Sele kudlule iminyaka eli-111 ukusukela oko iTshayina yaqala ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo samandla ombane saseShilongba, isikhululo samandla ombane sokuqala ngo-1910. Kule minyaka ingaphezulu kwe-100, ishishini lamanzi nombane laseTshayina lenze impumelelo ephawulekayo ukusuka kumandla afakiweyo esikhululo samandla ombane saseShilongba angama-480kw ukuya kwi-370 yezigidi ze-KW, esikwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi. Sikwishishini lamalahle, kwaye siza kuva iindaba malunga namandla ombane ombane, kodwa asazi okuninzi malunga neshishini lamandla ombane ombane.
Namhlanje, masiqonde ngokufutshane amandla ombane avela emanzini ngokwemigaqo kunye neempawu zamandla ombane avela emanzini kunye nemeko yangoku kunye nomkhwa wophuhliso lwamandla ombane avela emanzini eTshayina.
01 umgaqo wokuvelisa umbane wamanzi
Enyanisweni, amandla ombane ngamanzi yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla anokubakho amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini, aze emva koko abe ngamandla oomatshini abe ngamandla ombane. Ngokubanzi, kukusebenzisa amanzi omlambo ahambayo ukuguqula injini ukuze kuveliswe umbane, kwaye amandla aqulethwe emlanjeni okanye kwicandelo elithile lesitya sawo axhomekeke kumthamo wamanzi kunye nokuwa kwawo.
Umthamo wamanzi omlambo awulawulwa ngumntu osemthethweni, kwaye ukuhla kwamanzi kulungile. Ke ngoko, xa kusakhiwa izitishi zamanzi, ukwakhiwa kwamadama kunye nokuphambuka kwawo kunokukhethwa ukuze kugxilwe ukuhla kwamanzi, ukuze kuphuculwe izinga lokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi.
Ukwakha idama kwindawo efikelelekayo enethontsi elikhulu, ukuseka idama lokugcina amanzi nokuphakamisa umgangatho wamanzi, njengeSitishi sikagesi iThree Gorges; Ukuguqulwa kubhekisa ekuguqulweni kwamanzi ukusuka kwidama elingaphezulu ukuya kwicala elisezantsi ngomjelo wokuguqula amanzi, njengesitishi sikagesi iJinping II.
Iimpawu ze-02 zamandla ombane ngamanzi
Iingenelo zombane ophuma emanzini ziquka ukhuseleko kunye nokuhlaziywa kwendalo, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuguquguquka, iindleko eziphantsi zokulungisa njalo njalo.
Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokuvuselelwa kufanele kube yeyona nzuzo inkulu yamandla ombane asetyenziswa ngamanzi. Amandla ombane asebenzisa amandla afumaneka emanzini kuphela, awasebenzisi manzi, kwaye awayi kubangela ungcoliseko.
Iseti yejenereyitha yeturbine yamanzi, isixhobo esiphambili sokuvelisa umbane ngamanzi, ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa ikwaguquguquka ekuqaliseni nasekusebenzeni. Ingaqala ngokukhawuleza ukusebenza ukusuka kwimeko engashukumiyo kwimizuzu embalwa kwaye igqibezele umsebenzi wokunyusa umthwalo kunye nokunciphisa kwimizuzwana embalwa. Umbane we-hydro ungasetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokucheba ngokukhawuleza, ukuguquguquka kwamaza, ukulinda umthwalo kunye nokulinda ngengozi kwenkqubo yombane.
Ukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi akudli mafutha, akudingi basebenzi abaninzi kunye nezakhiwo ezityalwe kwimigodi nasekuthuthweni kwamafutha, kunezixhobo ezilula, kukho abasebenzi abambalwa, kukho amandla ancedisayo amancinci, ixesha elide lenkonzo yezixhobo kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokusebenza nokugcinwa, ngoko ke iindleko zokuvelisa umbane zesikhululo samandla ngamanzi ziphantsi, yi-1/5-1/8 kuphela yesikhululo samandla obushushu, kwaye izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla lesikhululo samandla ngamanzi liphezulu, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-85%, Ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu kwezikhululo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle yi-40% kuphela.
