelo, ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nokuguquguquka, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi njalo njalo.
Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuvuselelwa kufanele kube yinzuzo enkulu yamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi. Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amandla atholakala emanzini kuphela, awasebenzisi amanzi, futhi ngeke abangele ukungcola.
Isethi yejenereyitha ye-turbine yamanzi, imishini yamandla eyinhloko yokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi, ayisebenzi kahle nje kuphela, kodwa futhi iguquguquka ekuqaliseni nasekusebenzeni. Ingaqala ukusebenza ngokushesha kusukela esimweni esingaguquki ngemizuzu embalwa bese iqedela umsebenzi wokwandisa nokunciphisa umthwalo ngemizuzwana embalwa. I-hydropower ingasetshenziswa ukwenza imisebenzi yokugunda kakhulu, ukushintshashintsha imvamisa, ukulinda umthwalo kanye nokulinda ingozi kwesistimu yamandla.
Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi akudli uphethiloli, akudingi abasebenzi abaningi kanye nezindawo ezitshalwe ezimayini nasekuthuthweni kukaphethiloli, kunemishini elula, opharetha abambalwa, amandla angaphansi angaphansi, isikhathi eside sesevisi yemishini kanye nezindleko zokusebenza nokugcinwa eziphansi. Ngakho-ke, izindleko zokukhiqizwa kukagesi zesiteshi sikagesi ngamanzi ziphansi, okuyi-1/5-1/8 kuphela yesiteshi sikagesi esishisayo, futhi izinga lokusetshenziswa kukagesi lesiteshi sikagesi ngamanzi liphezulu, lifinyelela ngaphezu kwama-85%, kuyilapho ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okushisa asebenzisa amalahle esiteshi sikagesi esishisayo kungama-40% kuphela.
Ububi bamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi buhlanganisa kakhulu ukuthinteka kakhulu yisimo sezulu, ukulinganiselwa yizimo zendawo, ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu esigabeni sokuqala kanye nomonakalo endaweni ezungezile.
Amandla kagesi asebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi athintwa kakhulu yimvula. Ukuthi kusesikhathini esomile kanye nesizini yemvula kuyinto ebalulekile ekubhekiseleni ekuthengweni kwamalahle kagesi esitshalo samandla okushisa. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi asebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi kuzinzile ngokonyaka kanye nesifundazwe, kodwa kuncike “osukwini” lapho kuchazwe khona enyangeni, ikota kanye nesifunda. Akukwazi ukunikeza amandla azinzile nathembekile njengamandla okushisa.
Kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kweNingizimu nenyakatho ngesikhathi semvula kanye nesomiso. Kodwa-ke, ngokwezibalo zokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi njalo ngenyanga kusukela ngo-2013 kuya ku-2021, sekukonke, isizini yemvula yaseShayina cishe ngoJuni kuya ku-Okthoba kanti isizini yemvula cishe ngoDisemba kuya kuFebhuwari. Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili ungaphindaphindwa kabili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, singabona futhi ukuthi ngaphansi kwesizinda sokwanda kwamandla afakiwe, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuMashi kulo nyaka kuphansi kakhulu kunalokho okwenzeka eminyakeni edlule, futhi ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngoMashi kufana ngisho nalokho okwenzeka ngo-2015. Lokhu kwanele ukusenza sibone "ukungazinzi" kukagesi wamanzi.
Kunqunyelwe yizimo eziqondile. Iziteshi zikagesi wamanzi azikwazi ukwakhiwa lapho kunamanzi khona. Ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi kunqunyelwe yi-geology, ukwehla, izinga lokugeleza, ukufuduka kwezakhamuzi ngisho nokuhlukaniswa kokuphatha. Isibonelo, iphrojekthi yokongiwa kwamanzi yeHeishan Gorge okukhulunywe ngayo kwiNational People's Congress ngo-1956 ayikaze iphasiswe ngenxa yokuxhumana okubi kwezintshisekelo phakathi kweGansu neNingxia. Kuze kube yilapho ivela esicelweni semihlangano emibili kulo nyaka, akukaziwa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kungaqala nini.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo kugesi wamanzi kukhulu. Imisebenzi yamatshe omhlaba kanye nokhonkolo wokwakhiwa kweziteshi zamanzi kukhulu, futhi izindleko ezinkulu zokuhlala kabusha kufanele zikhokhwe; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwasekuqaleni akubonakali nje kuphela emalini, kodwa futhi nangesikhathi. Ngenxa yesidingo sokuthutha kabusha kanye nokuhlanganiswa kweminyango eyahlukene, umjikelezo wokwakha weziteshi eziningi zamanzi uzobambezeleka kakhulu kunalokho obekuhleliwe.
