Iinjini yamanzi luhlobo lomatshini weinjini yolwelo koomatshini bolwelo. Kwangethuba malunga ne-100 BC, iprototype ye-injini yamanzi - i-injini yamanzi iye yazalwa. Ngelo xesha, umsebenzi ophambili yayikukuqhuba oomatshini bokulungisa ukutya okuziinkozo kunye nokunkcenkceshela. I-injini yomoya yamanzi, njengesixhobo somatshini esiqhutywa kukuhamba kwamanzi, iphuhliselwe kwi-injini yamanzi yangoku, kwaye umda wokusetyenziswa kwayo ukwandisiwe. Ngoko ke zisetyenziswa phi ubukhulu becala oomatshini bomoya bale mihla?
I-iturbine yamanzi isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwisikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo. Xa umthwalo wesixokelelwano samandla ungaphantsi kunomthwalo osisiseko, unokusetyenziswa njengempompo yamanzi ukuze kusetyenziswe amandla okuvelisa amandla agqithisileyo ukumpompa amanzi asuka kwidama elisezantsi ukuya kwidama elinyukayo kunye nokugcina amandla ngokohlobo lwamandla anokubakho; Xa umthwalo wenkqubo uphezulu kunomthwalo wesiseko, ungasetyenziselwa njenge-injini yamanzi ukuvelisa umbane ukulungelelanisa umthwalo ophezulu. Ke ngoko, isikhululo samandla esimpompeweyo esimsulwa asikwazi ukunyusa amandla enkqubo yamandla, kodwa sinokuphucula ukusebenza koqoqosho lweeyunithi zokuvelisa amandla ashushu kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yamandla. Ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1950, iiyunithi zokugcina ezimpompelweyo ziye zaxatyiswa kakhulu kwaye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi liphela.
Iiyunithi zokugcina ezipompelweyo eziphuhliswe kwinqanaba lokuqala okanye kunye nentloko yamanzi aphezulu kakhulu amkele uhlobo lomatshini amathathu, oko kukuthi, ahlanganiswe ne-motor generator, i-turbine yamanzi kunye nempompo yamanzi ngokulandelelana. Inzuzo yayo kukuba i-turbine yamanzi kunye nempompo yamanzi yenzelwe ngokwahlukileyo, enokuthi ibe nokusebenza okuphezulu, kwaye isalathiso sokujikeleza kweyunithi iyafana xa ivelisa kunye nokupompa, enokuguqulwa ngokukhawuleza ukusuka ekuveliseni amandla ukuya ekupompeni, okanye ukusuka ekupompeni ukuya kumandla ombane. Ngexesha elifanayo, i-injini yomoya ingasetyenziselwa ukuqala iyunithi. Ukungalungi kwayo ziindleko eziphezulu kunye notyalo-mali olukhulu kwisikhululo samandla.
Iincakuba zempompo yempompo ye-injini ye-injini ye-turbine inokujikeleza kwaye isenokusebenza kakuhle kokusebenza xa intloko yamanzi kunye nomthwalo utshintsha. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhawulelana neempawu ze-hydraulic kunye namandla ezinto eziphathekayo, intloko yayo ephezulu yamanzi yayiyi-136.2m kuphela ekuqaleni kwe-1980 (i-Kogen No. 1 isikhululo samandla eJapan). Kwiintloko zamanzi eziphezulu, ii-injini zepompo zeFrancis ziyafuneka.
Isikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo sixhotyiswe ngamadama aphezulu nasezantsi. Ngaphantsi kwemeko yokugcina amandla afanayo, ukwandisa intloko kunokunciphisa umthamo wokugcina, ukwandisa isantya seyunithi kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zeprojekthi. Ngoko ke, izikhululo zamandla okugcina amandla aphezulu ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-300 zikhula ngokukhawuleza. I-Francis pump turbine eneyona ntloko yamanzi iphezulu emhlabeni ifakwe kwisikhululo samandla e-beinabashta eYugoslavia. Amandla ayo eyunithi enye yi-315 MW kunye nentloko yamanzi kwi-injini yomoya yi-600.3 yeemitha; Ipompo inentloko ye-623.1m kunye nesantya esijikelezayo se-428.6 R / min. yaqaliswa ukusebenza ngo-1977. Ukusukela kwinkulungwane yama-20, iiyunithi zombane wamanzi ziye zaphuhla zisiya kwiiparamitha eziphezulu kunye nomthamo omkhulu. Ngokunyuka komthamo womlilo kwinkqubo yamandla kunye nophuhliso lwamandla enyukliya, ukuze kusonjululwe ingxaki yokucheba okufanelekileyo okufanelekileyo, amazwe ehlabathini lonke akhuthele ekwakheni izikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwa zokugcina umbane ukongeza ekuphuhliseni ngamandla okanye ekwandiseni izikhululo zamandla ezinkulu kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zamanzi. Ngoko ke, ii-injini zompompo ziphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza.
Njengomatshini wamandla oguqula amandla okuhamba kwamanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini ajikelezayo, i-iturbine yamanzi yinxalenye eyimfuneko kwiseti yejenereyitha yeinjini yamanzi. Kule mihla, ingxaki yokukhuselwa kwendalo iya isiba mandundu ngakumbi. I-Hydropower, indlela yokuvelisa amandla ngokusebenzisa amandla acocekileyo, iyakwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokukhuthazwa. Ukuze kusetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo ze-hydraulic, amaza, imilambo ethafeni enethontsi eliphantsi kunye namaza nawo atsale ingqalelo ebanzi, ekhokelele kuphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwee-tubular turbines kunye nezinye iiyunithi ezincinci.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-06-2022
