Ma'ajiyar famfo ita ce fasahar da aka fi amfani da ita kuma balagagge a cikin manyan ma'ajiyar makamashi, kuma ikon shigar da tashoshin wutar lantarki zai iya kaiwa gigawatts. A halin yanzu, mafi girma kuma mafi girma da aka girka ma'ajiyar makamashi a duniya ana tura ruwa.
Fasahar ma'ajiya da aka yi famfo ta balaga kuma tana da ƙarfi, tare da fa'idodi masu yawa, kuma galibi ana amfani da ita don ƙa'ida mafi girma da madadin. Ma'ajiyar famfo ita ce fasahar da aka fi amfani da ita kuma balagagge a cikin manyan ma'ajiyar makamashi, kuma ikon shigar da tashoshin wutar lantarki zai iya kaiwa gigawatts.
Bisa kididdigar da kwamitin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tanadin makamashi na ƙungiyar masu binciken makamashi ta kasar Sin suka yi, an nuna cewa, a halin yanzu, ruwan famfo ya zama mafi girma kuma mafi girma da aka shigar da makamashi a duniya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, karfin aikin ajiyar makamashi na duniya ya kai kilowatt miliyan 180, kuma karfin da aka girka na makamashin da ake zubawa ya wuce kilowatt miliyan 170, wanda ya kai kashi 94% na adadin makamashin da ake samu a duniya.
Tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su na amfani da wutar lantarkin da ake samarwa a lokacin ƙarancin nauyi na tsarin wutar lantarki don fitar da ruwa zuwa wani wuri mai tsayi don adanawa, da kuma sakin ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki a lokacin lokutan nauyi. Lokacin da nauyin ya yi ƙasa, tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da ita ita ce mai amfani; lokacin da kaya ya yi girma, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki.
Rukunin ma'ajiyar famfo yana da ayyuka na asali guda biyu: famfo ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Naúrar tana aiki azaman injin turbin ruwa lokacin da nauyin tsarin wutar lantarki ya kai kololuwar sa. Ana gyara buɗe buɗaɗɗen jagorar injin turbin ruwa ta hanyar tsarin gwamna, kuma yuwuwar makamashin ruwa yana jujjuya zuwa injin injin jujjuyawar naúrar, sa'an nan kuma ƙarfin injin ya canza zuwa makamashin lantarki ta hanyar janareta;
Lokacin da nauyin tsarin wutar lantarki ya yi ƙasa, ana amfani da famfo na ruwa don fitar da ruwa daga ƙananan tafki zuwa babban tafki. Ta hanyar daidaitawa ta atomatik na tsarin gwamna, ana gyara buɗewar jagorar vane ta atomatik bisa ga ɗaga famfo, kuma ana canza wutar lantarki zuwa makamashi mai yuwuwar ruwa da adanawa. .
Tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su sune ke da alhakin tsarin kololuwa, ƙayyadaddun mita, madadin gaggawa da kuma farawar baƙar fata na tsarin wutar lantarki, wanda zai iya ingantawa da daidaita nauyin tsarin wutar lantarki, inganta ingancin samar da wutar lantarki da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin tsarin wutar lantarki, kuma sune kashin baya don tabbatar da aminci, tattalin arziki da kwanciyar hankali na grid ɗin wutar lantarki. . Tushen wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su ana san su da “stabilizers”, “masu daidaitawa” da “masu daidaitawa” a cikin amintaccen aikin grid ɗin wutar lantarki.
Hanyoyin ci gaba na tashoshin wutar lantarki na duniya da aka yi amfani da su shine babban kai, babban ƙarfin aiki da sauri. Babban kai yana nufin cewa naúrar ta haɓaka zuwa babban kai, babban iya aiki yana nufin cewa ƙarfin ɗayan ɗayan yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa, kuma babban gudu yana nufin cewa naúrar ta ɗauki takamaiman takamaiman gudu.