Uma sibheka iSiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseBaihetan njengesibonelo, iphrojekthi yaqalwa ngo-1958 futhi yafakwa "ohlelweni lwesithathu lweminyaka emihlanu" ngo-1965. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokushintshashintsha okuningana, ayizange iqalwe ngokusemthethweni kwaze kwaba ngu-Agasti 2011. Kuze kube manje, iSiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseBaihetan asikaqedwa. Ngaphandle kokuklama nokuhlela kokuqala, umjikelezo wokwakha wangempela uzothatha okungenani iminyaka eyi-10.
Amadamu amakhulu abangela ukugcwala okukhulu ezindaweni eziphezulu zedamu, ngezinye izikhathi kulimaze izindawo eziphansi, izigodi zemifula, amahlathi kanye notshani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuzothinta nemvelo yasemanzini ezungeze isitshalo. Kunomthelela omkhulu ezinhlanzini, ezinhlotsheni zamanzi nakwezinye izilwane.
03 isimo samanje sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi eShayina
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi kuqhubekile nokukhula, kodwa izinga lokukhula eminyakeni emihlanu yamuva liphansi
Ngo-2020, amandla okuphehla ugesi ngamanzi angama-1355.21 billion kwh, kanye nokwenyuka konyaka nonyaka okungu-3.9%. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu lwe-13, amandla omoya kanye ne-Optoelectronics kwathuthuka ngokushesha ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu lwe-13, kwadlula izinhloso zokuhlela, kanti amandla amanzi aqede cishe ingxenye yezinhloso zokuhlela. Eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, isilinganiso samandla amanzi ekuphehleni ugesi okuphelele besizinzile, sigcinwe ku-14% - 19%.
Ngokwezinga lokukhula kokukhiqizwa kukagesi eShayina, kungabonakala ukuthi izinga lokukhula kukagesi wamanzi liye lehla eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, ngokuyisisekelo ligcinwe cishe ku-5%.
Ngicabanga ukuthi izizathu zokwehla kwamandla kagesi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvalwa kwamandla kagesi amancane, okukhulunywa ngakho ngokucacile ohlelweni lweminyaka emihlanu lwe-13 lokuvikela nokulungisa imvelo. Kuneziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezingama-4705 ezidinga ukulungiswa nokuhoxiswa eSifundazweni saseSichuan kuphela;
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinsizakusebenza ezinkulu zokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi eShayina azanele. IShayina yakhe iziteshi eziningi zamandla kagesi njengeThree Gorges, iGezhouba, iWudongde, iXiangjiaba kanye neBaihetan. Izinsizakusebenza zokwakhiwa kabusha kweziteshi ezinkulu zamandla kagesi zingaba "yigobe elikhulu" loMfula iYarlung Zangbo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi lesi sifunda sihilela isakhiwo sejiyoloji, ukulawulwa kwemvelo kwezindawo zokugcina imvelo kanye nobudlelwano namazwe azungezile, bekunzima ukukuxazulula ngaphambili.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kungabonakala futhi esilinganisweni sokukhula kwamandla kagesi eminyakeni engu-20 yamuva nje ukuthi izinga lokukhula kwamandla okushisa lihambisana ngokuyisisekelo nezinga lokukhula kwamandla kagesi aphelele, kuyilapho izinga lokukhula kwamandla kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi lingabalulekile esilinganisweni sokukhula kwamandla kagesi aphelele, okubonisa isimo "sokukhuphuka njalo ngemva konyaka". Nakuba kunezizathu zesilinganiso esiphezulu samandla okushisa, sibonisa nokungazinzi kwamandla kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi ngezinga elithile.