Izinto ezingalunganga ngombane wamanzi ziquka impembelelo enkulu yemozulu, ethintelwe ziimeko zejografi, utyalo-mali olukhulu kwinqanaba lokuqala kunye nomonakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Umbane ophuma emanzini uchatshazelwa kakhulu yimvula. Nokuba kusekwixesha elomileyo nelimanzi yinto ebalulekileyo ekubhekiseleni kuyo ekufumaneni amandla amalahle kwizityalo ezisebenzisa ubushushu. Ukuveliswa kombane ophuma emanzini kuzinzile ngokonyaka kunye nephondo, kodwa kuxhomekeke "kusuku" xa luchazwa ngokwenyanga, ikota kunye nommandla. Akunakubonelela ngamandla azinzileyo nanokuthenjwa njengamandla obushushu.
Kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi koMzantsi nomntla ngexesha lemvula nexesha elomileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwezibalo zokuveliswa kwamandla emvula ngenyanga nganye ukususela ngo-2013 ukuya ku-2021, iyonke, ixesha lemvula laseTshayina limalunga noJuni ukuya ku-Okthobha kwaye ixesha elomileyo limalunga noDisemba ukuya kuFebruwari. Umahluko ekuvelisweni kwamandla phakathi kwezi zimbini unokuphindwa kabini. Kwangaxeshanye, sinokubona ukuba phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwanda kwamandla afakiweyo, ukuveliswa kwamandla ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuMatshi kulo nyaka kuphantsi kakhulu kunakwiminyaka edlulileyo, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla ngoMatshi kuyafana noko ngo-2015. Oku kwanele ukusibonisa "ukungazinzi" kwamandla emvula.
Ukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi rhoqo ngenyanga ukususela ngo-2013 ukuya ku-2021 (100 yezigidi kwh)
Ilinganiselwe ziimeko ezichanekileyo. Izitishi zamandla ombane azinakwakhiwa apho kukho amanzi. I-Geology, ukuhla, isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi, ukufuduka kwabemi kunye nolwahlulo lolawulo konke kuthintela ukwakhiwa kwesitishi samandla ombane. Umzekelo, iprojekthi yokugcina amanzi eHeishan Gorge ekhankanyiweyo kwiNational People's Congress ngo-1956 ayikapasiswa ngenxa yokungalingani kakuhle kwezilangazelelo phakathi kweGansu neNingxia. Kude kube ngulo nyaka, yabonakala kwakhona kwisiphakamiso seeseshoni ezimbini, ukuba ukwakhiwa kungaqalwa nini, akwaziwa.
Utyalo-mali olufunekayo kumbane wamanzi lukhulu. Imisebenzi yamatye nomhlaba kunye nekhonkrithi yokwakha izitishi zamanzi inkulu, kwaye kufuneka kuhlawulwe iindleko ezinkulu zokuhlaliswa kwakhona; Ngaphezu koko, utyalo-mali lwasekuqaleni alubonakali nje kuphela kwimali, kodwa nakwixesha. Ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlaliswa kwakhona kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamasebe ahlukeneyo, umjikelo wokwakha izitishi ezininzi zamanzi uza kulibaziseka kakhulu kunokuba bekucwangcisiwe.
Xa sijonga iSitishi sikagesi samanzi saseBaihetan njengomzekelo, le projekthi yaqalwa ngo-1958 yaza yabandakanywa "kwisicwangciso sesithathu seminyaka emihlanu" ngo-1965. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokutshintshatshintsha okuliqela, ayizange iqalwe ngokusesikweni de kwaba ngu-Agasti 2011. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iSitishi sikagesi samanzi saseBaihetan asikagqitywa. Ngaphandle kocwangciso loyilo lokuqala, umjikelo wokwakha wokwenyani uza kuthatha ubuncinci iminyaka eli-10.
