I-turbine yamanzi iwuhlobo lwemishini yophephela emshinini owuketshezi. Cishe ngonyaka we-100 BC, i-prototype ye-turbine yamanzi - i-turbine yamanzi iye yazalwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi oyinhloko kwakuwukushayela imishini yokucubungula okusanhlamvu nokunisela. I-turbine yamanzi, njengomshini osetshenziswa ukugeleza kwamanzi, ithuthukile yaba yi-turbine yamanzi yamanje, futhi ububanzi bayo bokusebenza nabo bandisiwe. Khona-ke zisetshenziswa kuphi izinjini zamanzi zesimanje ngokuyinhloko?
I-turbine yamanzi isetshenziswa kakhulu esiteshini samandla esipompa. Uma umthwalo wesistimu kagesi uphansi kunomthwalo oyisisekelo, ungasetshenziswa njengephampu yamanzi ukuze usebenzise amandla angaphezu kwamandla okukhiqiza amandla ukumpompa amanzi ukusuka edamini elingaphansi komfula ukuya endaweni engaphezulu nokugcina amandla ngendlela yamandla angaba khona; Uma umthwalo wesistimu ungaphezulu komthwalo wesisekelo, ungasetshenziswa njenge-turbine yamanzi ukuze ukhiqize ugesi ukulungisa umthwalo ophezulu. Ngakho-ke, isiteshi samandla esigciniwe esimpontshwa esimsulwa asikwazi ukukhulisa amandla esistimu yamandla, kodwa singathuthukisa umnotho wokusebenza wamayunithi okukhiqiza amandla ashisayo futhi sithuthukise ukusebenza kahle jikelele kwesistimu yamandla. Kusukela ngawo-1950s, izindawo zokugcina ezimpontshwayo zaziswa kabanzi futhi zathuthukiswa ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke.
Amayunithi okugcina ampontshiwe athuthukiswe ekuqaleni noma anekhanda lamanzi aphezulu ngokuvamile asebenzisa uhlobo lwemishini emithathu, okungukuthi, akhiwe ngenjini ekhiqiza ugesi, i-turbine yamanzi kanye nephampu yamanzi ngochungechunge. Inzuzo yayo ukuthi i-turbine yamanzi kanye nepompo yamanzi kuklanywe ngokuhlukana, okungaba nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, futhi isiqondiso sokujikeleza kweyunithi siyafana lapho kukhiqizwa nokupompa, okungashintshwa ngokushesha kusuka ekukhiqizeni amandla kuya ekupompeni, noma kusukela ekupompeni kuya ekukhiqizeni amandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-turbine ingasetshenziswa ukuqala iyunithi. Ububi bayo yizindleko eziphezulu kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu esiteshini sikagesi.
Ama-blades we-inclined flow pump turbine runner angajikeleza futhi abe nokusebenza okuhle kokusebenza lapho ikhanda lamanzi nomthwalo kushintsha. Kodwa-ke, inqunyelwe izici ze-hydraulic namandla wezinto ezibonakalayo, ikhanda layo eliphezulu lamanzi laliyi-136.2m kuphela ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 (isiteshi samandla se-Kogen No. 1 eJapane). Kumakhanda amanzi aphakeme, ama-turbine epompo kaFrancis ayadingeka.
Isiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwayo sifakwe amadamu aphezulu naphansi. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokugcina amandla afanayo, ukwandisa ikhanda kunganciphisa umthamo wokugcina, ukwandisa isivinini seyunithi futhi kunciphise izindleko zephrojekthi. Ngakho-ke, iziteshi zamandla zokugcina amandla aphezulu angaphezu kwamamitha angu-300 zikhula ngokushesha. I-Francis pump turbine enekhanda eliphezulu kakhulu lamanzi emhlabeni ifakwe esiteshini samandla e-beinabashta eYugoslavia. Amandla ayo eyunithi eyodwa angu-315 MW kanti inhloko yamanzi ye-turbine ingamamitha angu-600.3; Iphampu inekhanda elingu-623.1m kanye nesivinini esijikelezayo esingu-428.6 R / min. yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1977. Kusukela ngekhulu lama-20, amayunithi kagesi wamanzi abelokhu ethuthukela emazingeni aphezulu kanye namandla amakhulu. Ngokukhula kwamandla omlilo ohlelweni lwamandla kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla enuzi, ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokushefa okuphezulu okunengqondo, amazwe emhlabeni wonke akha ngenkuthalo iziteshi zamandla ezigcina amanzi ezimpontshwa ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa noma ukwandisa ngamandla iziteshi zamandla amakhulu ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zamanzi. Ngakho-ke, ama-turbine amaphampu athuthuke ngokushesha.
Njengomshini wamandla oguqula amandla okugeleza kwamanzi abe amandla ashintshayo, i-turbine yamanzi iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kusethi yejeneretha ye-turbine yamanzi. Namuhla, inkinga yokuvikelwa kwemvelo iya ngokuya iba nkulu kakhulu. I-Hydropower, indlela yokukhiqiza amandla esebenzisa amandla ahlanzekile, ikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo nokukhuthazwa. Ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele izinsiza ezihlukahlukene zama-hydraulic, amagagasi, imifula ethafeni enethonsi eliphansi ngisho namagagasi nawo ahehe ukunaka okusabalele, okuholele ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwama-turbine amashubhu namanye amayunithi amancane.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-06-2022
