Papita zaka 111 kuchokera pamene China inayamba kumanga siteshoni yamagetsi ya Shilongba, yomwe inali siteshoni yoyamba yamagetsi yamadzi mu 1910. M'zaka zoposa 100 izi, makampani amadzi ndi magetsi ku China apanga zinthu zodabwitsa kuyambira mphamvu yamagetsi ya Shilongba yokwana 480kw yokha mpaka 370 miliyoni KW, yomwe ili pamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. Tili mumakampani opanga malasha, ndipo tidzamva nkhani zina zokhudza magetsi amadzi, koma sitikudziwa zambiri zokhudza makampani opanga magetsi amadzi.
Lero, tiyeni timvetse mwachidule mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kuchokera ku mfundo ndi makhalidwe a mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi momwe zinthu zilili panopa komanso momwe chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi chikupitira ku China.
01 mfundo yopanga mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi
Ndipotu, mphamvu ya madzi ndi njira yosinthira mphamvu yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'madzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina, kenako kuchokera ku mphamvu yamakina kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Kawirikawiri, ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi oyenda mumtsinje kuti asinthe mota kuti ipange mphamvu, ndipo mphamvu yomwe ili mumtsinje kapena gawo la beseni lake imadalira kuchuluka ndi kutsika kwa madzi.
Kuchuluka kwa madzi mumtsinje sikulamulidwa ndi munthu wovomerezeka, ndipo kutsika kwake kuli bwino. Chifukwa chake, pomanga malo opangira magetsi, kumanga madamu ndi kusinthasintha kumatha kusankhidwa kuti kukhale kokwanira kutsika, kuti kuwonjezere kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kumanga madamu ndi kumanga damu pamalo omwe madzi amadontha kwambiri, kukhazikitsa dziwe losungira madzi ndikukweza madzi, monga Three Gorges Hydropower Station; Kupatuka kumatanthauza kupatuka kwa madzi kuchokera ku dziwe lakumtunda kupita ku mtsinje wotsikira kudzera mu njira yopatuka, monga Jinping II hydropower station.
02 makhalidwe a mphamvu ya madzi
Ubwino wa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi makamaka ndi kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kukonzanso, kugwira ntchito bwino komanso kusinthasintha, ndalama zochepa zokonzera ndi zina zotero.
Kuteteza chilengedwe ndi mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso ziyenera kukhala phindu lalikulu la mphamvu ya madzi. Mphamvu ya madzi imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zili m'madzi zokha, siigwiritsa ntchito madzi, ndipo siidzayambitsa kuipitsa chilengedwe.
Seti ya jenereta ya turbine yamadzi, yomwe ndi chipangizo chachikulu chamagetsi opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, sikuti imangogwira ntchito bwino, komanso imasintha kuyambika ndikugwira ntchito. Imatha kuyambitsa ntchito mwachangu kuchokera pamalo osasinthika mumphindi zochepa ndikumaliza ntchito yowonjezera ndikuchepetsa katundu mumphindi zochepa. Mphamvu yamadzi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kugwira ntchito zometa tsitsi mozama, kusintha ma frequency, kuyimirira katundu komanso kuyimirira mwangozi kwa makina amagetsi.
Kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi sikuwononga mafuta, sikufunikira anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito komanso malo osungiramo mafuta, kuli ndi zida zosavuta, kuli ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa, mphamvu zochepa zothandizira, nthawi yayitali yogwiritsira ntchito zida komanso ndalama zochepa zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza, kotero mtengo wopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi wotsika, ndi 1/5-1/8 yokha ya mtengo wa magetsi opangira magetsi, ndipo mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi yokwera, mpaka 85%, mphamvu yamagetsi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito malasha ndi pafupifupi 40%.
Zoyipa za magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi zimaphatikizapo kukhudzidwa kwakukulu ndi nyengo, kuchepa kwa malo, ndalama zambiri zomwe zimayikidwa pachiyambi komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mvula. Kaya ndi nthawi yachilimwe komanso yamvula ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupeza mphamvu ya malasha ku malo opangira magetsi otentha. Kupanga mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi kumakhala kokhazikika malinga ndi chaka ndi chigawo, koma kumadalira "tsiku" lomwe lafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mwezi, kotala ndi chigawo. Silingapereke mphamvu yokhazikika komanso yodalirika monga mphamvu yamagetsi.
