I-turbine yamanzi luhlobo loomatshini be-turbine kwiimashini ezisebenzisa ulwelo. Kwasekuqaleni malunga ne-100 BC, i-prototype ye-turbine yamanzi - i-turbine yamanzi yazalwa. Ngelo xesha, umsebenzi oyintloko yayikukuqhuba oomatshini bokucubungula iinkozo kunye nokunkcenkceshela. I-turbine yamanzi, njengesixhobo soomatshini esisebenza ngokuhamba kwamanzi, iphuhliseke kwi-turbine yamanzi yangoku, kwaye umda wokusetyenziswa kwayo nawo wandisiwe. Ke zisetyenziswa phi ii-turbine zamanzi zanamhlanje?
I-turbine yamanzi isetyenziswa kakhulu kwisikhululo samandla sokugcina amanzi esimpompiweyo. Xa umthwalo wenkqubo yamandla uphantsi kunomthwalo osisiseko, ingasetyenziswa njengepompo yamanzi ukuze isebenzise amandla okuvelisa umbane angaphezulu ukupompa amanzi ukusuka kwidama elisezantsi ukuya kwidama elingaphezulu kwaye igcine amandla ngendlela yamandla anokubakho; Xa umthwalo wenkqubo uphezulu kunomthwalo osisiseko, ingasetyenziswa njenge-turbine yamanzi ukuvelisa umbane ukulungisa umthwalo ophezulu. Ke ngoko, isikhululo samandla sokugcina amanzi esimpompiweyo asinakonyusa amandla enkqubo yamandla, kodwa sinokuphucula uqoqosho lokusebenza kweeyunithi zokuvelisa umbane oshushu kwaye siphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yamandla. Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1950, iiyunithi zokugcina amanzi ezimpompiweyo ziye zaxatyiswa kakhulu kwaye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi liphela.
Iiyunithi zokugcina ezipompelweyo eziphuhliswe kwinqanaba lokuqala okanye ezinentloko yamanzi aphezulu ikakhulu zisebenzisa uhlobo loomatshini abathathu, oko kukuthi, zenziwe yinjini yejenereyitha, iturbine yamanzi kunye nempompo yamanzi ngokulandelelana. Inzuzo yayo kukuba iturbine yamanzi kunye nempompo yamanzi ziyilwe ngokwahlukeneyo, ezinokuba nokusebenza kakuhle, kwaye indlela ejikeleziswa ngayo iyunithi iyafana xa ivelisa kwaye ipompa, enokuguqulwa ngokukhawuleza ukusuka ekuvelisweni kombane ukuya ekupompeni, okanye ukusuka ekupompeni ukuya ekuvelisweni kombane. Kwangaxeshanye, iturbine ingasetyenziselwa ukuqalisa iyunithi. Iingxaki zayo ziindleko eziphezulu kunye notyalo-mali olukhulu kwisikhululo samandla.
Iiblade ze-intensive flow pump turbine runner zinokujikeleza kwaye zisebenze kakuhle xa intloko yamanzi kunye nomthwalo zitshintsha. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeempawu ze-hydraulic kunye namandla ezinto, intloko yayo ephezulu yamanzi yayiyi-136.2m kuphela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 (isikhululo samandla saseKogen No. 1 eJapan). Kwiintloko zamanzi eziphezulu, kufuneka ii-Francis pump turbines.
Isikhululo samandla okugcina amanzi esipompethiweyo sixhotyiswe ngamatanki aphezulu nasezantsi. Phantsi kwemeko yokugcina amandla afanayo, ukunyusa intloko kunokunciphisa amandla okugcina, kwandise isantya seyunithi kwaye kunciphise iindleko zeprojekthi. Ke ngoko, izitishi zamandla okugcina amandla aphezulu ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-300 zikhula ngokukhawuleza. I-turbine yepompo kaFrancis enentloko yamanzi ephezulu emhlabeni ifakelwe kwisikhululo samandla saseBeinabashta eYugoslavia. Amandla ayo eyunithi enye yi-315 MW kwaye intloko yamanzi ye-turbine yi-600.3 yeemitha; Ipompo inentloko ye-623.1m kunye nesantya esijikelezayo se-428.6 R / min. yaqaliswa ukusebenza ngo-1977. Ukususela kwinkulungwane yama-20, iiyunithi zamandla e-hydropower beziphuhliswa ukuya kwiiparameter eziphezulu kunye namandla amakhulu. Ngokunyuka kwamandla omlilo kwinkqubo yamandla kunye nophuhliso lwamandla enyukliya, ukuze kusonjululwe ingxaki yokucheba okufanelekileyo, amazwe kwihlabathi liphela ayakha ngokukhutheleyo izitishi zamandla okugcina amanzi ezipompethiweyo ukongeza ekuphuhliseni ngamandla okanye ekwandiseni izitishi zamandla ezinkulu kwiinkqubo zamanzi ezinkulu. Ke ngoko, ii-turbine zepompo ziye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza.
Njengomatshini wamandla oguqula amandla okuhamba kwamanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini ajikelezayo, i-turbine yamanzi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwiseti yejenereyitha ye-turbine yamanzi. Kule mihla, ingxaki yokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo iya isiba mandundu ngakumbi. I-Hydropower, indlela yokuvelisa umbane esebenzisa amandla acocekileyo, iyandisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokukhuthaza kwayo. Ukuze kusetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-hydraulic, amaza, imilambo ecacileyo enethontsi eliphantsi kunye namaza alinganayo nayo itsale ingqalelo enkulu, nto leyo ekhokelele kuphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwee-turbines zetyhubhu kunye nezinye iiyunithi ezincinci.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-06-2022
