Iifom zokuvelisa umbane zangoku eTshayina ziquka oku kulandelayo.
(1) Ukuveliswa kwamandla obushushu. Isikhululo samandla obushushu ngumzi-mveliso osebenzisa amalahle, ioyile, kunye negesi yendalo njengepetroli ukuvelisa umbane. Inkqubo yaso esisiseko yemveliso yile: ukutshiswa kwamafutha kuguqula amanzi kwibhoyila abe ngumphunga, kwaye amandla ekhemikhali epetroli aguquke abe ngamandla obushushu. Uxinzelelo lomphunga luqhuba ukujikeleza kweturbine yomphunga. Iguqulwa ibe ngamandla oomatshini, kwaye emva koko iturbine yomphunga iqhubela ijenereyitha ukuba ijikeleze, iguqula amandla oomatshini abe ngamandla ombane. Amandla obushushu kufuneka atshise amafutha efosili afana namalahle kunye nepetroliyam. Kwelinye icala, iindawo zokugcina amafutha efosili zincinci, kwaye okukhona zitsha ngakumbi, kokukhona zingaphantsi komngcipheko wokudinwa. Kuqikelelwa ukuba izixhobo zeoyile zehlabathi ziya kuphelelwa kwiminyaka engama-30 ezayo. Kwelinye icala, ukutshiswa kwamafutha kuya kukhupha i-carbon dioxide kunye ne-sulfur oxides, ngoko ke kuya kubangela impembelelo ye-greenhouse kunye nemvula ye-asidi, kwaye yonakalise imeko-bume yehlabathi.
(2) Amandla aphuma kwi-hydropower. Amanzi aguqula amandla anokubakho okutsala amanzi abe ngamandla e-kinetic achaphazela i-water turbine, i-water turbine iqala ukujikeleza, i-water turbine iqhagamshelwe kwi-generator, kwaye i-generator iqala ukuvelisa umbane. Ingxaki yamandla aphuma kwi-hydropower kukuba umhlaba omkhulu uyagcwala, nto leyo enokubangela umonakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye xa idama elikhulu liwile, iziphumo ziya kuba zimbi kakhulu. Ukongeza, imithombo yamanzi yelizwe nayo inqongophele, kwaye ikwachaphazeleka ngamaxesha onyaka.
(3) Ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga. Ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga kuguqula ngokuthe ngqo ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane (okwaziwa ngokuba kukuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic), kwaye umgaqo wayo oyintloko "yimpembelelo ye-photovoltaic." Xa i-photon ikhanya kwisinyithi, amandla ayo anokufunxwa yi-electron kwisinyithi. Amandla afunxwa yi-electron makhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba oyise ubunzima bangaphakathi besinyithi ukuze enze umsebenzi, aphume kumphezulu wesinyithi aze abe yi-photoelectron. Oku kubizwa ngokuba "yimpembelelo ye-photovoltaic", okanye "impembelelo ye-photovoltaic" ngamafutshane. Inkqubo ye-solar photovoltaic ineempawu ezilandelayo:
①Akukho zinxalenye zijikelezayo, akukho ngxolo; ②Akukho moya ungcolisayo, akukho kukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka; ③Akukho nkqubo yokutsha, akukho petroli ifunekayo; ④Ulondolozo olulula kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokulungisa; ⑤Ukuthembeka nokusebenza kakuhle kunye nozinzo;
⑥Ibhetri yelanga njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo inobomi obude benkonzo;
⑦Ubuninzi bamandla elanga buphantsi, kwaye buyahluka ngokweendawo nangexesha. Le yeyona ngxaki iphambili ejongene nophuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwamandla elanga.
(4) Ukuveliswa kwamandla omoya. Iiturbine zomoya ziimatshini zamandla eziguqula amandla omoya abe ngumsebenzi woomatshini, okwaziwa ngokuba zii-windmills. Ngokubanzi, yinjini esebenzisa ubushushu esebenzisa ilanga njengomthombo wobushushu kunye nomoya njengendawo yokusebenza. Ineempawu ezilandelayo:
①Iyavuseleleka, ayitshi, akukho mfuneko yamalahle, ioyile kunye nezinye izinto ezifunekayo ukuze kuvele umbane oshushu okanye izixhobo zenyukliya ezifunekayo kwizikhululo zamandla enyukliya ukuze kuveliswe umbane, ngaphandle kokugcinwa rhoqo, ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa okunye;
②Iingenelo ezilungileyo nezicocekileyo zokusingqongileyo; ③Isikali sokufakelwa esiguquguqukayo;
④Ingxolo kunye nongcoliseko olubonakalayo; ⑤Hlala kwindawo enkulu yomhlaba;
⑥Azinzanga kwaye azilawuleki; ⑦Okwangoku iindleko zisephezulu; ⑧Ichaphazela imisebenzi yeentaka.
