Hydropower ndeye kushandura simba remvura renzizi dzechisikigo kuita magetsi ekuti vanhu vashandise. Kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesimba dzinoshandiswa mukugadzira magetsi, sesimba rezuva, simba remvura munzizi, uye simba remhepo rinogadzirwa nekuyerera kwemhepo. Mutengo wekugadzira simba remvura uchishandisa simba remvura wakachipa, uye kuvakwa kwezviteshi zvemagetsi emvura kunogona zvakare kusanganiswa nemamwe mapurojekiti ekuchengetedza mvura. Nyika yedu yakapfuma kwazvo muzviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura uye mamiriro acho akanaka zvakare. Hydropower inoita basa rakakosha mukuvakwa kwehupfumi hwenyika.
Mwero wemvura yomurwizi unopfuura mwero wemvura yezasi. Nekuda kwekusiyana kwehuwandu hwemvura yerwizi, simba remvura rinogadzirwa. Simba iri rinodaidzwa kuti simba rinobvira kana simba rinobvira. Musiyano uripo pakati pehurefu hwemvura yerwizi unonzi donhwe, kunonzi zvakare mutsauko wemvura kana musoro wemvura. Kudonhedza uku ndiyo mamiriro ekutanga ekugadzirwa kwesimba re hydraulic. Mukuwedzera, ukuru hwesimba re hydraulic hunoenderana nehukuru hwekuyerera kwemvura murwizi, iyo imwe mamiriro ekutanga akakosha sekudonha. Zvose kudonha uye kuyerera kunobata zvakananga simba re hydraulic; iyo yakakura huwandu hwemvura yekudonha, iyo yakakura simba re hydraulic; kana kudonha uye huwandu hwemvura hushoma, kubuda kweiyo hydropower station kuchava kudiki.
Kudonha kunowanzo kuratidzwa mumamita. Gradient ndiyo chiyero chekudonha uye chinhambwe, icho chinogona kuratidza dhigirii rekudonha. Kudonha kwacho kunowedzera kunyura, uye kushandiswa kwesimba re hydraulic kuri nyore. Donhwe rinoshandiswa nechiteshi chemagetsi emvura ndiwo mutsauko uripo pakati pepamusoro pemvura pamusoro pechiteshi chemagetsi chehydropower uye nepamusoro pemvura yakadzika mushure mekupfuura nemu turbine.
Kuyerera ndiko kuwanda kwemvura inoyerera murwizi pachikamu chenguva, uye inotaridzwa mumacubic metres musekondi imwe. Imwe cubic mita yemvura itani imwe chete. Kuyerera kwerwizi kunoshanduka chero nguva, saka kana tichitaura nezvekuyerera, tinofanira kutsanangura nguva yenzvimbo chaiyo yainoyerera. Kuyerera kunochinja zvakanyanya munguva. Nzizi munyika yedu kazhinji dzine kuyerera kukuru mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura muzhizha nematsutso, uye kudiki muchando nemuchirimo. Kazhinji, kuyerera kwerwizi kuduku kumusoro kwerwizi; nekuti matare anobatana, kuyerera kwakadzika kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Nokudaro, kunyange zvazvo kudonha kwemvura kwakanyanyisa, kuyerera kuduku; kuyerera kwepasi kwakakura, asi donhwe rinenge rakapararira. Naizvozvo, kazhinji zvine mari yakawanda kushandisa simba re hydraulic pakati perwizi.
Kuziva kudonha uye kuyerera kunoshandiswa ne hydropower station, kuburitsa kwayo kunogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa inotevera formula:
N = GQH
Mune formula, N-output, mu kilowatts, inogona zvakare kunzi simba;
Q-kuyerera, mumacubic metres pasekondi;
H - kudonha, mumamita;
G = 9.8 , ndiko kukurumidza kwegiravhiti, chikwata: Newton/kg
Zvinoenderana neformula iri pamusoro, iyo theoretical simba inoverengerwa pasina kubvisa chero kurasikirwa. Muchokwadi, mukugadzira kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura, maturbine, midziyo yekufambisa, jenareta, nezvimwe zvese zvine kurasikirwa kwemagetsi kusingadzivisike. Naizvozvo, iyo theoretical simba inofanirwa kuderedzwa, ndiko kuti, iro chairo simba ratinogona kushandisa rinofanira kuwanzwa neiyo inoshanda coefficient (chiratidzo: K).
