Sele iyiminyaka eyi-111 ukususela ekubeni i-China yaqala ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sombane we-shilongba, isikhululo sokuqala sombane ngo-1910. Kule minyaka ingaphezulu kwe-100, ukusuka kwisikhululo sombane esifakwe kwisikhululo sombane we-shilongba we-480 kW kuphela ukuya kwi-370 yezigidi ze-KW ngoku ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi, ishishini lamanzi nombane laseTshayina lenze impumelelo ephawulekayo. Sikwishishini lamalahle, kwaye siya kuva ezinye iindaba malunga nombane wamanzi ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi, kodwa asiyazi kakhulu malunga neshishini lombane wamanzi.
01 umthetho-siseko wokuvelisa amandla ombane wamanzi
I-Hydropower eneneni yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla anokubakho emanzini abe ngamandla omatshini, kwaye emva koko ukusuka kumandla oomatshini ukuya kumandla ombane. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukusebenzisa amanzi omlambo aqukuqelayo ukuguqula i-motor ukwenza umbane, kwaye amandla aqulethwe emlanjeni okanye icandelo lesitya sawo sixhomekeke kumthamo wamanzi kunye nokuhla.
Umthamo wamanzi omlambo ulawulwa ngumntu osemthethweni, kwaye ukuhla kulungile. Ke ngoko, xa usakha isikhululo sombane, ungakhetha ukwakha idama kwaye ujike amanzi ukuze agxininise ezantsi, ukuze kuphuculwe izinga lokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bamanzi.
Ukulahlwa kwedama kukwakha idama kwindawo yomlambo elinethontsi elikhulu, kusekwe indawo yokugcina amanzi kunye nokunyusa umgangatho wamanzi, njengeSikhululo soMbane waManzi weeGodi ezintathu; Uphambuko lubhekiselele ekuphambukeni kwamanzi ukusuka kwidama elinyukayo ukuya kumazantsi omlambo ngomjelo woluleko, njengesikhululo sombane i-Jinping II.
Iimpawu ze-02 zombane wamanzi
Iingenelo zombane we-hydropower ikakhulu zibandakanya ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokuvuselelwa, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kunye nokuguquguquka, ixabiso eliphantsi lokugcinwa njalo njalo.
Ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokuhlaziywa kufuneka kube yeyona nto iluncedo yombane wamanzi. I-Hydropower isebenzisa kuphela amandla asemanzini, ayisebenzisi manzi, kwaye ayisayi kubangela ungcoliseko.
Isethi yejeneretha ye-injini yamanzi, izixhobo eziphambili zamandla okuvelisa umbane wamanzi, ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa iyakwazi ukuguquguquka ekuqaliseni nasekusebenzeni. Inokuqalisa ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwimeko emileyo kwimizuzu embalwa kwaye igqibezele umsebenzi wokunyusa nokunciphisa umthwalo kwimizuzwana embalwa. Amandla ombane angasetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokutsheva okuphezulu, ukumodareyitha rhoqo, ukulinda umthwalo kunye nokulinda ngengozi kwenkqubo yamandla.
Imveliso yombane we-Hydropower ayisebenzisi amafutha, ayifuni abasebenzi abaninzi kunye nezibonelelo ezityalwe kwimigodi kunye nokuthutha amafutha, zinezixhobo ezilula, abaqhubi abambalwa, amandla angaphantsi ancedisayo, ixesha elide lenkonzo yezixhobo kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kweendleko. Ngoko ke, iindleko zokuvelisa umbane wesikhululo sombane wamanzi ziphantsi, nto leyo eyi-1/5-1/8 kuphela yeso sikhululo samandla ashushu, kwaye izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwisikhululo sombane wamanzi liphezulu, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-85%, ngelixa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla ombane okwenziwa ngamalahle kwisikhululo samandla ashushu kumalunga nama-40% kuphela.
Izinto ezingeloncedo zombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ikakhulu zibandakanya ukuchatshazelwa kakhulu yimozulu, ukucuthwa ziimeko zejografi, utyalo-mali olukhulu kwasekuqaleni kunye nomonakalo kwimo engqongileyo yendalo.
I-Hydropower ichatshazelwa kakhulu yimvula. Nokuba kukwixesha lonyaka elomileyo nakwixesha leemvula yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekubhekiselele kuyo ekufumaneni amalahle ombane kwiplanti yamandla obushushu. Ukuveliswa kombane nge-Hydropower kuzinzile ngokonyaka nangephondo, kodwa kuxhomekeke “kwimini” xa ichazwa ngokweenkcukacha kwinyanga, ikota kunye nommandla. Ayinakunika amandla azinzileyo kwaye anokwethenjelwa njengamandla obushushu.
