Mphamvu ya Hydropower ndi yosinthira mphamvu ya madzi a mitsinje yachilengedwe kukhala magetsi kuti anthu agwiritse ntchito. Pali magwero osiyanasiyana a mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi, monga mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphamvu yamadzi mumitsinje, ndi mphamvu yamphepo yopangidwa ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya. Mtengo wopangira mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi wotsika mtengo, ndipo kumanga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kungathenso kuphatikizidwa ndi ntchito zina zosungira madzi. Dziko lathu ndi lolemera kwambiri muzinthu zopangira magetsi amadzi ndipo mikhalidwe yake ndi yabwino kwambiri. Mphamvu ya Hydropower imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pomanga chuma cha dziko.
Mulingo wamadzi am'mwamba mwa mtsinjewu ndi wapamwamba kuposa momwe madzi ake akutsikira pansi. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mlingo wa madzi a mtsinje, mphamvu ya madzi imapangidwa. Mphamvu imeneyi imatchedwa mphamvu yotheka kapena mphamvu. Kusiyana kwa kutalika kwa madzi a mtsinje kumatchedwa dontho, amatchedwanso kusiyana kwa mlingo wa madzi kapena mutu wa madzi. Dontho ili ndilofunika kwambiri pakupanga mphamvu ya hydraulic. Kuonjezera apo, kukula kwa mphamvu ya hydraulic kumadaliranso kukula kwa madzi oyenda mumtsinje, womwe ndi chikhalidwe china chofunikira monga dontho. Kutsika ndi kutuluka kumakhudza mwachindunji mphamvu ya hydraulic; kukula kwa voliyumu yamadzi ya dontho, mphamvu yayikulu ya hydraulic; ngati dontho ndi voliyumu ya madzi ndizochepa, kutulutsa kwa hydropower station kumakhala kochepa.
Kutsika kumawonetsedwa mu mita. Gradient ndi chiŵerengero cha dontho ndi mtunda, zomwe zingasonyeze kuchuluka kwa ndende ya dontho. Kutsika kumakhala kokhazikika, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya hydraulic ndikosavuta. Dontho logwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi siteshoni yopangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi kusiyana pakati pa madzi akumtunda kwa siteshoni ya hydropower ndi madzi akunsi kwa mtsinje akadutsa mu turbine.
Kuyenda ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi akuyenda mumtsinje pa nthawi imodzi, ndipo amawonetsedwa mu ma kiyubiki mita mu sekondi imodzi. Kiyubiki mita imodzi ya madzi ndi tani imodzi. Mayendedwe a mtsinje amasintha nthawi ina iliyonse, choncho tikamalankhula za kuyenda kwake, tiyenera kufotokoza nthawi ya malo ake enieni. Kuthamanga kumasintha kwambiri pakapita nthawi. Mitsinje ya m'dziko lathu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi madzi ambiri m'nyengo yamvula m'chilimwe ndi yophukira, ndipo imakhala yochepa kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira ndi masika. Nthawi zambiri, mtsinje umayenda pang'ono kumtunda; Chifukwa cha kusakanikirana kwa mitsinje, kutsika kwamtsinje kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Choncho, ngakhale dontho lakumtunda ndilokhazikika, kutuluka kwake kumakhala kochepa; kutsika kwa mtsinje ndi kwakukulu, koma dontho limabalalika. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zama hydraulic m'katikati mwa mtsinje.
Podziwa kutsika ndi kuyenda komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi hydropower station, zotulutsa zake zitha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi:
N = GQH
Mu formula, N-output, mu kilowatts, imathanso kutchedwa mphamvu;
Q-kuyenda, mu kiyubiki mita pa sekondi;
H - kutsika, mu mita;
G = 9.8 , ndiko kuthamanga kwa mphamvu yokoka, unit: Newton/kg
Malingana ndi ndondomeko yomwe ili pamwambayi, mphamvu yamaganizo imawerengedwa popanda kuchotsa zotayika zilizonse. M'malo mwake, popanga mphamvu yamadzi, ma turbines, zida zotumizira, ma jenereta, ndi zina zambiri, zonse zimataya mphamvu zosapeweka. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yamalingaliro iyenera kuchepetsedwa, ndiko kuti, mphamvu yeniyeni yomwe titha kugwiritsa ntchito iyenera kuchulukitsidwa ndi koyenefiya (chizindikiro: K).
