Sekuphele iminyaka eyi-111 selokhu iShayina yaqala ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseShilongba, isiteshi sokuqala sikagesi samanzi ngo-1910. Kule minyaka engaphezu kweyi-100, imboni yamanzi nogesi yaseShayina yenze impumelelo emangalisayo kusukela kumandla afakiwe esiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseShilongba angu-480kw kuphela kuya ku-370 million KW, okuyindawo yokuqala emhlabeni. Sisembonini yamalahle, futhi sizozwa izindaba ezithile mayelana namandla kagesi, kodwa asazi okuningi ngemboni kagesi wamanzi.
Namuhla, ake siqonde kafushane amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi kusukela ezimisweni nasezimfanelweni zamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi kanye nesimo samanje kanye nomkhuba wentuthuko yamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi eShayina.
01 isimiso sokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi
Eqinisweni, amandla kagesi asebenza ngamanzi inqubo yokuguqula amandla angaba khona amanzi abe amandla kagesi, bese kuba amandla kagesi asebenza kusuka kumandla kagesi abe amandla kagesi. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenzisa amanzi omfula agelezayo ukuguqula injini ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi, futhi amandla aqukethwe emfuleni noma engxenyeni yesitsha sawo ancike kumthamo wamanzi kanye nokuwa kwawo.
Umthamo wamanzi womfula awulawulwa ngumuntu osemthethweni, futhi ukwehla kulungile. Ngakho-ke, lapho kwakhiwa iziteshi zamandla kagesi, ukwakhiwa kwamadamu kanye nokuphambukisa kungakhethwa ukuze kugxilwe ukwehla, ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi.
Ukudonsela amanzi ngomsele kuwukwakha idamu endaweni efinyelelekayo enethonsi elikhulu, ukwakha ichibi lokugcina amanzi nokuphakamisa izinga lamanzi, njengeSiteshi sikagesi i-Three Gorges; Ukuphambukisa kubhekisela ekuphambukisweni kwamanzi esuka echibini elingaphezulu komfula aye phansi komfula ngesiteshi sokuphambukisa amanzi, njengesiteshi sikagesi i-Jinping II.
Izici ze-02 zamandla kagesi
Izinzuzo zikagesi wamanzi zifaka phakathi ukuvikelwa nokuvuselelwa kwemvelo, ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nokuguquguquka, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi njalo njalo.
Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuvuselelwa kufanele kube yinzuzo enkulu yamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi. Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amandla atholakala emanzini kuphela, awasebenzisi amanzi, futhi ngeke abangele ukungcola.
Isethi yejenereyitha ye-turbine yamanzi, imishini yamandla eyinhloko yokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi, ayisebenzi kahle nje kuphela, kodwa futhi iguquguquka ukuqala nokusebenza. Ingaqala ngokushesha ukusebenza kusukela esimweni esingaguquki ngemizuzu embalwa futhi iqedele umsebenzi wokwandisa umthwalo nokunciphisa ngemizuzwana embalwa. I-Hydropower ingasetshenziswa ukwenza imisebenzi yokugunda kakhulu, ukushintshashintsha imvamisa, ukulinda umthwalo kanye nokulinda ingozi kwesistimu yamandla.
Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi akudli uphethiloli, akudingi inani elikhulu labasebenzi kanye nezindawo ezitshalwe ezimayini nasekuthuthweni kukaphethiloli, kunemishini elula, opharetha abambalwa, amandla angaphansi angaphansi, impilo ende yemishini kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokusebenza nokugcinwa, ngakho-ke izindleko zokukhiqiza ugesi zesiteshi sikagesi ngamanzi ziphansi, yi-1/5-1/8 kuphela yaleyo yesiteshi sikagesi esishisayo, futhi izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamandla lesiteshi sikagesi ngamanzi liphezulu, lifinyelela ngaphezu kwama-85%, Ukusebenza kahle kokushisa kwezitshalo zikagesi ezisebenzisa amalahle cishe kungama-40%.
Ububi bamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi buhlanganisa kakhulu ithonya elikhulu ngesimo sezulu, elinqunyelwe yizimo zendawo, ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu esigabeni sokuqala kanye nomonakalo endaweni ezungezile.
Amandla kagesi asebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi athintwa kakhulu yimvula. Ukuthi kusesikhathini esomile kanye nesizini yemvula kuyinto ebalulekile yokubhekisela ekuthengweni kwamalahle kagesi ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi ezishisayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi asebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi kuzinzile ngokonyaka kanye nesifundazwe, kodwa kuncike "osukwini" lapho kuchazwe khona enyangeni, ikota kanye nesifunda. Akukwazi ukunikeza amandla azinzile nathembekile njengamandla okushisa.
Kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kweNingizimu nenyakatho ngesikhathi semvula kanye nesomiso. Kodwa-ke, ngokwezibalo zokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi njalo ngenyanga kusukela ngo-2013 kuya ku-2021, sekukonke, isizini yemvula yaseShayina cishe ngoJuni kuya ku-Okthoba kanti isizini yemvula cishe ngoDisemba kuya kuFebhuwari. Umehluko ekukhiqizweni kukagesi phakathi kwalokhu okubili ungaphindaphindwa kabili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, singabona futhi ukuthi ngaphansi kwesizinda sokwanda kwamandla afakiwe, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuMashi kulo nyaka kuphansi kakhulu kunalokho okwenzeka eminyakeni edlule, futhi ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngoMashi kufana ngisho nalokho okwenzeka ngo-2015. Lokhu kwanele ukusenza sibone "ukungazinzi" kukagesi wamanzi.
Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi njalo ngenyanga kusukela ngo-2013 kuya ku-2021 (100 million kwh)
Inqunyelwe yizimo eziqondile. Iziteshi zikagesi wamanzi azikwazi ukwakhiwa lapho kunamanzi khona. I-Geology, ukwehla, ijubane lokugeleza, ukufuduka kwezakhamuzi kanye nokwahlukaniswa kokuphatha konke kuvimbela ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi. Isibonelo, iphrojekthi yokonga amanzi yeHeishan Gorge okukhulunywe ngayo kwiNational People's Congress ngo-1956 ayizange iphasiswe ngenxa yokuxhumana okubi kwezintshisekelo phakathi kweGansu neNingxia. Kuze kube yilo nyaka, kwavela futhi esiphakamisweni semihlangano emibili, lapho ukwakhiwa kungase kuqale khona akukaziwa.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo kugesi wamanzi kukhulu. Imisebenzi yamatshe omhlaba kanye nokhonkolo wokwakhiwa kweziteshi zamanzi kukhulu, futhi izindleko ezinkulu zokuhlala kabusha kufanele zikhokhwe; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwasekuqaleni akubonakali nje kuphela emalini, kodwa futhi nangesikhathi. Ngenxa yesidingo sokuthutha kabusha kanye nokuhlanganiswa kweminyango eyahlukene, umjikelezo wokwakha weziteshi eziningi zamanzi uzobambezeleka kakhulu kunalokho obekuhleliwe.
Uma sibheka iSiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseBaihetan njengesibonelo, iphrojekthi yaqalwa ngo-1958 futhi yafakwa "ohlelweni lwesithathu lweminyaka emihlanu" ngo-1965. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokushintshashintsha okuningana, ayizange iqalwe ngokusemthethweni kwaze kwaba ngu-Agasti 2011. Kuze kube manje, iSiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseBaihetan asikaqedwa. Ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kokuklama kokuqala, umjikelezo wokwakha wangempela uzothatha okungenani iminyaka eyi-10.
Amadamu amakhulu abangela ukugcwala okukhulu ezindaweni eziphezulu zedamu, ngezinye izikhathi kulimaze izindawo eziphansi, izigodi zemifula, amahlathi kanye notshani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuzothinta nemvelo yasemanzini ezungeze isitshalo. Kunomthelela omkhulu ezinhlanzini, ezinhlotsheni zamanzi nakwezinye izilwane.
03 isimo samanje sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi eShayina
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi kuqhubekile nokukhula, kodwa izinga lokukhula eminyakeni emihlanu yamuva liphansi
Ngo-2020, amandla okuphehla ugesi ngamanzi azoba yi-1355.21 billion kwh, kanye nokwenyuka konyaka nonyaka okungu-3.9%. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu lwe-13, amandla omoya kanye ne-Optoelectronics kwathuthuka ngokushesha ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu lwe-13, kwadlula izinhloso zokuhlela, kanti amandla amanzi aqede cishe ingxenye yezinhloso zokuhlela. Eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, isilinganiso samandla amanzi ekuphehleni ugesi okuphelele besizinzile, sigcinwe ku-14% - 19%.
Ngokwezinga lokukhula kokukhiqizwa kukagesi eShayina, kungabonakala ukuthi izinga lokukhula kukagesi wamanzi liye lehla eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, ngokuyisisekelo ligcinwe cishe ku-5%.