Enkambisweni yokunciphisa isilinganiso samandla okushisa, amandla okusebenzisa amanzi awazange adlale indima enkulu. Nakuba ekhula ngokushesha, angagcina kuphela isilinganiso sawo ekukhiqizeni amandla okuphelele ngaphansi kwesizinda sokwanda okukhulu kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kazwelonke. Ukwehla kwesilinganiso samandla okushisa kungenxa yeminye imithombo yamandla ahlanzekile, njengamandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, igesi yemvelo, amandla enuzi njalo njalo.
Ukugcwala ngokweqile kwemithombo yamanzi
Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi okuphelele ezifundazweni zaseSichuan naseYunnan kuyingxenye cishe yengxenye yokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi kuzwelonke, futhi inkinga ebangelwa yilokho ukuthi izindawo ezicebile ngemithombo kagesi ngamanzi zingase zingakwazi ukumunca ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kwamanzi endawo, okuholela ekuchithweni kwamandla. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamanzi angcolile kanye nogesi ezigodini ezinkulu zemifula eShayina zivela eSifundazweni saseSichuan, kufika ku-20.2 billion kwh, kuyilapho ingxenye engaphezu kwengxenye kagesi ongcolile esifundazweni saseSichuan ivela emfuleni omkhulu woMfula iDadu.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ugesi wamanzi waseShayina uthuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule. IShayina cishe iqhube ukukhula kukagesi wamanzi womhlaba wonke ngamandla ayo. Cishe u-80% wokukhula kokusetshenziswa kukagesi wamanzi womhlaba wonke uvela eShayina, kanti ukusetshenziswa kukagesi wamanzi waseShayina kungaphezu kuka-30% wokusetshenziswa kukagesi wamanzi womhlaba wonke.
Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kukagesi wamanzi okukhulu kangaka ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuqala kweShayina siphezulu kancane kunesilinganiso somhlaba, ngaphansi kuka-8% ngo-2019. Ngisho noma singaqhathaniswa namazwe athuthukile njengeCanada neNorway, isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kukagesi wamanzi siphansi kakhulu kuneseBrazil, okuyizwe elithuthukayo futhi. IShayina inama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-680 emithombo kagesi wamanzi, ebekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni. Ngo-2020, amandla afakiwe kagesi wamanzi azoba ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-370. Kusukela kulo mbono, imboni kagesi wamanzi yaseShayina isenendawo enkulu yentuthuko.
04 Umkhuba wesikhathi esizayo wokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi eShayina
Amandla kagesi asebenza ngamanzi azosheshisa ukukhula kwawo eminyakeni embalwa ezayo futhi azoqhubeka nokukhula ngesilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kukagesi okuphelele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi se-14th Five Year Plan, ama-kilowatts angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 kagesi wamanzi angasetshenziswa eShayina, okuhlanganisa i-Wudongde, i-Baihetan Hydropower Stations yeqembu le-Three Gorges kanye nezindawo eziphakathi nendawo zesiteshi samanzi soMfula iYalong. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphrojekthi yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla wamanzi ezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula iYarlung Zangbo ifakiwe ohlelweni lweminyaka emihlanu lwe-14, olunama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-70 ezinsizakusebenza ngobuchwepheshe, okulingana neziteshi zamanzi zamanzi ezingaphezu kwezintathu ze-Three Gorges, okusho ukuthi amandla amanzi avuselele intuthuko enkulu futhi;
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehla kwesilinganiso samandla okushisa kusobala ukuthi kuyabikezelwa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokombono wokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuphepha kwamandla kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, amandla okushisa azoqhubeka nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwawo ensimini yamandla.
Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, isivinini sokuthuthuka kwamandla kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi asikwazi ukuqhathaniswa nesamandla amasha. Ngisho nangesilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwamandla okuphelele, singase sinqotshwe yilabo abafika sekwephuzile kwamandla amasha. Uma isikhathi siqhubeka, kungashiwo ukuthi sizonqotshwa amandla amasha.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-12-2022