Simba rakagadzirwa rejenareta muchiteshi chemagetsi chinonzi rated power, uye simba chairo rinonzi simba chairo. Muchiito chekushandura simba, hazvidzivisiki kurasikirwa nechikamu chesimba. Mukugadzira kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura, pane kunyanya kurasikirwa kweturbines uye jenareta (kunewo kurasikirwa mumapaipi). Kurasikirwa kwakasiyana-siyana kumaruwa micro-hydropower station inoita 40-50% yesimba rose redzidziso, saka kubuda kweiyo hydropower station inogona kungoshandisa 50-60% yesimba redzidziso, ndiko kuti, kushanda zvakanaka kunenge 0.5-0.60 (iyo iyo turbine inoshanda 0.70-0.0.85 generator, 0.85 kusvika 90. kushanda zvakanaka kwepombi uye michina yekufambisa ndeye 0.80 kusvika 0.85). Naizvozvo, iro chairo simba (kubuda) kweiyo hydropower station inogona kuverengerwa sezvinotevera:
K-kugona kweiyo hydropower station, (0.5～0.6) inoshandiswa mukuverengera kwakakasharara kweiyo micro-hydropower station; kukosha uku kunogona kurerutswa se:
N=(0.5～0.6)QHG Simba chairo=kushanda×kuyerera×kudonha×9.8
Kushandiswa kwemagetsi emvura kushandisa simba remvura kufambisa muchina, unonzi turbine yemvura. Semuenzaniso, vhiri rekare remvura munyika yedu iri nyore kwazvo turbine yemvura. Iwo akasiyana hydraulic turbines anoshandiswa parizvino akachinjirwa kune akasiyana chaiwo hydraulic mamiriro, kuitira kuti akwanise kutenderera zvakanyanya uye kushandura simba remvura kuita mechanic simba. Imwe mhando yemuchina, jenareta, yakabatana neturbine, kuitira kuti rotor yejenareta inotenderera neturbine kugadzira magetsi. Jenereta inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zviviri: chikamu chinotenderera ne turbine uye chikamu chakagadziriswa chejenereta. Chikamu chinosanganiswa ne turbine uye chinotenderera chinonzi rotor yejenereta, uye kune akawanda magineti mapango akapoteredza rotor; denderedzwa rakapoteredza rotor ndiyo yakagadziriswa chikamu chejenereta, inonzi stator yejenereta, uye stator yakaputirwa nemakoiri akawanda emhangura. Kana akawanda magineti matanda e rotor anotenderera pakati pemhangura coils ye stator, ikozvino inogadzirwa pamatare emhangura, uye jenareta inoshandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remagetsi.
Simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nechiteshi chemagetsi rinoshandurwa kuita magetsi emagetsi (mota yemagetsi kana mota), simba rechiedza (rambi remagetsi), simba rinopisa (choto chemagetsi) zvichingodaro nemagetsi akasiyana siyana.
kuumbwa kweiyo hydropower station
Kuumbwa kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura kunosanganisira: hydraulic zvimiro, mishini yemagetsi, uye midziyo yemagetsi.
(1) Hydraulic zvimiro
Iyo ine weirs (madhamu), magedhi ekupinda, chiteshi (kana tunnel), kudzvanywa matangi epamberi (kana anotonga matangi), mapaipi ekumanikidza, magetsi uye tailraces, nezvimwe.