Mphamvu yopangidwa ya jenereta mu siteshoni ya hydropower imatchedwa mphamvu yovotera, ndipo mphamvu yeniyeni imatchedwa mphamvu yeniyeni. M'kati mwa kusintha kwa mphamvu, ndizosapeweka kutaya gawo la mphamvu. Popanga mphamvu yamadzi, ma turbines ndi ma jenereta amatayika makamaka (palinso zotayika pamapaipi). The zomvetsa zosiyanasiyana kumidzi yaying'ono-hydropower siteshoni nkhani pafupifupi 40-50% ya okwana chiphunzitso mphamvu, kotero linanena bungwe la hydropower siteshoni akhoza kwenikweni kugwiritsa ntchito 50-60% ya ongolankhula mphamvu, ndiye kuti dzuwa ndi za 0.5-0.60 (omwe turbine dzuwa ndi 0.70-0.0.85 generator ndi 0.85 generator ndi 0.85 generator 0.85 . mphamvu yamapaipi ndi zida zotumizira ndi 0,80 mpaka 0.85). Chifukwa chake, mphamvu zenizeni (zotulutsa) za malo opangira magetsi amadzi zitha kuwerengedwa motere:
K-kuthekera kwa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, (0.5 ~ 0.6) kumagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera movutikira pa siteshoni yamagetsi ang'onoang'ono; mtengo uwu ukhoza kuphweka motere:
N=(0.5~0.6)QHG Mphamvu zenizeni=kuchita bwino×kuyenda×kutsika×9.8
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya hydropower ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi poyendetsa makina, omwe amatchedwa turbine yamadzi. Mwachitsanzo, gudumu lamadzi lakale m'dziko lathu ndi losavuta kwambiri lamadzi. Ma hydraulic turbines osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano amasinthidwa kuti azigwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya ma hydraulic, kuti athe kuzungulira bwino ndikusintha mphamvu zamadzi kukhala mphamvu zamakina. Makina amtundu wina, jenereta, amalumikizidwa ndi turbine, kotero kuti rotor ya jenereta imazungulira ndi turbine kupanga magetsi. Jenereta ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: gawo lomwe limazungulira ndi turbine ndi gawo lokhazikika la jenereta. Gawo lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi turbine ndikuzungulira limatchedwa rotor ya jenereta, ndipo pali mitengo yambiri ya maginito kuzungulira rotor; bwalo lozungulira rotor ndi gawo lokhazikika la jenereta, lotchedwa stator wa jenereta, ndipo stator imakutidwa ndi zitsulo zambiri zamkuwa. Pamene mizati yambiri ya maginito ya rotor imazungulira pakati pa ma coils amkuwa a stator, pakali pano amapangidwa pa mawaya amkuwa, ndipo jenereta imatembenuza mphamvu yamakina kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi malo opangira magetsi imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamakina (motor magetsi kapena mota), mphamvu yowunikira (nyali yamagetsi), mphamvu yamafuta (ng'anjo yamagetsi) ndi zina zotero ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi.
adapanga gawo la hydropower station
Kapangidwe ka malo opangira mphamvu ya hydropower kumaphatikizapo: zida zama hydraulic, zida zamakina, ndi zida zamagetsi.
(1) Zomangamanga za Hydraulic
Ili ndi ma weir (madamu), zipata zolowera, ngalande (kapena tunnel), akasinja akutsogolo (kapena akasinja owongolera), mapaipi oponderezedwa, nyumba zopangira magetsi ndi michira, ndi zina zambiri.