Kukho iiyantlukwano ezinkulu phakathi koMzantsi nasemantla kwixesha lemvula kunye nexesha elomileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokweenkcukacha-manani zokuveliswa kombane kwinyanga nganye ukusuka ku-2013 ukuya ku-2021, xa lilonke, ixesha leemvula laseTshayina limalunga noJuni ukuya ku-Oktobha kwaye ixesha elomileyo limalunga noDisemba ukuya kuFebruwari. Umahluko phakathi kwezi zibini unokuba ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini. Kwangaxeshanye, sinokubona kwakhona ukuba phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwandisa umthamo ofakiweyo, ukuveliswa kwamandla ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuMatshi kulo nyaka kuphantsi kakhulu kuneminyaka edlulileyo, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla ngoMatshi kufana nokulingana no-2015. Oku kwanele ukuba sivumele ukuba sibone "ukungazinzi" kombane wamanzi.
Unyinwe yimeko yenjongo. Izikhululo zombane wamanzi azinakwakhiwa apho kukho amanzi. Ulwakhiwo lwesikhululo sombane wamanzi lulinganiselwe ngokwejoloji, ukwehla, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi, ukufuduswa kwabahlali kunye necandelo lolawulo. Umzekelo, iprojekthi yogcino lwamanzi ye-Heishan Gorge ekhankanywe kwiNkongolo yeSizwe yaBantu ngo-1956 ayizange ipasiswe ngenxa yolungelelaniso olubi lwemidla phakathi kweGansu neNingxia. Ide ivele kwakhona kwisindululo sezi seshoni zimbini kulo nyaka, akukaziwa ukuba ungaqala nini ukwakhiwa.
Utyalo-mali olufunekayo kumandla ombane mkhulu. Amatye omhlaba kunye nemisebenzi yekhonkrithi yokwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane mikhulu, kwaye iindleko ezinkulu zokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kufuneka zihlawulwe; Ngaphezu koko, utyalo-mali lwangaphambili alubonakali nje kwinkunzi, kodwa nangexesha. Ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kunye nolungelelwaniso lwamasebe ahlukeneyo, umjikelo wolwakhiwo lwezikhululo zombane ezininzi eziphehlwa ngamanzi uya kulibaziseka kakhulu kunokuba bekucwangcisiwe.
Ukuthatha i-Baihetan Hydropower Station ephantsi kokwakhiwa njengomzekelo, iprojekthi yaqalwa ngo-1958 kwaye ifakwe "kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu" ngo-1965. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokujija okuphindaphindiweyo, akuzange kuqaliswe ngokusemthethweni kude kube ngu-Agasti 2011. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iSikhululo soMbane wamanzi eBaihetan asikagqitywa. Ngaphandle koyilo lwangaphambili kunye nokucwangcisa, umjikelo wokwakha wangempela uya kuthatha ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-10.
Amadama amakhulu abangela ukhukuliseko olukhulu kwiindawo eziphezulu zedama, maxa wambi zonakalisa iindawo ezisezantsi, iintlambo zemilambo, amahlathi kunye nengca. Kwangaxeshanye, iyakuchaphazela i-ecosystem yasemanzini ejikeleze isityalo. Inempembelelo enkulu kwiintlanzi, iintaka zamanzi kunye nezinye izilwanyana.
03 imeko yangoku yophuhliso lombane wamanzi eTshayina
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuveliswa kombane wamanzi kuye kwagcina ukukhula, kodwa izinga lokukhula kwiminyaka emihlanu yakutshanje liphantsi
Ngo-2020, amandla okuveliswa kombane wamanzi yi-1355.21 yeebhiliyoni ze-kwh, ngokunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka nge-3.9%. Nangona kunjalo, kwisithuba se-13 seSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu, amandla omoya kunye ne-Optoelectronics ziphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kwisithuba seSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu ye-13, ukudlula iinjongo zokucwangcisa, ngelixa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ugqibe malunga nesiqingatha seenjongo zokucwangcisa. Kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, umlinganiselo wombane kumandla ombane uwonke ubuzinzile ngokwentelekiso, ugcinwe kwi-14% ukuya kwi-19%.
Ukusuka kwisantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kombane eTshayina, kunokubonwa ukuba isantya sokukhula kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi sehlile kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo, igcinwe imalunga ne-5%.
Ndicinga ukuba izizathu zokucotha, ngakwesinye icala, ukuvalwa kombane omncinci we-hydropower, ochazwe ngokucacileyo kwisicwangciso se-13 seminyaka emihlanu ukukhusela nokulungisa imeko yendalo. Kukho izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezingama-4705 ezifuna ukulungiswa kwaye zirhoxiswe kwiPhondo laseSichuan kuphela;
Kwelinye icala, izibonelelo zophuhliso lombane omkhulu waseTshayina azonelanga. I-China yakhe izikhululo zombane ezininzi ngamanzi ezifana neMiwonyo emithathu, iGezhouba, iWudongde, iXiangjiaba kunye neBaihetan. Izibonelelo zokwakhiwa ngokutsha kwezikhululo zombane ezikhulu zamanzi zisenokuba kuphela “igophe elikhulu” loMlambo iYarlung Zangbo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba ummandla ubandakanya ubume bejoloji, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo lweendawo zolondolozo lwendalo kunye nobudlelwane namazwe ayingqongileyo, bekunzima ukusombulula ngaphambili.