Amadama amakhulu abangela ukugcwala okukhulu kwiindawo eziphezulu zedama, ngamanye amaxesha onakalise iindawo ezisezantsi, iintlambo zemilambo, amahlathi kunye neendawo ezinengca. Kwangaxeshanye, kuya kuchaphazela nenkqubo yendalo yasemanzini ejikeleze isityalo. Inempembelelo enkulu kwiintlanzi, iintaka zasemanzini nakwezinye izilwanyana.
Imeko yangoku yophuhliso lwamandla ombane ngamanzi eTshayina 03
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi kuye kwaqhubeka nokukhula, kodwa izinga lokukhula kwiminyaka emihlanu yakutshanje liphantsi
Ngowama-2020, amandla okuvelisa umbane ngamanzi aza kuba yi-1355.21 yeebhiliyoni kwh, kunye nokunyuka konyaka kwe-3.9%. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu ye-13, amandla omoya kunye ne-Optoelectronics zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu ye-13, zidlula iinjongo zokucwangcisa, ngelixa umbane ngamanzi ugqibe malunga nesiqingatha seenjongo zokucwangcisa. Kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, umlinganiselo wamandla ngamanzi kwimveliso iyonke yombane uzinzile, ugcinwe kwi-14% - 19%.
Ngokwezinga lokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla eTshayina, kubonakala ukuba izinga lokukhula kwamandla e-hydropower liye lehla kwiminyaka emihlanu yakutshanje, ngokusisiseko ligcinwe malunga ne-5%.
Ndicinga ukuba izizathu zokuncipha komthamo, kwelinye icala, kukuvalwa kwamandla ombane amancinci, okukhankanyiweyo ngokucacileyo kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu se-13 sokukhusela nokulungisa okusingqongileyo. Kukho izikhululo zamandla amancinci ezingama-4705 ekufuneka zilungiswe kwaye zirhoxiswe kwiPhondo laseSichuan kuphela;
Kwelinye icala, iTshayina ayinazo izixhobo zophuhliso lwamandla ombane amakhulu. ITshayina yakhe izikhululo ezininzi zamandla ombane ezifana neThree Gorges, iGezhouba, iWudongde, iXiangjiaba kunye neBaihetan. Izixhobo zokwakhiwa kwakhona kwezikhululo zamandla ombane amakhulu zisenokuba “yigophe elikhulu” loMlambo iYarlung Zangbo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba lo mmandla ubandakanya ulwakhiwo lwejoloji, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo lweendawo zokugcina indalo kunye nobudlelwane namazwe angqongileyo, bekunzima ukukusombulula ngaphambili.
Kwangaxeshanye, kunokubonwa nakwizinga lokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla kwiminyaka engama-20 yakutshanje ukuba izinga lokukhula kwamandla obushushu lihambelana ngokusisiseko nezinga lokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla iyonke, ngelixa izinga lokukhula kwamandla ombane angaphantsi komhlaba lingahambelani nezinga lokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla iyonke, nto leyo ebonisa imeko "yokunyuka rhoqo emva konyaka". Nangona kukho izizathu zomlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla obushushu, ikwabonakalisa ukungazinzi kwamandla ombane ukuya kwinqanaba elithile.
Ukukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla
Ngokuphathelele umlinganiselo wokuveliswa kwamandla, sinokubona ukuba nangona ishishini lombane wamanzi liphuhlile ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla ngamanzi ngo-2020 kuphindwe kahlanu kunango-2001, umlinganiselo wokuveliswa kwamandla iyonke awutshintshanga kakhulu.
Kwinkqubo yokunciphisa umlinganiselo wamandla obushushu, amandla ombane angaphantsi komhlaba awadlalanga ndima ingako. Nangona ekhula ngokukhawuleza, anokugcina umlinganiselo wawo kuphela kwimveliso iyonke yamandla phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwanda okukhulu kokuveliswa kwamandla kazwelonke. Ukuncipha komlinganiselo wamandla obushushu kungenxa yeminye imithombo yamandla acocekileyo, njengamandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, igesi yendalo, amandla enyukliya, njl.
Uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lwezixhobo zamanzi
Ukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi kwiphondo laseSichuan naseYunnan kumalunga nesiqingatha sokuveliswa kombane ngamanzi kuzwelonke, kwaye ingxaki ebangelwa yiyo kukuba iindawo ezityebileyo kwimithombo yombane ngamanzi zisenokungakwazi ukufunxa ukuveliswa kombane ngamanzi kwindawo leyo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kusetyenziswe amandla amdaka. Isibini kwisithathu samanzi amdaka kunye nombane kwiingingqi ezinkulu zemilambo eTshayina zivela kwiPhondo laseSichuan, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20.2 yeebhiliyoni kwh, kwaye ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sombane omdaka kwiphondo laseSichuan uvela kumlambo oyintloko woMlambo iDadu.
Ehlabathini lonke, umbane wamanzi waseTshayina ukhule ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka eli-10 edlulileyo. ITshayina iphantse yaqhuba ukukhula kombane wamanzi wehlabathi. Phantse i-80% yokukhula kokusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi wehlabathi ivela eTshayina, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi waseTshayina kungaphezulu kwe-30% yokusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi wehlabathi.
Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwamandla angaphantsi komhlaba kwinani elipheleleyo lamandla aphambili aseTshayina uphezulu kancinci kunomndilili wehlabathi, ungaphantsi kwe-8% ngo-2019. Nokuba awuthelekiswa namazwe aphuhlileyo afana neKhanada neNorway, umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwamandla angaphantsi komhlaba uphantsi kakhulu kunoweBrazil, ilizwe elisaphuhlayo. ITshayina inee-kilowatts ezingama-680 ezigidi zezixhobo zamandla angaphantsi komhlaba, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi. Ngo-2020, umthamo ofakiweyo wamandla angaphantsi komhlaba uya kuba yi-kilowatts ezingama-370 ezigidi. Ngokwale mbono, ishishini lamandla angaphantsi komhlaba laseTshayina lisenendawo enkulu yophuhliso.
04 Inkqubela phambili yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lwamandla ombane eTshayina
Amandla ombane aphuma emanzini aza kukhawulezisa ukukhula kwawo kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo kwaye aza kuqhubeka nokwanda kwinani lokuveliswa kombane iyonke.
Kwelinye icala, ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-14, ii-kilowatts ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 zamandla ombane anokusetyenziswa eTshayina, kuquka iZitishi zamanzi zaseWudongde naseBaihetan zeqela leeGorges ezintathu kunye neendawo eziphakathi zesitishi samandla ombane saseYalong River. Ngaphezu koko, iprojekthi yophuhliso lwamandla ombane kwiindawo ezisezantsi zoMlambo iYarlung Zangbo ifakiwe kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu se-14, esinee-kilowatts ezingama-70 ezigidi zezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngobuchwephesha, ezilingana nezikhululo zamanzi ezingaphezu kwezintathu zeThree Gorges, Oku kuthetha ukuba amandla ombane aya kuzisa uphuhliso olukhulu kwakhona;
Kwelinye icala, ukuncitshiswa kwamandla obushushu kuyacaca ukuba kuyaqikelelwa. Nokuba kukwicala lokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko lwamandla kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, amandla obushushu aya kuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwawo kwicandelo lamandla.
Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, isantya sophuhliso lwamandla ombane angaphantsi komhlaba asinakuthelekiswa neso samandla amatsha. Nokuba kumlinganiselo wokuveliswa kwamandla apheleleyo, unokubekwa kwinqanaba labafika emva kwexesha lamandla amatsha. Ukuba ixesha liyanda, kunokuthiwa liza kudlulwa ngamandla amatsha.
ULiu Shiyu, umlawuli wesebe locwangciso lweGeneral Electric Power Planning Institute, uqikelela ukuba ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-14, amandla afakiweyo ombane omtsha eTshayina aya kudlula i-800 yezigidi ze-KW, ebalelwa kwi-29%; Ukuveliswa kwamandla ngonyaka kufikelela kwi-1.5 trillion kwh, kudlule amandla aphuma emanzini.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-14-2022
