Sekuyiminyaka eyi-111 iChina yaqala ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sikagesi i-shilongba, okuyisiteshi sokuqala sokuphehla ugesi ngo-1910. Kule minyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, kusukela emthanjeni ofakiwe wesiteshi sikagesi sase-shilongba esingu-480 kW kuphela kuya ku-370 million KW manje esikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni, imboni yamanzi nogesi yaseShayina yenze impumelelo emangalisayo. Sisembonini yamalahle, futhi sizozwa ezinye izindaba mayelana nokuphehlwa kwamanzi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi, kodwa asinalwazi olutheni ngemboni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
01 umgomo wokuphehla ugesi wamanzi
I-Hydropower empeleni iyinqubo yokuguqula amandla anamandla amanzi abe amandla emishini, bese esuka emandleni ayimishini ibe amandla kagesi. Ngokuvamile, kuwukusebenzisa amanzi omfula agezayo ukuze uvule injini ukuze uphehle ugesi, futhi amandla aqukethwe emfuleni noma engxenyeni yomgodi wawo ancike kumthamo wamanzi nokwehla.
Umthamo wamanzi omfula ulawulwa ngumuntu osemthethweni, futhi ukwehla KULUNGILE. Ngakho-ke, lapho wakha isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ungakhetha ukwakha idamu futhi uchezukise amanzi ukuze agxilise ukwehla, ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi.
Ukwakhiwa kwedamu ukwakha idamu engxenyeni yomfula elineconsi elikhulu, ukusungula indawo yokugcina amanzi futhi kukhuphule izinga lamanzi, njengeSiteshi Sokuphehla Ugesi Wemihosha Emithathu; I-Diversion ibhekisela ekuphambukeni kwamanzi echibini elikhuphuka nomfula ukuya ezansi nomfula ngokusebenzisa umgudu wokuphambukisa, njengesiteshi sikagesi samanzi i-Jinping II.
02 izici zamandla kagesi
Izinzuzo zamandla kagesi ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokuvuselelwa, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu nokuvumelana nezimo, izindleko eziphansi zokunakekela nokunye.
Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuvuselelwa kufanele kube inzuzo enkulu yokuphehlwa kwamanzi. I-Hydropower isebenzisa amandla emanzini kuphela, ayiwadli amanzi, futhi ngeke ibangele ukungcola.
Isethi yejeneretha ye-turbine yamanzi, imishini yamandla eyinhloko yokukhiqiza amandla kagesi, ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi iyaguquguquka ekuqaleni nokusebenza. Ingakwazi ukuqala ukusebenza ngokushesha ukusuka esimweni esimile emizuzwini embalwa futhi iqedele umsebenzi wokukhulisa nokunciphisa umthwalo emizuzwaneni embalwa. Amandla kagesi angasetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokushefa okuphezulu kakhulu, ukushintshanisa imvamisa, ukulinda ukulayisha kanye nokulinda ngengozi kohlelo lwamandla.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi akuwudli uphethiloli, akudingi inqwaba yabasebenzi kanye nezinsiza ezitshalwe ezimayini nasekuthutheni uphethiloli, kunemishini elula, abaqhubi abambalwa, amandla asizayo amancane, impilo ende yokusebenza kwemishini kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokusebenza nezokulungisa. Ngakho-ke, izindleko zokukhiqiza ugesi esiteshini samandla kagesi ziphansi, okuyi-1/5-1/8 kuphela yaleso siteshi samandla ashisayo, futhi izinga lokusebenzisa amandla esiteshi samandla kagesi liphezulu, lifinyelela ngaphezu kwama-85%, kuyilapho ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okushisa okubaselwa ngamalahle esiteshi samandla ashisayo cishe kungama-40%.
Ububi bokuphehlwa ngamanzi ikakhulukazi buhlanganisa ukuthintwa kakhulu isimo sezulu, ukukhawulelwa izimo zezwe, ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ekuqaleni kanye nokulimala kwemvelo.
I-Hydropower ithinteka kakhulu imvula. Ukuthi kusenkathini eyomile kanye nenkathi yemvula kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokuthengwa kwamalahle embonini yamandla ashisayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kuzinzile ngokonyaka nangesifundazwe, kodwa kuya ngokuthi “usuku” luchazwa nini inyanga, ikota kanye nesifunda. Ayikwazi ukunikeza amandla azinzile nathembekile njengamandla ashisayo.
Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kweNingizimu nenyakatho ngenkathi yemvula kanye nenkathi eyomile. Kodwa-ke, ngokwezibalo zokuphehlwa kukagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi enyangeni ngayinye kusukela ngo-2013 kuya ku-2021, sekukonke, inkathi yemvula yaseShayina cishe ngoJuni kuya ku-Okthoba kanti isikhathi esomile cishe ngoDisemba kuya kuFebruwari. Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili ungaba ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, singabona futhi ukuthi ngaphansi kwesizinda sokwandisa umthamo ofakiwe, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-March kulo nyaka kuphansi kakhulu kunalokho eminyakeni edlule, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngo-March kufana nokulingana nalokho ku-2015. Lokhu kwanele ukusivumela ukuba sibone "ukungazinzi" kwamandla kagesi.
Ikhawulelwe yimibandela yenhloso. Iziteshi zikagesi azikwazi ukwakhiwa lapho kunamanzi khona. Ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi kunqunyelwe ngokwesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, ukwehla, izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi, ukufuduka kwezakhamuzi kanye nokwahlukaniswa kokuphatha. Isibonelo, iphrojekthi yokonga amanzi yase-Heishan Gorge okukhulunywe ngayo kuKhongolose Yabantu Kazwelonke ngo-1956 ayizange iphasiswe ngenxa yokungaxhumani kahle kwezintshisekelo phakathi kwe-Gansu ne-Ningxia. Kuze kuphinde kuvele esiphakamisweni salezi zikhathi ezimbili kulo nyaka, akwaziwa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kuzoqala nini.
Utshalomali oludingekayo kugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi lukhulu. Imisebenzi ye-earth rock kanye ne-concrete yokwakha iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi mikhulu, futhi izindleko ezinkulu zokuhlaliswa kabusha kufanele kukhokhwe; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala akubonakali nje kuphela emalini, kodwa futhi nangesikhathi. Ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlaliswa kabusha kanye nokuxhumana kweminyango eyahlukene, umjikelezo wokwakhiwa kweziteshi eziningi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi uzobambezeleka kakhulu kunalokho obekuhleliwe.
Sithatha i-Baihetan Hydropower Station esakhiwa njengesibonelo, le phrojekthi yaqalwa ngo-1958 futhi yafakwa “eluhlelweni lweminyaka emihlanu lwesithathu” ngo-1965. Nokho, ngemva kokusonteka okuningana, ayizange iqalwe ngokusemthethweni kwaze kwaba ngu-August 2011. Kuze kube manje, i-Baihetan Hydropower Station ayikakaqedwa. Ngaphandle kokuklama nokuhlela kokuqala, umjikelezo wokwakha wangempela uzothatha okungenani iminyaka eyi-10.
Amadamu amakhulu adala ukugcwala okukhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme zedamu, kwesinye isikhathi acekele phansi izindawo eziphansi, izigodi zemifula, amahlathi kanye nezindawo ezinotshani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izophinde ithinte i-ecosystem yasemanzini ezungeze isitshalo. Inomthelela omkhulu ezinhlanzi, izinyoni zasemanzini nezinye izilwane.
03 isimo samanje sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi e-China
Eminyakeni yakamuva, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi kuye kwagcina ukukhula, kodwa izinga lokukhula eminyakeni emihlanu yakamuva liphansi
Ngo-2020, amandla okukhiqiza ugesi wamanzi angu-1355.21 kWh, nokunyuka konyaka ngo-3.9%. Nokho, ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweminyaka Emihlanu, amandla omoya kanye ne-Optoelectronics athuthuke ngokushesha ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweminyaka Eyi-13, kweqa izinhloso zokuhlela, kuyilapho ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi waqeda cishe uhhafu wezinjongo zokuhlela. Eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, ingxenye yamandla kagesi esiphehlweni sikagesi iphelele ibilokhu izinzile, igcinwe iku-14% - 19%.
Ngokwezinga lokukhula kokuphehlwa kukagesi waseShayina, kuyabonakala ukuthi izinga lokukhula kwamandla kagesi lehlile eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, eligcinwe licishe libe ngama-5%.
Ngicabanga ukuthi izizathu zokwehla kokwehla, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvalwa kwamandla kagesi amancane, okuvezwe ngokucacile ohlelweni lwe-13 lweminyaka emihlanu lokuvikela nokulungisa imvelo. Kuneziteshi zikagesi ezincane ezingama-4705 ezidinga ukulungiswa futhi zihoxiswe esiFundazweni saseSichuan kuphela;
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinsiza ezinkulu zaseShayina zokuthuthukisa ugesi ngamanzi azanele. I-China yakhe iziteshi eziningi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi njengemihosha emithathu, iGezhouba, iWudongde, iXiangjiaba neBaihetan. Izinsiza zokwakha kabusha iziteshi ezinkulu zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi zingaba kuphela “ijika elikhulu” lomfula i-Yarlung Zangbo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi isifunda sibandakanya ukwakheka komhlaba, ukulawulwa kwemvelo kweziqiwi zemvelo kanye nobudlelwano namazwe azungezile, bekunzima ukukuxazulula ngaphambili.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kungabonakala futhi ngesilinganiso sokukhula kokuphehlwa kwamandla eminyakeni engama-20 yakamuva ukuthi izinga lokukhula kwamandla ashisayo livumelaniswa ngokuyisisekelo nezinga lokukhula lokuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi, kuyilapho izinga lokukhula kwamandla kagesi alinamsebenzi nezinga lokukhula lokuphehlwa kwamandla aphelele, okubonisa isimo “sokukhuphuka njalo ngemva konyaka”. Nakuba kunezizathu zengxenye ephezulu yamandla ashisayo, kukhombisa nokuntengantenga kwamandla kagesi ngezinga elithile.