Tsarin tashar wutar lantarki da halaye
Babban gine-gine na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su gabaɗaya sun haɗa da: tafki na sama, ƙananan tafki, tsarin samar da ruwa, taron bita da sauran gine-gine na musamman. Idan aka kwatanta da tashoshin wutar lantarki na al'ada, tsarin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa na tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su suna da manyan halaye masu zuwa:
Akwai tafki na sama da na ƙasa. Idan aka kwatanta da tashoshin wutar lantarki na al'ada tare da ƙarfin shigar iri ɗaya, ƙarfin tafki na tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka ɗora akan famfo yawanci kaɗan ne.
Matsayin ruwa na tafki yana jujjuyawa sosai kuma yana tashi da faɗuwa akai-akai. Domin gudanar da aikin kololuwar shaving da kwarin cika a cikin wutar lantarki, da kullum bambancin da tafki ruwa matakin na famfo ikon tashar yawanci in mun gwada da girma, gaba ɗaya wuce 10-20 mita, da kuma wasu ikon kai mita 30-40, da kuma kudi na canji na tafki ruwa matakin ne in mun gwada da sauri, ko da 8m/h5m.
Bukatun rigakafin magudanar ruwa sun yi yawa. Idan tashar wutar lantarki mai tsaftar famfo ta haifar da asarar ruwa mai yawa sakamakon tsagewar ruwan sama, wutar lantarkin za ta ragu. Har ila yau, don hana zubar da ruwa daga tabarbarewar yanayin yanayin ruwa a yankin aikin, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa da kuma mayar da hankali, ana kuma sanya buƙatu masu girma a kan rigakafin zubar da ruwa.
Kan ruwa yana da tsayi. Shugaban tashar ajiyar wutar lantarki gabaɗaya yana da tsayi, galibi 200-800 mita. Tashar wutar lantarki ta Jixi mai dauke da wutar lantarki mai karfin kilowatt miliyan 1.8, ita ce aikin sashe na mita 650 na farko a kasata, kuma tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Dunhua mai karfin kilowatt miliyan 1.4, shi ne aikin farko na sashen kan mulki na kasata. Tare da ci gaba da haɓaka fasahar ajiya mai dumama, yawan manyan manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki a ƙasata za su ƙaru.
An shigar da naúrar a ƙaramin tsayi. Domin shawo kan tasirin yunƙuri da ɓarkewar wutar lantarki, manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka gina a gida da waje a cikin 'yan shekarun nan galibi suna ɗaukar nau'ikan wutar lantarki na ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da aka fara amfani da ita a duniya ita ce tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Netra da ke Zurich na kasar Switzerland, wadda aka gina a shekarar 1882. An fara aikin gina tashoshin wutar lantarki a kasar Sin a makare. An shigar da naúrar mai jujjuyawa ta farko a cikin Gangnan Reservoir a cikin 1968. Daga baya, tare da saurin bunƙasa masana'antar makamashi ta cikin gida, ƙarfin da aka shigar na makamashin nukiliya da ƙarfin zafi ya ƙaru cikin sauri, yana buƙatar tsarin wutar lantarki ya kasance sanye take da na'urorin ajiya masu dacewa.
Tun daga shekarun 1980, kasar Sin ta fara aikin gina manyan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki mai dumbin yawa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da saurin bunkasuwar tattalin arzikin kasata da masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki, kasata ta samu nasarori masu amfani a fannin kimiyya da fasaha a fannin sarrafa kayan aikin sarrafa manyan rumfunan ajiya.
Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2020, karfin samar da wutar lantarki da kasata ta yi ya kai kilowatt miliyan 31.49, wanda ya karu da kashi 4.0 bisa na shekarar da ta gabata. A shekarar 2020, karfin samar da wutar lantarki na kasa ya kai biliyan 33.5 kWh, wanda ya karu da kashi 5.0 bisa na shekarar da ta gabata; Sabuwar ƙarar da ƙasar ta yi ta samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya kai miliyan 1.2 kWh. Tashoshin wutar lantarki na ƙasata da ake samarwa da kuma waɗanda ake ginawa sune na farko a duniya.
Kamfanonin Grid na kasar Sin a ko da yaushe suna ba da muhimmanci sosai ga bunkasuwar ma'ajiyar famfo. A halin yanzu, State Grid yana da tashoshin wutar lantarki guda 22 da ke aiki da kuma tashoshin wutar lantarki guda 30 da ake ginawa.