Kwangaxeshanye, kunokubonwa kwisantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla kule minyaka ingama-20 yakutsha nje ukuba isantya sokukhula samandla ashushu singqamaniswe nesantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke, ngelixa izinga lokukhula kombane wamanzi alinamsebenzi kwisantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke, ebonisa imeko “yokunyuka rhoqo komnye unyaka”. Nangona kukho izizathu zomlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla ashushu, ikwabonakalisa ukungazinzi kombane ovela emanzini ukuya kumlinganiselo othile.
Kwinkqubo yokunciphisa umlinganiselo wamandla ashushu, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi awudlalanga indima enkulu. Nangona ikhula ngokukhawuleza, inokugcina kuphela umlinganiselo wayo kumandla ombane ewonke phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwanda okukhulu kokuveliswa kwamandla esizwe. Ukuncitshiswa komyinge wamandla obushushu kubangelwa ikakhulu kweminye imithombo yamandla acocekileyo, njengamandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, igesi yendalo, amandla enyukliya njalo njalo.
Ugxininiso olugqithisileyo lwemithombo yombane wamanzi
Uveliso lombane olupheleleyo lwamaphondo iSichuan kunye neYunnan luthatha phantse isiqingatha soveliso lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi esizwe, kwaye ingxaki ebangelwa kukuba iindawo ezityebileyo ngemithombo yombane oveliswa ngamanzi zisenokungakwazi ukufunxa ukuveliswa kombane wasekhaya, okukhokelela kwinkcitho yamandla. Isibini esithathwini samanzi amdaka kunye nombane kwimifula emikhulu yaseTshayina ivela kwiPhondo laseSichuan, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20.2 yeebhiliyoni ze-kwh, ngelixa ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sombane ongcolileyo kwiphondo laseSichuan uphuma kumlambo omkhulu woMlambo iDadu.
Ehlabathini lonke, amandla ombane aseTshayina aphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka ili-10 idlulileyo. I-China iphantse yaqhuba ukukhula kombane wehlabathi jikelele ngamandla ayo. Phantse i-80% yokukhula kokusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi kwihlabathi liphela iphuma e-China, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kombane wase-China kubalela ngaphezulu kwe-30% yokusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi kwihlabathi jikelele.
Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kombane omkhulu kangaka wamanzi kusetyenziso lwamandla ombane oluphambili lwaseTshayina luphezulu nje kancinci kunomndilili wehlabathi, ngaphantsi kwe-8% ngo-2019. Nokuba aluthelekiswa namazwe aphuhlileyo anjengeCanada neNorway, umyinge wosetyenziso lombane owenziwe ngamanzi ungaphantsi kakhulu kunowaseBrazil, neselilizwe elisaphuhlayo. I-China ine-680 yezigidi zeekilowatts zemithombo yombane wamanzi, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi. Ngo-2020, umthamo ofakiweyo wombane wamanzi uya kuba yi-370 yezigidi zeekilowatts. Ngokwale mbono, ishishini lombane laseTshayina lisenalo igumbi elikhulu lophuhliso.
04 indlela yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lombane wamanzi eTshayina
Amandla ombane azakukhawulezisa ukukhula kwawo kule minyaka imbalwa izayo kwaye aza kuqhubeka enyuka kwinxalenye yokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngexesha le-14 leminyaka yeSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu, ngaphezu kwe-50 yezigidi ze-kilowatts zamandla ombane angasetyenziswa e-China, kubandakanywa i-Wudongde, i-Baihetan Hydropower Stations yeqela le-Three Gorges kunye nokufikelela okuphakathi kwesikhululo sombane waseYalong River. Ngaphezu koko, iprojekthi yophuhliso lombane we-hydropower kwiindawo ezisezantsi zoMlambo i-Yarlung Zangbo zibandakanyiwe kwisicwangciso se-14 seminyaka emihlanu, kunye ne-70 yezigidi zeekilowatts zezibonelelo ezisebenzisekayo ngokobugcisa, ezilingana nezikhululo zombane ezingaphezu kwezintathu ze-Three Gorges, oku kuthetha ukuba umbane wamanzi uye wangenisa uphuhliso olukhulu kwakhona;
Kwelinye icala, ukuncitshiswa komlinganiselo wamandla obushushu kuqikelelwa ngokucacileyo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kumbono wokukhuselwa kwendalo, ukhuseleko lwamandla kunye nophuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe, amandla okushisa aya kuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwawo kwintsimi yamandla.
Kule minyaka imbalwa izayo, isantya sophuhliso lwamandla ombane asinako ukuthelekiswa neso samandla amatsha. Nakumlinganiselo wamandla ombane ewonke, unokukoyiswa kukungafiki kade kwamandla amatsha. Ukuba ixesha lide, kunokuthiwa kuya kuthatyathwa ngamandla amatsha.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-12-2022
