Papita zaka 111 kuchokera pamene China inayamba kumanga siteshoni yamagetsi ya Shilongba, yomwe inali siteshoni yoyamba yamagetsi yamadzi mu 1910. M'zaka zoposa 100 izi, kuyambira mphamvu ya siteshoni yamagetsi ya Shilongba ya 480 kW yokha mpaka 370 miliyoni KW yomwe tsopano ili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi, makampani amadzi ndi magetsi aku China apanga zinthu zodabwitsa. Tili mumakampani opanga malasha, ndipo tidzamva nkhani zina zokhudza magetsi amadzi, koma sitikudziwa zambiri zokhudza makampani opanga magetsi amadzi.
01 mfundo yopanga mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi
Mphamvu yamadzi kwenikweni ndi njira yosinthira mphamvu yomwe ingakhalepo ya madzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina, kenako kuchoka ku mphamvu yamakina kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Kawirikawiri, ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi oyenda mumtsinje kutembenuza mota kuti ipange mphamvu, ndipo mphamvu yomwe ili mumtsinje kapena gawo la beseni lake imadalira kuchuluka ndi kutsika kwa madzi.
Kuchuluka kwa madzi mumtsinje sikulamulidwa ndi munthu wovomerezeka, ndipo kutsika kwake kuli bwino. Chifukwa chake, pomanga malo opangira magetsi amadzi, mungasankhe kumanga damu ndikusuntha madzi kuti azitha kudzaza kutsika kwake, kuti muwongolere kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kumanga madamu ndi kumanga damu m'chigawo cha mtsinje ndi madontho akuluakulu, kukhazikitsa dziwe losungira madzi ndikukweza madzi, monga Three Gorges Hydropower Station; Kupatuka kumatanthauza kupatuka kwa madzi kuchokera ku dziwe lakumtunda kupita kumtsinje wotsikira kudzera mu njira yopatuka, monga Jinping II hydropower station.
02 makhalidwe a mphamvu ya madzi
Ubwino wa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi makamaka ndi kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kukonzanso, kugwira ntchito bwino komanso kusinthasintha, ndalama zochepa zokonzera ndi zina zotero.
Kuteteza chilengedwe ndi mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso ziyenera kukhala phindu lalikulu la mphamvu ya madzi. Mphamvu ya madzi imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zili m'madzi zokha, siigwiritsa ntchito madzi, ndipo siidzayambitsa kuipitsa chilengedwe.
Seti ya jenereta ya turbine yamadzi, yomwe ndi chipangizo chachikulu chamagetsi opangira magetsi amadzi, sikuti imangogwira ntchito bwino, komanso imasinthasintha poyambitsa ndi kugwira ntchito. Imatha kuyambitsa ntchito mwachangu kuchokera pamalo osasinthika mumphindi zochepa ndikumaliza ntchito yokweza ndikuchepetsa katundu mumphindi zochepa. Mphamvu yamadzi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchita ntchito zometa tsitsi kwambiri, kusintha ma frequency, kuyimitsa katundu komanso kuyimitsa mwangozi makina amagetsi.
Kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi sikuwononga mafuta, sikufunikira anthu ambiri komanso malo ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito migodi ndi kunyamula mafuta, kuli ndi zida zosavuta, kuli ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa, mphamvu zochepa zothandizira, nthawi yayitali yogwiritsira ntchito zida komanso ndalama zochepa zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza. Chifukwa chake, mtengo wopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi wotsika, womwe ndi 1/5-1/8 yokha ya mtengo wa magetsi opangira magetsi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi kwakukulu, mpaka 85%, pomwe mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito malasha ndi pafupifupi 40%.
Zoyipa za magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi makamaka ndi monga kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo, kuchepetsedwa ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'malo osiyanasiyana, ndalama zambiri zomwe zimayikidwa pachiyambi komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera pansi pa madzi imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mvula. Kaya ndi nthawi yachilimwe komanso yamvula ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupeza mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera ku fakitale yamagetsi yotenthetsera. Kupanga mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera pansi pa madzi kumakhala kokhazikika malinga ndi chaka ndi chigawo, koma kumadalira "tsiku" lomwe lafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mwezi, kotala ndi chigawo. Silingapereke mphamvu yokhazikika komanso yodalirika monga mphamvu yamagetsi yotenthetsera.