Dambo (damu) limamangidwa mumtsinje kuti litseke madzi amtsinje ndikukweza pamwamba pamadzi kuti apange dziwe. Mwanjira imeneyi, dontho lokhazikika limapangidwa pakati pa madzi amadzi osungira pamtunda (damu) ndi pamwamba pa mtsinje pansi pa dziwe, ndiyeno madzi amalowetsedwa mu siteshoni yamagetsi yamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mipope yamadzi kapena ngalande. M'mitsinje yotalikirapo, kugwiritsa ntchito ngalande zopatukira kumatha kutsikanso. Mwachitsanzo: Nthawi zambiri, kutsika kwa mtsinje wachilengedwe pa kilomita imodzi ndi 10 metres. Ngati njira yatsegulidwa kumapeto kwa chigawo ichi cha mtsinje kuti adziwe madzi a mitsinje, ngalandeyo idzakumbidwa m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo, ndipo malo otsetsereka a mtsinjewo adzakhala osalala. Ngati dontho mu njira wapangidwa pa kilomita Ingosiya 1 mita, kotero kuti madzi anayenda makilomita 5 mu njira, ndi madzi pamwamba anagwa 5 mamita, pamene madzi anagwa 50 mamita atayenda makilomita 5 mu njira zachilengedwe. Panthawiyi, madzi a mumtsinjewo amabwereranso kumalo opangira magetsi ndi mtsinje ndi chitoliro chamadzi kapena ngalande, ndipo pali dontho lokhazikika la mamita 45 lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga magetsi. Chithunzi 2
Kugwiritsa ntchito ngalande zopatutsira, machubu kapena mapaipi amadzi (monga mapaipi apulasitiki, mapaipi achitsulo, mapaipi a konkire, ndi zina zotero) kuti apange malo opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi otsika kwambiri amatchedwa diversion channel hydropower station, yomwe ndi njira yofananira ndi masiteshoni opangira mphamvu yamadzi.
(2) Zipangizo zamakina ndi zamagetsi
Kuphatikiza pa ntchito zama hydraulic zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa (ma weirs, tchanelo, kutsogolo, mapaipi oponderezana, malo ochitirako misonkhano), malo opangira magetsi amadzi amafunikiranso zida izi:
(1) Zipangizo zamakina
Pali ma turbines, abwanamkubwa, ma valve a zipata, zida zotumizira ndi zida zosapanga.
(2) Zida zamagetsi
Pali ma jenereta, mapanelo owongolera ogawa, ma transfoma ndi mizere yotumizira.
Koma si malo onse ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi omwe ali ndi zida za hydraulic zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa komanso zida zamakina ndi zamagetsi. Ngati mutu wamadzi ndi wochepera 6 metres pamalo opangira mphamvu yamadzi otsika, njira yowongolera madzi ndi njira yotseguka yamadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, ndipo palibe poyambira ndi chitoliro chamadzi opanikizika. Kwa malo opangira magetsi okhala ndi gawo laling'ono lamagetsi ndi mtunda waufupi wotumizira, kutengera mphamvu mwachindunji kumatengedwa ndipo palibe chosinthira chomwe chimafunikira. Malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi okhala ndi madamu safunikira kupanga madamu. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolowera zakuya, mapaipi amkati mwadamu (kapena tunnel) ndi spillways kumathetsa kufunikira kwa zida zama hydraulic monga ma weir, zipata zolowera, ngalande ndi maiwe oponderezedwa.
Kuti mumange malo opangira magetsi amadzi, choyamba, kufufuza mosamala ndi kupanga ntchito ziyenera kuchitika. Pantchito yopangira, pali magawo atatu opangira: kapangidwe koyambirira, kapangidwe kaukadaulo ndi tsatanetsatane wa zomangamanga. Kuti mugwire ntchito yabwino pakupanga mapangidwe, ndikofunikira kuti mugwire ntchito yofufuza mozama, ndiko kuti, kumvetsetsa bwino za chilengedwe komanso zachuma - mwachitsanzo, topografia, geology, hydrology, capital ndi zina zotero. Kulondola ndi kudalirika kwa mapangidwe kungatsimikizidwe pokhapokha mutadziwa bwino zochitikazi ndikuzisanthula.
Zigawo za malo ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi.