Damu (dhamu) rinovakwa murwizi kuti rivhare mvura yerwizi nekusimudza pamusoro pemvura kuita dhamu. Nenzira iyi, kudonhedzwa kwakanyungudutswa kunoumbwa pakati pepamusoro pemvura yedhamu pane weir (dhamu) uye pamusoro pemvura yerwizi pazasi pedhamu, uye ipapo mvura inounzwa muchiteshi chemagetsi emagetsi kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwepombi dzemvura kana tunnel. Munzizi dzine materu, kushandiswa kwematanho ekutsaudzira kunogonawo kuumba donhwe. Semuenzaniso: Kazhinji, kudonha pakiromita yerwizi rwechisikigo ndeye 10 metres. Kana mugero ukazarurwa kumucheto kwepamusoro pechikamu ichi cherwizi kusuma mvura yerwizi, mugero wacho uchacherwa uchitevedza rwizi, uye mukwidza wemugero uchange wakatsetseka. Kana donhwe mugero rinoitwa pakiromita It chete akadonha 1 mita, zvokuti mvura akayerera makiromita 5 mugero, uye mvura pamusoro chete akawira 5 metres, apo mvura akadonha 50 metres pashure kufamba makiromita 5 ari dzinongoitika gwara. Panguva ino, mvura inobva mumugero inotungamirirwa kumagetsi emagetsi nerwizi nepombi yemvura kana mugero, uye kune kudonhedzwa kwakadzika kwemamita makumi mana nemashanu kunogona kushandiswa kugadzira magetsi. Mufananidzo 2
Kushandiswa kwemachani ekuchinjisa, migero kana pombi dzemvura (zvakadai sepombi dzepurasitiki, pombi dzesimbi, pombi dzekongiri, nezvimwewo) kugadzira chiteshi chemagetsi chemvura chine donho rakanyura kunonzi diversion channel hydropower station, inova marongerwo ezviteshi zvemagetsi emagetsi.
(2) Mechanical uye midziyo yemagetsi
Pamusoro pezvataurwa pamusoro apa hydraulic works (weirs, chiteshi, forecourts, pressure pombi, workshop), chiteshi chemagetsi chinodawo zvinotevera zvishandiso:
(1) Michina
Kune maturbines, magavhuna, mavharuvhu egedhi, midziyo yekutapurirana uye isiri-kugadzira michina.
(2) Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi
Kune majenareta, kugovera control panels, transformers uye transmission mitsara.
Asi hazvisi zvese zviteshi zvidiki zve hydropower zvine ambotaurwa pamusoro pe hydraulic zvimiro uye zvemichina nemagetsi. Kana musoro wemvura uri pasi pemamita matanhatu mune yakaderera-musoro hydropower chiteshi, nzira yemvura inotungamira uye yakavhurika chiteshi chemvura chiteshi chinowanzo shandiswa, uye hapana kudzvanyirira kumberi uye yekumanikidza mvura pombi. Kune zviteshi zvemagetsi zvine diki rekupa magetsi uye kureba kwekufambisa, kufambisa kwemagetsi kwakananga kunogamuchirwa uye hapana shanduko inodiwa. Zviteshi zvemagetsi ane madhamu hazvidi kuvaka madhamu. Kushandiswa kwemvura yakadzika, mapombi emukati medhamu (kana tunnel) uye spillways zvinobvisa kudiwa kwezvivakwa zve hydraulic senge weirs, magedhi ekupinza, machani uye kumanikidza kumberi madziva.
Kuvaka chiteshi chemagetsi emvura, chekutanga, ongororo yekungwarira uye basa rekugadzira rinofanira kuitwa. Mubasa rekugadzira, pane matanho matatu ekugadzira: yekutanga dhizaini, tekinoroji dhizaini uye dhizaini yekuvaka. Kuti uite basa rakanaka mubasa rekugadzira, zvinotanga zvakakosha kuita basa rekuongorora zvakakwana, kureva kuti, kunyatsonzwisisa mamiriro emunharaunda uye mamiriro ehupfumi - kureva topography, geology, hydrology, capital nezvimwe zvakadaro. Iko kurongeka uye kuvimbika kwedhizaini kunogona kuvimbiswa chete mushure mekuziva aya mamiriro uye nekuaongorora.
Izvo zvikamu zvezviteshi zvidiki zvehydropower zvine mafomu akasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwe hydropower station.
3. Topographic Survey
Hunhu hweiyo topographic ongororo yebasa ine simba guru pakugadzirwa kweinjiniya uye fungidziro yehuwandu hweinjiniya.
Geological exploration (kunzwisisa kwe geological mamiriro) pamwe nekunzwisisa kwakawanda uye kutsvagisa pamusoro peiyo geology yemvura yekugezesa uye parutivi rwerwizi, zvinodikanwawo kuti unzwisise kana hwaro hwekamuri yemuchina hwakasimba, hunobata zvakananga kuchengetedzwa kwechiteshi chemagetsi pachayo. Kana bharaki rine imwe reservoir vhoriyamu raparadzwa, hazvizongokuvadza chiteshi chemagetsi emvura pachayo, asi zvakare kukonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwehupenyu nemidziyo pasi perwizi.