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Kum'mwera ndi Kumpoto mu nyengo yamvula ndi nyengo youma. Komabe, malinga ndi ziwerengero za kupanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi mwezi uliwonse kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2021, nthawi yonse yamvula ku China imakhala pafupifupi Juni mpaka Okutobala ndipo nyengo youma imakhala pafupifupi Disembala mpaka Febuluwale. Kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi kumatha kuwirikiza kawiri. Nthawi yomweyo, titha kuwonanso kuti chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yoyikidwa, kupanga magetsi kuyambira Januwale mpaka Marichi chaka chino ndikotsika kwambiri kuposa zaka zam'mbuyomu, ndipo kupanga magetsi mu Marichi ndikofanana ndi mu 2015. Izi ndizokwanira kuti tiwone "kusakhazikika" kwa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi.
Zochepa chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yeniyeni. Malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi sangamangidwe komwe kuli madzi. Kumanga malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi kumachepa chifukwa cha nthaka, kuchepa kwa madzi, kuchuluka kwa madzi otuluka, kusamuka kwa anthu okhala m'deralo komanso kugawa kwa akuluakulu aboma. Mwachitsanzo, pulojekiti yosamalira madzi ya Heishan Gorge yomwe idatchulidwa ku National People's Congress mu 1956 sinavomerezedwe chifukwa cha kusagwirizana bwino kwa zofuna pakati pa Gansu ndi Ningxia. Mpaka itawonekeranso mu lingaliro la magawo awiriwa chaka chino, sizikudziwika kuti ntchito yomangayi ingayambe liti.
Ndalama zomwe zimafunika pa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi zambiri. Ntchito za miyala ndi konkire zomangira malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi zazikulu, ndipo ndalama zambiri zomangira anthu ziyenera kulipidwa; Komanso, ndalama zoyambirira sizimangowonetsedwa ndi ndalama zokha, komanso nthawi. Chifukwa cha kufunika kokhazikitsa malo atsopano komanso kugwirizanitsa madipatimenti osiyanasiyana, nthawi yomanga malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi idzachedwa kwambiri kuposa momwe idakonzedwera.
Potengera siteshoni yamagetsi ya Baihetan yomwe ikumangidwa mwachitsanzo, ntchitoyi idayambitsidwa mu 1958 ndipo idaphatikizidwa mu "dongosolo lachitatu la zaka zisanu" mu 1965. Komabe, pambuyo pa kusintha kangapo, sinayambike mwalamulo mpaka mu Ogasiti 2011. Mpaka pano, siteshoni yamagetsi ya Baihetan sinamalizidwe. Kupatulapo kapangidwe ndi kukonzekera koyambirira, nthawi yeniyeni yomanga itenga zaka zosachepera 10.
Madziwe akuluakulu amadzi amachititsa kuti madzi ambiri alowe m'malo okwera a damu, nthawi zina amawononga malo otsika, zigwa za mitsinje, nkhalango ndi malo odyetserako udzu. Nthawi yomweyo, zimakhudzanso zachilengedwe zam'madzi zozungulira chomeracho. Zimakhudza kwambiri nsomba, mbalame zam'madzi ndi nyama zina.
03 momwe zinthu zilili panopa pakukula kwa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kwapitiriza kukula, koma kuchuluka kwa magetsi m'zaka zisanu zapitazi n'kotsika
Mu 2020, mphamvu yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi inali 1355.21 biliyoni kwh, ndipo chaka ndi chaka inali kuwonjezeka ndi 3.9%. Komabe, mu nthawi ya Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 13, mphamvu ya mphepo ndi ma Optoelectronics zinakula mofulumira mu nthawi ya Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 13, kupitirira zolinga zokonzekera, pomwe mphamvu yopangira madzi inangomaliza pafupifupi theka la zolinga zokonzekera. Pazaka 20 zapitazi, gawo la mphamvu yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi lakhala lokhazikika, losungidwa pa 14% - 19%.
Kuchokera pa kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi ku China, zitha kuwoneka kuti kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi m'madzi kwachepa m'zaka zisanu zapitazi, makamaka pa 5%.
Ndikuganiza kuti zifukwa zomwe zapangitsa kuti magetsi achepe, kumbali imodzi, ndi kutsekedwa kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi, komwe kwatchulidwa momveka bwino mu dongosolo la zaka zisanu la 13 loteteza ndikukonzanso chilengedwe. Pali malo okwana 4705 opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi omwe akufunika kukonzedwa ndikuchotsedwa mu Sichuan Province yokha;
Kumbali ina, chuma chachikulu cha ku China chopangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi sichikwanira. China yamanga malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi monga Three Gorges, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba ndi Baihetan. Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanganso malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi zitha kukhala "khoma lalikulu" la Mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo. Komabe, chifukwa derali limakhudza kapangidwe ka nthaka, kuwongolera zachilengedwe ndi ubale ndi mayiko ozungulira, zakhala zovuta kuthetsa kale.