Enqubweni yokunciphisa ingxenye yamandla ashisayo, amandla kagesi awazange adlale indima enkulu. Nakuba ikhula ngokushesha, ingagcina kuphela ingxenye yayo esiphelele sokuphehlwa kukagesi ngaphansi kwesizinda sokwanda okukhulu kokuphehlwa kukagesi kazwelonke. Ukuncipha kwenani lamandla ashisayo kubangelwa ikakhulukazi eminye imithombo yamandla ahlanzekile, njengamandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, igesi yemvelo, amandla enuzi nokunye.
Ukugxiliswa okweqile kwezinsiza zikagesi wamanzi
Isamba sokuphehlwa kukagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ezifundazweni zaseSichuan naseYunnan sithatha cishe isigamu sokuphehlwa kukagesi kuzwelonke, futhi inkinga ewumphumela ukuthi izindawo ezinothile ngemithombo kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi zingase zingakwazi ukumunca ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngamanzi, okuholela ekumoshweni kwamandla. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamanzi angcolile kanye nogesi emifuleni emikhulu eShayina zivela esiFundazweni saseSichuan, afinyelela ku-20.2 kWh, kuyilapho ugesi ongaphezu kwesigamu wemfucuza esifundazweni saseSichuan uvela emfuleni omkhulu woMfula iDadu.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ugesi waseChina uthuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule. I-China icishe yaqhuba ukukhula kwamandla kagesi emhlabeni wonke ngamandla ayo. Cishe amaphesenti angama-80 okukhula kokusetshenziswa kukagesi ngamanzi emhlabeni wonke avela e-China, kanti ukusetshenziswa kukagesi wase-China kwenza ngaphezu kwama-30% okusetshenziswa kukagesi ngamanzi emhlabeni jikelele.
Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yamandla amakhulu kangaka asetshenziswa ngamanzi engqikithini yokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuyisisekelo e-China ingaphezudlwana nje kwesilinganiso somhlaba, ingaphansi kuka-8% ngo-2019. Ngisho noma ingaqhathaniswa namazwe athuthukile njengeCanada neNorway, ingxenye yokusetshenziswa kukagesi ngamanzi iphansi kakhulu kunaleyo yaseBrazil, nayo eyizwe elisathuthuka. I-China inama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-680 wezinsiza zikagesi ngamanzi, ikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni. Ngo-2020, umthamo ofakiwe wamandla kagesi azoba ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-370. Ngokwalokhu kubuka, imboni kagesi yaseChina isenayo indawo enkulu yokuthuthukiswa.
04 inkambiso yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo kagesi wamanzi eChina
Amandla kagesi azosheshisa ukukhula kwawo eminyakeni embalwa ezayo futhi azoqhubeka nokukhula esilinganisweni sokuphehlwa kukagesi usuwonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweminyaka Engu-14, amandla kagesi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50 angafakwa e-China, okuhlanganisa i-Wudongde, i-Baihetan Hydropower Stations yeqembu le-Three Gorges kanye nezindawo ezimaphakathi nesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi sase-Yalong River. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphrojekthi yokuthuthukisa ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula i-Yarlung Zangbo ifakiwe ohlelweni lwe-14 lweminyaka emihlanu, olunamakhilowathi ayizigidi ezingama-70 wezinsiza ezisebenzisekayo ngokobuchwepheshe, okulingana neziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ezingaphezu kwezintathu ze-Three Gorges, okusho ukuthi ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi usephinde waletha intuthuko enkulu futhi;
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuncishiswa kwesikali samandla ashisayo kubonakala kubikezelwa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokombono wokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuphepha kwamandla kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe, amandla okushisa azoqhubeka nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwawo emkhakheni wamandla.
Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, ijubane lokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi angeke liqhathaniswe nelamandla amasha. Ngisho nasesilinganisweni sokuphehlwa kukagesi okuphelele, kungase kudlulwe abantu abafika kamuva bamandla amasha. Uma isikhathi siqhubeka, kungashiwo ukuthi kuzothathwa amandla amasha.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-12-2022
