I-turbine yamanzi uhlobo lwemishini ye-turbine emishinini ewuketshezi. Cishe cishe ngo-100 BC, kwazalwa uhlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi - i-turbine yamanzi. Ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi oyinhloko kwakuwukushayela imishini yokucubungula okusanhlamvu nokunisela. I-turbine yamanzi, njengedivayisi yemishini eqhutshwa ukugeleza kwamanzi, isithuthuke yaya ku-turbine yamanzi yamanje, futhi ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwayo buye bandiswa. Pho-ke ama-turbine amanzi anamuhla asetshenziswa kuphi kakhulu?
I-turbine yamanzi isetshenziswa kakhulu esiteshini samandla okugcina amanzi esipompiwe. Uma umthwalo wesistimu yamandla uphansi kunomthwalo oyisisekelo, ingasetshenziswa njengephampu yamanzi ukuze isebenzise amandla okukhiqiza amandla amaningi ukupompa amanzi kusuka echibini elingezansi kuya echibini elingaphezulu futhi igcine amandla ngendlela yamandla angaba khona; Uma umthwalo wesistimu uphakeme kunomthwalo oyisisekelo, ingasetshenziswa njenge-turbine yamanzi ukukhiqiza ugesi ukulungisa umthwalo ophezulu. Ngakho-ke, isiteshi samandla okugcina amanzi esipompiwe asikwazi ukwandisa amandla esistimu yamandla, kodwa singathuthukisa umnotho wokusebenza kwamayunithi okukhiqiza amandla okushisa futhi sithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu yamandla. Kusukela ngawo-1950, amayunithi okugcina amanzi esipompiwe aye aziswa kakhulu futhi athuthukiswa ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke.
Amayunithi okugcina amanzi aphumile athuthukiswe esigabeni sokuqala noma anekhanda lamanzi amaningi asebenzisa kakhulu izinhlobo ezintathu zomshini, okungukuthi, akhiwe yinjini yejeneretha, i-turbine yamanzi kanye nephampu yamanzi ngokulandelana. Inzuzo yayo ukuthi i-turbine yamanzi kanye nephampu yamanzi kuklanywe ngokwehlukana, okungaba nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, futhi isiqondiso sokujikeleza kweyunithi sifana lapho kukhiqizwa futhi kupompa, okungaguqulwa ngokushesha kusuka ekukhiqizweni kwamandla kuya ekupompeni, noma kusuka ekupompeni kuya ekukhiqizweni kwamandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-turbine ingasetshenziswa ukuqala iyunithi. Izinkinga zayo izindleko eziphezulu kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu esiteshini samandla.
Ama-blade e-intensible flow pump turbine runner angakwazi ukuzungeza futhi aqhubeke nokusebenza kahle lapho ikhanda lamanzi nomthwalo kushintsha. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezimpawu ze-hydraulic kanye namandla ezinto ezibonakalayo, ikhanda lamanzi eliphezulu laliyi-136.2m kuphela ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 (isiteshi sikagesi iKogen No. 1 eJapane). Kuma-water head aphezulu, kudingeka ama-Francis pump turbine.
Isiteshi samandla okugcina amanzi esipompiwe sihlonyiswe ngamadamu aphezulu nangaphansi. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokugcina amandla afanayo, ukwandisa ikhanda kunganciphisa umthamo wokugcina, kwandise isivinini seyunithi futhi kunciphise izindleko zephrojekthi. Ngakho-ke, iziteshi zamandla okugcina amanzi eziphezu kwamamitha angu-300 zithuthuka ngokushesha. I-Francis pump turbine enekhanda lamanzi eliphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni ifakiwe esiteshini samandla saseBeinabashta eYugoslavia. Amandla ayo eyunithi eyodwa angama-315 MW kanti ikhanda lamanzi le-turbine lingamamitha angu-600.3; I-pump inekhanda elingama-623.1m kanye nesivinini esijikelezayo esingu-428.6 R / min. Yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1977. Kusukela ngekhulu lama-20, amayunithi kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi abelokhu ethuthuka efinyelela kumapharamitha aphezulu kanye nomthamo omkhulu. Ngokukhula kwamandla omlilo ohlelweni lwamandla kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla enuzi, ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokushefa okunengqondo, amazwe emhlabeni wonke asebenza ngenkuthalo ekwakheni iziteshi zamandla okugcina amanzi ezipompiwe ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa noma ukwandisa ngamandla iziteshi zamandla ezinkulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, ama-pump turbine athuthuke ngokushesha.
Njengomshini wamandla oguqula amandla okugeleza kwamanzi abe amandla omshini ajikelezayo, i-turbine yamanzi iyingxenye ebalulekile ekusethweni kwejeneretha ye-turbine yamanzi. Namuhla, inkinga yokuvikelwa kwemvelo iya ngokuya iba nkulu kakhulu. I-Hydropower, indlela yokukhiqiza amandla esebenzisa amandla ahlanzekile, ikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kanye nokukhuthazwa kwayo. Ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele izinsizakusebenza ezahlukahlukene ze-hydraulic, amaza, imifula engenalutho enehla eliphansi kanye namagagasi alinganayo nayo idonsele ukunaka kabanzi, okuholele ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwama-turbine amashubhu kanye nezinye izingxenye ezincane.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-06-2022