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Kum'mwera ndi Kumpoto mu nyengo yamvula ndi nyengo youma. Komabe, malinga ndi ziwerengero za kupanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi mwezi uliwonse kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2021, nthawi yonse yamvula ku China imakhala pafupifupi Juni mpaka Okutobala ndipo nyengo youma imakhala pafupifupi Disembala mpaka Febuluwale. Kusiyana kwa kupanga magetsi pakati pa awiriwa kumatha kuwirikiza kawiri. Nthawi yomweyo, titha kuwonanso kuti chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zayikidwa, kupanga magetsi kuyambira Januwale mpaka Marichi chaka chino ndikotsika kwambiri kuposa zaka zam'mbuyomu, ndipo kupanga magetsi mu Marichi ndikofanana ndi mu 2015. Izi ndizokwanira kuti tiwone "kusakhazikika" kwa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi.
Kupanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi mwezi uliwonse kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2021 (100 miliyoni kwh)
Zochepa chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yeniyeni. Malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi sangamangidwe komwe kuli madzi. Geology, dontho, liwiro la madzi, kusamuka kwa okhalamo komanso ngakhale kugawa kwa oyang'anira zonse zimaletsa kumanga malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi. Mwachitsanzo, pulojekiti yosamalira madzi ya Heishan Gorge yomwe idatchulidwa ku National People's Congress mu 1956 sinavomerezedwe chifukwa cha kusagwirizana bwino kwa zofuna pakati pa Gansu ndi Ningxia. Mpaka chaka chino, idawonekeranso mu lingaliro la magawo awiriwa, Pamene ntchito yomanga ingayambe sichikudziwikabe.
Ndalama zomwe zimafunika pa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi zambiri. Ntchito za miyala ndi konkire zomangira malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi zazikulu, ndipo ndalama zambiri zomangira anthu ziyenera kulipidwa; Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zoyambirira sizimangowonetsedwa ndi ndalama zokha, komanso nthawi. Chifukwa cha kufunika kokhazikitsa malo atsopano komanso kugwirizanitsa madipatimenti osiyanasiyana, nthawi yomanga malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi idzachedwa kwambiri kuposa momwe idakonzedwera.
Potengera siteshoni yamagetsi ya Baihetan yomwe ikumangidwa mwachitsanzo, ntchitoyi idayambitsidwa mu 1958 ndipo idaphatikizidwa mu "dongosolo lachitatu la zaka zisanu" mu 1965. Komabe, pambuyo pa kusintha kangapo, sinayambike mwalamulo mpaka mu Ogasiti 2011. Mpaka pano, siteshoni yamagetsi ya Baihetan sinamalizidwe. Kupatula kukonzekera koyambirira kwa mapulani, nthawi yeniyeni yomanga itenga zaka zosachepera 10.
Madziwe akuluakulu amadzi amachititsa kuti madzi ambiri alowe m'malo okwera a damu, nthawi zina amawononga malo otsika, zigwa za mitsinje, nkhalango ndi malo odyetserako udzu. Nthawi yomweyo, zimakhudzanso zachilengedwe zam'madzi zozungulira chomeracho. Zimakhudza kwambiri nsomba, mbalame zam'madzi ndi nyama zina.
03 momwe zinthu zilili panopa pakukula kwa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kwapitiriza kukula, koma kuchuluka kwa magetsi m'zaka zisanu zapitazi n'kotsika
Mu 2020, mphamvu yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi idzakhala 1355.21 biliyoni kwh, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi chaka kwa 3.9%. Komabe, mu nthawi ya Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 13, mphamvu ya mphepo ndi ma Optoelectronics zinakula mofulumira mu nthawi ya Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 13, kupitirira zolinga zokonzekera, pomwe mphamvu yopangira madzi inangomaliza pafupifupi theka la zolinga zokonzekera. M'zaka 20 zapitazi, gawo la mphamvu yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi lakhala lokhazikika, losungidwa pa 14% - 19%.
Kuchokera pa kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi ku China, zitha kuwoneka kuti kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi m'madzi kwachepa m'zaka zisanu zapitazi, makamaka pa 5%.
Ndikuganiza kuti zifukwa zomwe zapangitsa kuti magetsi achepe, kumbali imodzi, ndi kutsekedwa kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi, komwe kwatchulidwa momveka bwino mu dongosolo la zaka zisanu la 13 loteteza ndikukonzanso chilengedwe. Pali malo okwana 4705 opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi omwe akufunika kukonzedwa ndikuchotsedwa mu Sichuan Province yokha;
Kumbali ina, China ilibe zinthu zambiri zopangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi. China yamanga malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi monga Three Gorges, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba ndi Baihetan. Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanganso malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi zitha kukhala "khoma lalikulu" la Mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo. Komabe, chifukwa derali limakhudza kapangidwe ka nthaka, kuwongolera zachilengedwe ndi ubale ndi mayiko ozungulira, zakhala zovuta kuthetsa kale.
Nthawi yomweyo, zitha kuwonekanso kuchokera ku kukula kwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi m'zaka 20 zapitazi kuti kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi kumayenderana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zonse, pomwe kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi sikukhudzana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zonse, zomwe zikuwonetsa momwe "zimakwera chaka chilichonse". Ngakhale pali zifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zamagetsi zikhale zambiri, zimasonyezanso kusakhazikika kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi pamlingo winawake.