3. Kafukufuku wa Topographic
Ubwino wa ntchito yofufuza za topographic umakhudza kwambiri masanjidwe a uinjiniya komanso kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa uinjiniya.
Kufufuza kwa Geological (kumvetsetsa kwa zochitika za geological) kuphatikizapo kumvetsetsa ndi kufufuza za geology ya madzi otsetsereka ndi m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, m'pofunikanso kumvetsetsa ngati maziko a chipinda cha makina ndi olimba, omwe amakhudza mwachindunji chitetezo cha siteshoni yamagetsi yokha. Mphepo yamkuntho yokhala ndi voliyumu yosungiramo madzi ikawonongeka, sizidzangowononga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi okha, komanso kuwononga kwambiri miyoyo ndi katundu kunsi kwa mtsinje.
4. Mayeso a Hydrological
Kwa malo opangira mphamvu yamadzi, zofunikira kwambiri za hydrological ndi zolemba za kuchuluka kwa madzi a mitsinje, mayendedwe, matope, mawonekedwe oundana, zidziwitso zanyengo ndi kafukufuku wazosefukira. Kukula kwa mtsinjewu kumakhudza kamangidwe ka mayendedwe a malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi. Kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa kusefukira kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa damu; matope onyamulidwa ndi mtsinjewo amatha kudzaza mosungiramo zinthu zikavuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, njira yolowera imapangitsa kuti ngalandeyo ikhale pansi, ndipo matope okwera amadutsa mu turbine ndikupangitsa kuti turbine iwonongeke. Chifukwa chake, pomanga malo opangira mphamvu yamadzi akuyenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira cha hydrological.
Choncho, tisanaganize zomanga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, choyamba tiyenera kufufuza momwe chitukuko cha zachuma chikuyendera m'dera lamagetsi ndi kufunikira kwa magetsi m'tsogolomu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, yerekezerani momwe zinthu zilili pamagetsi ena m'dera lachitukuko. Pokhapokha pofufuza ndi kusanthula zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi pomwe tingathe kusankha ngati malo opangira magetsi amadzi ayenera kumangidwa komanso kukula kwake.
Mwambiri, cholinga cha ntchito yofufuza za mphamvu yamadzi ndikupereka zidziwitso zolondola komanso zodalirika zofunika pakukonza ndi kumanga malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi.
5. Zoyenera kuchita pakusankha malo
Zoyenera kusankha malo zitha kufotokozedwa muzinthu zinayi izi:
(1) Malo osankhidwa azitha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamadzi m'njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri ndikutsata mfundo yosunga ndalama, ndiko kuti, malo opangira magetsi akatha, ndalama zochepa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso magetsi ambiri amapangidwa. Nthawi zambiri imatha kuyesedwa poyerekeza ndalama zopangira magetsi pachaka komanso ndalama zomanga siteshoniyi kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe ndalama zomwe mwayika zingabwezedwe. Komabe, mikhalidwe ya hydrological ndi topographical ndi yosiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana, ndipo zosowa zamagetsi ndizosiyana, kotero mtengo womanga ndi ndalama siziyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi zikhalidwe zina.
(2) Maonekedwe a topographic, geological and hydrological situations a malo osankhidwa ayenera kukhala apamwamba, ndipo payenera kukhala zotheka pakupanga ndi kumanga. Pomanga malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomangira kuyenera kukhala motsatira mfundo za "zida zam'deralo" momwe zingathere.
(3) Malo osankhidwa akuyenera kukhala pafupi ndi malo opangira magetsi ndi kukonza momwe angathere kuti achepetse ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zida zotumizira mphamvu ndi kutaya mphamvu.
(4) Posankha malo, ma hydraulic omwe alipo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito momwe angathere. Mwachitsanzo, dontho la madzi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi mumthirira, kapena malo opangira magetsi amadzi akhoza kumangidwa pafupi ndi dziwe lothirira kuti apange magetsi kuchokera mumtsinje wothirira, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chakuti magetsi opangira madziwa amatha kukwaniritsa mfundo yopangira magetsi pakakhala madzi, kufunika kwawo pazachuma kumawonekera kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-19-2022