Nthawi yomweyo, zitha kuwonekanso kuchokera ku kukula kwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi m'zaka 20 zapitazi kuti kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi kumayenderana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zonse, pomwe kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi sikukhudzana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zonse, zomwe zikuwonetsa momwe "zimakwera chaka chilichonse". Ngakhale pali zifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zamagetsi zikhale zambiri, zimasonyezanso kusakhazikika kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi pamlingo winawake.
Pakuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya kutentha, mphamvu ya madzi sinagwire ntchito yayikulu. Ngakhale ikukula mofulumira, imatha kusunga kuchuluka kwake kokha mu mphamvu yonse yopanga mphamvu pansi pa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya dziko. Kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya kutentha kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha magwero ena oyera a mphamvu, monga mphamvu ya mphepo, photovoltaic, gasi wachilengedwe, mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi zina zotero.
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi m'madzi
Mphamvu yonse yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi m'zigawo za Sichuan ndi Yunnan imapanga pafupifupi theka la mphamvu yonse yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi m'dziko lonselo, ndipo vuto lomwe limabwera chifukwa chake ndilakuti madera omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito madzi mwina sangayamwe mphamvu yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi m'deralo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ziwonongeke. Magawo awiri mwa atatu a madzi ndi magetsi otayidwa m'mitsinje ikuluikulu ku China amachokera ku Sichuan Province, mpaka 20.2 biliyoni kwh, pomwe magetsi otayidwa oposa theka m'zigawo za Sichuan amachokera ku mtsinje waukulu wa Dadu River.
Padziko lonse lapansi, mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi ku China zakula mofulumira m'zaka 10 zapitazi. China yatsala pang'ono kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi ndi mphamvu zake. Pafupifupi 80% ya kukula kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi kumachokera ku China, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi ku China kumaposa 30% ya kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, chiwerengero cha mphamvu zamagetsi zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madzi mu mphamvu zonse zoyambira ku China ndi chokwera pang'ono kuposa avareji yapadziko lonse, yochepera 8% mu 2019. Ngakhale sichingafanane ndi mayiko otukuka monga Canada ndi Norway, chiwerengero cha mphamvu zamagetsi zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi ndi chotsika kwambiri kuposa cha Brazil, chomwe chilinso dziko lotukuka. China ili ndi ma kilowatts 680 miliyoni a mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Pofika chaka cha 2020, mphamvu zamagetsi zoyikidwa m'madzi zidzakhala ma kilowatts 370 miliyoni. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, makampani opanga magetsi amadzi ku China akadali ndi malo abwino oti apitirire patsogolo.
04 Mtsogolo mwa chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi ku China
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi idzafulumizitsa kukula kwake m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi ndipo ipitiliza kukwera mu chiŵerengero cha mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi.
Kumbali imodzi, mkati mwa nthawi ya Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 14, ma kilowatts opitilira 50 miliyoni amagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi angagwiritsidwe ntchito ku China, kuphatikiza Wudongde, Malo Opangira Mphamvu ya Madzi a Baihetan a gulu la Three Gorges ndi malo apakati a siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi ya Mtsinje wa Yalong. Kuphatikiza apo, pulojekiti yopangira mphamvu yamadzi m'malo otsika a Mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo yaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo la zaka zisanu la 14, yokhala ndi ma kilowatts 70 miliyoni azinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwaukadaulo, zomwe zikufanana ndi malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi oposa atatu a Three Gorges, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu yamadzi yabweretsanso chitukuko chachikulu;
Kumbali ina, kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya kutentha n'kodziwikiratu. Kaya kuchokera pamalingaliro okhudza kuteteza chilengedwe, chitetezo cha mphamvu ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo, mphamvu ya kutentha ipitiliza kuchepetsa kufunika kwake pamunda wamagetsi.
M'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, liwiro la chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi m'madzi silingathe kuyerekezedwa ndi liwiro la mphamvu zatsopano. Ngakhale mu chiŵerengero cha mphamvu zonse zomwe zimapangidwira, mphamvu zatsopano zitha kugonjetsedwa ndi omwe afika mochedwa. Ngati nthawiyo ikulitsidwa, tinganene kuti idzagonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu zatsopano.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-12-2022