Kukula kwa kupanga magetsi
Ponena za kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe apangidwa, titha kuwonanso kuti ngakhale kuti makampani opanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi apita patsogolo mofulumira m'zaka 20 zapitazi, ndipo kupanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi mu 2020 kuli kasanu kuposa mu 2001, kuchuluka kwa magetsi onse omwe apangidwa sikunasinthe kwambiri.
Pakuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya kutentha, mphamvu ya madzi sinagwire ntchito yayikulu. Ngakhale ikukula mofulumira, imatha kusunga kuchuluka kwake kokha mu mphamvu yonse yopanga mphamvu pansi pa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya dziko lonse. Kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya kutentha kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha magwero ena oyera a mphamvu, monga mphamvu ya mphepo, photovoltaic, gasi wachilengedwe, mphamvu ya nyukiliya, ndi zina zotero.
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi m'madzi
Mphamvu yonse yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi m'zigawo za Sichuan ndi Yunnan imapanga pafupifupi theka la mphamvu yonse yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi m'dziko lonselo, ndipo vuto lomwe limabwera chifukwa chake ndilakuti madera omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito madzi mwina sangayamwe mphamvu yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi m'deralo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ziwonongeke. Magawo awiri mwa atatu a madzi ndi magetsi otayidwa m'mitsinje ikuluikulu ku China amachokera ku Sichuan Province, mpaka 20.2 biliyoni kwh, ndipo magetsi otayidwa oposa theka m'zigawo za Sichuan amachokera ku mtsinje waukulu wa Dadu River.
Padziko lonse lapansi, mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi ku China zakula mofulumira m'zaka 10 zapitazi. China yatsala pang'ono kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi padziko lonse. Pafupifupi 80% ya kukula kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi kumachokera ku China, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi ku China kumaposa 30% ya kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, chiwerengero cha mphamvu zamagetsi zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madzi mu mphamvu zonse zoyambira ku China ndi chokwera pang'ono kuposa avareji yapadziko lonse, yochepera 8% mu 2019. Ngakhale sichingafanane ndi mayiko otukuka monga Canada ndi Norway, chiwerengero cha mphamvu zamagetsi zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi ndi chotsika kwambiri kuposa cha Brazil, dziko lotukuka. China ili ndi ma kilowatts 680 miliyoni a mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Pofika chaka cha 2020, mphamvu zamagetsi zoyikidwa m'madzi zidzakhala ma kilowatts 370 miliyoni. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, makampani opanga magetsi amadzi ku China akadali ndi malo abwino oti apitirire.
04 Mtsogolo mwa chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi ku China
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi idzafulumizitsa kukula kwake m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi ndipo ipitiliza kukwera mu chiŵerengero cha mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi.
Kumbali imodzi, mkati mwa nthawi ya Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 14, ma kilowatts opitilira 50 miliyoni amagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi angagwiritsidwe ntchito ku China, kuphatikiza Malo Opangira Mphamvu ya Madzi a Wudongde ndi Baihetan a gulu la Three Gorges ndi malo apakati a siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi ya Mtsinje wa Yalong. Kuphatikiza apo, pulojekiti yopangira mphamvu yamadzi m'malo otsika a Mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo yaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo la zaka zisanu la 14, yokhala ndi ma kilowatts 70 miliyoni azinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwaukadaulo, zomwe ndizofanana ndi malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi oposa atatu a Three Gorges, Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu yamadzi idzabweretsanso chitukuko chachikulu;
Kumbali ina, kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya kutentha n'kodziwikiratu. Kaya kuchokera pamalingaliro okhudza kuteteza chilengedwe, chitetezo cha mphamvu ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo, mphamvu ya kutentha ipitiliza kuchepetsa kufunika kwake pamunda wamagetsi.
M'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, liwiro la chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi m'madzi silingathe kuyerekezeredwa ndi liwiro la mphamvu zatsopano. Ngakhale mu chiŵerengero cha mphamvu zonse zomwe zimapangidwira, zitha kuwerengedwa ndi omwe afika mochedwa pa mphamvu zatsopano. Ngati nthawiyo ikulitsidwa, tinganene kuti idzagonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu zatsopano.
Liu Shiyu, mkulu wa dipatimenti yokonza mapulani a General Electric Power Planning Institute, akuneneratu kuti mu nthawi ya 14th Five Year Plan, mphamvu yatsopano yokhazikika ku China idzapitirira 800 miliyoni KW, zomwe zikutanthauza 29%; Mphamvu ya pachaka yopanga magetsi ifika 1.5 thililiyoni kwh, kuposa mphamvu yamadzi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-14-2022