A shekarar 2016, an fara aikin gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda biyar a Zhen'an, Shaanxi, Jurong, Jiangsu, Qingyuan, Liaoning, Xiamen, Fujian, da Fukang na jihar Xinjiang;
A shekarar 2017, an fara aikin gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda shida a gundumar Yi ta Hebei, da Zhirui na Mongoliya ta ciki, da Ninghai na Zhejiang, da Jinyun na Zhejiang, da Luoning na Henan da Pingjiang na Hunan;
A shekarar 2019, an fara aikin gina tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyar a Funing a Hebei, Jiaohe a Jilin, Qujiang a Zhejiang, Weifang a Shandong, da Hami a Xinjiang;
A shekarar 2020, za a fara ginin tashoshin wutar lantarki guda hudu a Shanxi Yuanqu, Shanxi Hunyuan, Zhejiang Pan'an, da Shandong Tai'an Phase II.
tashar wutar lantarki ta farko ta ƙasata tare da cikakken kayan aikin naúrar mai cin gashin kanta. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011, an kammala aikin samar da wutar lantarki cikin nasara, lamarin da ke nuni da cewa kasata ta yi nasarar ƙware a ainihin fasahar samar da na'urorin adana kayan aiki.
A cikin Afrilu 2013, Fujian Xianyou Pumped Storage Power Station aka fara aiki bisa hukuma don samar da wutar lantarki; A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2016, Zhejiang Xianju ya yi nasarar haɗa tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin kilowatt 375,000 zuwa tashar wutar lantarki. Na'urorin sarrafa sarrafa manyan rumbun ajiyar famfo a cikin ƙasata sun shahara kuma suna ci gaba da amfani da su.
tashar wutar lantarki ta farko ta ƙasata mai tsawon mita 700. Adadin da aka shigar shine kilowatt miliyan 1.4. A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2021, an fara aiki da Unit 1 don samar da wutar lantarki.
A halin yanzu ana kan gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai dumbin yawa a duniya. Adadin da aka shigar shine kilowatt miliyan 3.6.
Ajiye famfo yana da halaye na asali, cikakke kuma na jama'a. Yana iya shiga cikin sabis na ƙa'ida na sabon tushen tsarin wutar lantarki, hanyar sadarwa, kaya da haɗin haɗin ajiya, kuma cikakkun fa'idodin sun fi mahimmanci. Yana ɗaukar tsarin wutar lantarki amintaccen mai samar da wutar lantarki, tsabtace ƙananan ma'aunin carbon da ingantaccen aiki Muhimmin aikin mai gudanarwa mai gudana.
Na farko shi ne don magance rashin ingantaccen ƙarfin ajiyar wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin shigar sabon makamashi mai yawa. Tare da fa'idar ƙa'idar kololuwar iyawa sau biyu, za mu iya haɓaka babban ƙarfin ikon tsarin ikon tsarin wutar lantarki, da kuma rage matsalar samar da wutar lantarki da ke haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na sabon makamashi da ƙyalli mafi girma ta hanyar trough. Matsalolin amfani da haɓakar haɓakar sabbin makamashi ke haifarwa a cikin wannan lokacin na iya inganta yawan amfani da sabon kuzari.
Na biyu shi ne yadda ya kamata a magance rashin daidaituwa tsakanin abubuwan fitarwa na sabon makamashi da buƙatun kaya, dogara ga ikon daidaitawa mai sauƙi na saurin amsawa, don mafi dacewa da rashin daidaituwa da rashin daidaituwa na sabon makamashi, da kuma saduwa da buƙatun daidaitawa da aka kawo ta sabon makamashi "dangane da yanayin".
Na uku shine don magance rashin isasshen lokacin rashin aiki na sabon tsarin wutar lantarki mai girma. Tare da fa'idar babban lokacin inertia na janareta na aiki tare, zai iya haɓaka ƙarfin hana ɓarna na tsarin yadda ya kamata kuma ya kiyaye kwanciyar hankali mitar tsarin.