(5) Amandla enyukliya. Indlela yokuvelisa umbane usebenzisa ubushushu obukhutshwa kukuqhekeka kwenyukliya kwi-reactor yenyukliya. Ifana kakhulu nokuveliswa kwamandla obushushu. Amandla enyukliya aneempawu ezilandelayo:
①Ukuveliswa kwamandla enyukliya akukhuphi ukungcola okuninzi emoyeni njengokuveliswa kwamandla efosili, ngoko ke ukuveliswa kwamandla enyukliya akuyi kubangela ungcoliseko lomoya;
②Ukuveliswa kwamandla enyukliya akuyi kuvelisa ikharbon diokside eyonyusa impembelelo yobushushu behlabathi;
③I-uranium fuel esetyenziswa ekuveliseni amandla enyukliya ayinayo enye injongo ngaphandle kokuvelisa amandla;
④ Ubuninzi bamandla e-nuclear fuel bungaphezulu ngezigidi ezininzi kunalawo e-fossil fuel, ngoko ke amafutha asetyenziswa zizikhululo zamandla enuclear mancinci ngobukhulu kwaye alungele ukuthuthwa nokugcinwa;
⑤Kwiindleko zokuvelisa umbane wenyukliya, iindleko zepetroli ziphantsi, kwaye iindleko zokuvelisa umbane wenyukliya azichaphazeleki kakhulu yimeko yezoqoqosho yamazwe ngamazwe, ngoko ke iindleko zokuvelisa umbane zizinzile kunezinye iindlela zokuvelisa umbane;
⑥Izikhululo zamandla enyukliya ziya kuvelisa inkunkuma ye-radioactive ephezulu nephantsi, okanye amafutha enyukliya asetyenzisiweyo. Nangona zithatha umthamo omncinci, kufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo ngenxa yemitha, kwaye kufuneka zijongane nobunzima obukhulu kwezopolitiko;
⑦Ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu bezikhululo zamandla enyukliya kuphantsi, ngoko ke ubushushu obuninzi obukhutshwayo bungena kwindalo esingqongileyo kunezikhululo zamandla zefosili eziqhelekileyo, ngoko ke ungcoliseko lobushushu lwezikhululo zamandla enyukliya lubi kakhulu;
⑧Iindleko zotyalo-mali lwesikhululo samandla enyukliya ziphezulu, kwaye umngcipheko wezezimali wenkampani yamandla uphezulu kakhulu;
⑨ Kukho inani elikhulu lezinto ezinemisebe kwi-reactor yesikhululo samandla enyukliya, ukuba zikhutshwa ziye kwindawo engaphandle ngengozi, ziya kubangela umonakalo kwi-ecology nakubantu;
⑩ Ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla enyukliya kunokubangela iingxabano zezopolitiko. o Yintoni amandla eekhemikhali?
Amandla ekhemikhali ngamandla akhutshwayo xa into ifumana impendulo yekhemikhali. Ngamandla afihlakeleyo kakhulu. Angasetyenziselwa ngqo ukwenza umsebenzi. Akhutshwa kuphela xa utshintsho lwekhemikhali lwenzeka kwaye lube ngamandla obushushu okanye ezinye iintlobo zamandla. Amandla akhutshwa kukutshiswa kweoyile namalahle, ukuqhuma kweziqhushumbisi, kunye notshintsho lwekhemikhali emzimbeni wokutya abantu abakutyayo konke kumandla ekhemikhali. Amandla ekhemikhali abhekisa kumandla ekhompawundi. Ngokomthetho wokugcinwa kwamandla, olu tshintsho lwamandla lulingana ngobukhulu kwaye luchasene notshintsho lwamandla obushushu kwimpendulo. Xa ii-athomu kwikhompawundi yempendulo zihlengahlengisa ukuvelisa ikhompawundi entsha, ziya kukhokelela kumandla ekhemikhali. Utshintsho, oluvelisa isiphumo se-exothermic okanye se-endothermic
Ixesha lokuthumela: Okthobha-25-2021