4. Hydrological test
Kune zviteshi zvemagetsi emvura, iyo inonyanya kukosha hydrological data marekodhi emvura yerwizi, kuyerera, sediment zvemukati, icing mamiriro, meteorological data uye mafashama data ongororo. Saizi yekuyerera kwerwizi inokanganisa marongero enzira yekuteuka kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura. Kutarisira pasi kuoma kwemafashamo kuchakonzera kukanganisa kwedhamu; mashanga anotakurwa nerwizi anogona kukurumidza kuzadza dhamu panguva yakaipisisa. Semuyenzaniso, mugero wekupinda nawo uchakonzera kuti chiteshi chinyunguduke, uye dhaka-grained sediment ichapfuura nemu turbine uye kukonzera kupera kweturbine. Naizvozvo, kuvakwa kwezviteshi zvehydropower kunofanirwa kuve nedata rakakwana remvura.
Naizvozvo, tisati tafunga kuvaka chiteshi chemagetsi emvura, tinofanira kutanga taongorora mafambiro ekusimudzira hupfumi munzvimbo yemagetsi uye kudiwa kwemagetsi mune ramangwana. Panguva imwecheteyo, fungidzira mamiriro emamwe masimba emagetsi munzvimbo yekusimudzira. Chete mushure mekutsvaga nekuwongorora mamiriro ari pamusoro apa ndipo patinogona kusarudza kana chiteshi chemagetsi chinoda kuvakwa uye kuti chikero chinofanira kunge chakakura sei.
Kazhinji, chinangwa chebasa rekuongorora simba re hydropower kupa ruzivo rwakakwana uye rwakavimbika ruzivo rwakakosha pakugadzira nekuvakwa kwezviteshi zvemagetsi.
5. Mamiriro ezvinhu ose ekusarudza nzvimbo
Mamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa ekusarudza saiti anogona kutsanangurwa kubva pazvinhu zvina zvinotevera:
(1) Nzvimbo yakasarudzwa inofanirwa kukwanisa kushandisa simba remvura nenzira ine hupfumi zvakanyanya uye inoenderana nemusimboti wekuchengetedza mutengo, kureva, mushure mekunge chiteshi chemagetsi chapedzwa, mari shoma inoshandiswa uye magetsi mazhinji anogadzirwa. Inogona kuyerwa kazhinji nekufungidzira mari yegore rekugadzira magetsi uye kudyara mukuvaka kwechiteshi kuona kuti inguva yakadii iyo mari yakasimwa inogona kudzoserwa. Nekudaro, iyo hydrological uye topographical mamiriro akasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana, uye zvinodiwa nemagetsi zvakare zvakasiyana, saka mutengo wekuvaka nekudyara hazvifanirwe kuganhurwa nehumwe hunhu.
(2) Iyo topographic, geological uye hydrological mamiriro enzvimbo yakasarudzwa anofanirwa kunge ari nani, uye panofanirwa kuve nemikana mukugadzira nekuvaka. Mukuvakwa kwezviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvekuvaka kunofanirwa kunge kuchienderana nemusimboti we "nzvimbo dzenzvimbo" zvakanyanya sezvinobvira.
(3) Nzvimbo yakasarudzwa inodiwa kuti ive pedyo nemagetsi uye nzvimbo yekugadzirisa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira kuderedza kushandiswa kwemagetsi ekufambisa magetsi uye kurasikirwa kwesimba.
(4) Pakusarudza nzvimbo, iyo iripo hydraulic zvimiro zvinofanirwa kushandiswa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Semuenzaniso, kudonha kwemvura kunogona kushandiswa kuvaka chiteshi chemagetsi mugero rekudiridza, kana chiteshi chemagetsi chinogona kuvakwa padyo nedhishi rekudiridza kuti rigadzire magetsi kubva mukuyerera kwekudiridza, zvichingodaro. Nekuti idzi hydropower zvirimwa zvinogona kusangana nemusimboti wekugadzira magetsi kana paine mvura, kukosha kwavo kwehupfumi kunova pachena.
Nguva yekutumira: May-19-2022