Na huɗu shine don magance tasiri mai tasiri na aminci na nau'i na "biyu-high" akan sabon tsarin wutar lantarki, ɗaukar aikin madadin gaggawa, da amsa buƙatun gyare-gyare kwatsam a kowane lokaci tare da saurin farawa da sauri da sauri. A lokaci guda, a matsayin mai katsewa, yana iya cire nauyin da aka ƙididdigewa na na'urar famfo tare da amsa millisecond, kuma inganta ingantaccen aiki da kwanciyar hankali na tsarin.
Na biyar shi ne a yi aiki yadda ya kamata tare da babban daidaita farashin da babban sikelin sabon grid makamashi kawo. Ta hanyar hanyoyin aiki masu ma'ana, haɗe tare da ƙarfin zafi don rage carbon kuma ƙara haɓaka aiki, rage watsi da iska da haske, inganta haɓaka iya aiki, da inganta tattalin arzikin gabaɗaya da aiki mai tsabta na dukan tsarin.
Ƙarfafa haɓakawa da haɗakar da albarkatun ababen more rayuwa, daidaita aminci, inganci da gudanar da ayyukan ci gaba na ayyukan 30 da ake ginawa, haɓaka aikin injiniyoyi da ƙarfi, sarrafa hankali da daidaitaccen ginin, inganta lokacin gini, da tabbatar da cewa ƙarfin ajiya da aka ɗora zai wuce miliyan 20 a lokacin "Shirin shekaru biyar na 14 na 14". kilowatts, kuma aikin da aka shigar zai wuce kilowatt miliyan 70 nan da 2030.
Na biyu shi ne yin aiki tuƙuru a kan sarrafa abin dogaro. Ƙarfafa jagorar tsare-tsare, mayar da hankali kan manufar "dual carbon" da aiwatar da dabarun kamfanin, ingantaccen shiri na shirin haɓaka "Shekaru Biyar" na 14th don ajiyar famfo. Haɓaka hanyoyin aikin farko na aikin a kimiyance, da ci gaba da nazarin yuwuwar aikin da amincewa cikin tsari. Mayar da hankali kan aminci, inganci, lokacin gini, da farashi, da himma wajen haɓaka ƙwararrun gudanarwa da sarrafawa, ginin injiniyoyi da koren gina ginin injiniya don tabbatar da cewa ayyukan da ake ginawa na iya samun fa'ida da wuri-wuri.
Zurfafa tsarin tafiyar da kayan aiki na rayuwa, zurfafa bincike kan sabis na grid wutar lantarki na raka'a, haɓaka dabarun aiki na raka'a, da cikakken ba da sabis na aminci da kwanciyar hankali na grid ɗin wutar lantarki. Zurfafa gudanarwa mai girma dabam-dabam, hanzarta gina sarkar samar da wayo ta zamani, haɓaka tsarin sarrafa kayan, rarraba jari a kimiyyance, albarkatu, fasaha, bayanai da sauran abubuwan samarwa, haɓaka inganci da inganci, da haɓaka ingantaccen gudanarwa da ingantaccen aiki.
Na uku shine neman ci gaba a cikin sabbin fasahohi. Zurfafa aiwatar da "Sabuwar Tsare Tsare Tsare Gaba" don haɓakar kimiyya da fasaha, haɓaka saka hannun jari a cikin binciken kimiyya, da haɓaka ƙarfin ƙirƙira mai zaman kansa. Haɓaka aikace-aikacen fasaha na naúrar saurin sauri, ƙarfafa bincike na fasaha da haɓaka manyan raka'a masu ƙarfin megawatt 400, hanzarta gina dakunan gwaje-gwajen samfurin famfo-turbine da dakunan gwaje-gwajen kwaikwaiyo, da yin kowane ƙoƙari don gina dandamalin kirkire-kirkire na kimiyya da fasaha mai zaman kansa.
Ƙaddamar da tsarin bincike na kimiyya da rarraba albarkatu, ƙarfafa bincike a kan ainihin fasaha na ajiya mai famfo, kuma kuyi ƙoƙari don shawo kan matsalar fasaha na "manne wuyansa". Zurfafa bincike kan aikace-aikacen sabbin fasahohi kamar "Big Cloud IoT Smart Chain", gabaɗaya tura ginin tashoshin wutar lantarki na dijital, da haɓaka canjin dijital na kamfanoni.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris-07-2022