Ngicabanga ukuthi izizathu zokwehla kwamandla kagesi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvalwa kwamandla kagesi amancane, okukhulunywa ngakho ngokucacile ohlelweni lweminyaka emihlanu lwe-13 lokuvikela nokulungisa imvelo. Kuneziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezingama-4705 ezidinga ukulungiswa nokuhoxiswa eSifundazweni saseSichuan kuphela;
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iShayina ayinazo izinsiza ezinkulu zokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi. IShayina yakhe iziteshi eziningi zamandla kagesi njengeThree Gorges, iGezhouba, iWudongde, iXiangjiaba kanye neBaihetan. Izinsiza zokwakhiwa kabusha kweziteshi ezinkulu zamandla kagesi zingaba "yigobe elikhulu" loMfula iYarlung Zangbo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi lesi sifunda sihilela isakhiwo sejiyoloji, ukulawulwa kwemvelo kwezindawo zokugcina imvelo kanye nobudlelwano namazwe azungezile, bekulokhu kunzima ukukuxazulula ngaphambili.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kungabonakala futhi esilinganisweni sokukhula kwamandla kagesi eminyakeni engu-20 yamuva nje ukuthi izinga lokukhula kwamandla okushisa lihambisana ngokuyisisekelo nezinga lokukhula kwamandla kagesi aphelele, kuyilapho izinga lokukhula kwamandla kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi lingabalulekile esilinganisweni sokukhula kwamandla kagesi aphelele, okubonisa isimo "sokukhuphuka njalo ngemva konyaka". Nakuba kunezizathu zesilinganiso esiphezulu samandla okushisa, sibonisa nokungazinzi kwamandla kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi ngezinga elithile.
Ukukhula kokukhiqizwa kwamandla
Ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi, singabona futhi ukuthi nakuba imboni yamandla kagesi ithuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi ngo-2020 kuphindwe kahlanu kunango-2001, isilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi sisonke asikashintshi kakhulu.
Enkambisweni yokunciphisa isilinganiso samandla okushisa, amandla okusebenzisa amanzi awazange adlale indima enkulu. Nakuba ekhula ngokushesha, angagcina kuphela isilinganiso sawo ekukhiqizeni amandla okuphelele ngaphansi kwesizinda sokwanda okukhulu kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kazwelonke. Ukwehla kwesilinganiso samandla okushisa kungenxa yeminye imithombo yamandla ahlanzekile, njengamandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, igesi yemvelo, amandla enuzi, njll.
Ukugcwala ngokweqile kwemithombo yamanzi
Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi okuphelele ezifundazweni zaseSichuan naseYunnan kuyingxenye cishe yengxenye yokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi kuzwelonke, futhi inkinga ebangelwa yilokho ukuthi izindawo ezicebile ngemithombo kagesi ngamanzi zingase zingakwazi ukumunca ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kwamanzi endawo, okuholela ekuchithweni kwamandla. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamanzi angcolile kanye nogesi ezigodini ezinkulu zemifula eShayina zivela eSifundazweni saseSichuan, kufika ku-20.2 billion kwh, kanti ngaphezu kwengxenye kagesi ongcolile esifundazweni saseSichuan uvela emfuleni omkhulu woMfula iDadu.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ugesi wamanzi waseShayina uthuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule. IShayina cishe iqhube ukukhula kukagesi wamanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Cishe u-80% wokukhula kokusetshenziswa kukagesi wamanzi emhlabeni wonke uvela eShayina, kanti ukusetshenziswa kukagesi wamanzi waseShayina kungaphezu kuka-30% wokusetshenziswa kukagesi wamanzi emhlabeni jikelele.
Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kukagesi wamanzi okukhulu kangaka ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuqala kweShayina siphezulu kancane kunesilinganiso somhlaba, ngaphansi kuka-8% ngo-2019. Ngisho noma singaqhathaniswa namazwe athuthukile njengeCanada neNorway, isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kukagesi wamanzi siphansi kakhulu kuneseBrazil, izwe elisathuthuka. IShayina inama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-680 emithombo kagesi wamanzi, ebekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni. Ngo-2020, amandla afakiwe kagesi wamanzi azoba ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-370. Kusukela kulokhu, imboni kagesi wamanzi yaseShayina isenendawo enkulu yentuthuko.
04 Umkhuba wesikhathi esizayo wokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi eShayina
Amandla kagesi asebenza ngamanzi azosheshisa ukukhula kwawo eminyakeni embalwa ezayo futhi azoqhubeka nokukhula ngesilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kukagesi okuphelele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi se-14th Five Year Plan, ama-kilowatts angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 kagesi wamanzi angasetshenziswa eShayina, okuhlanganisa ne-Wudongde kanye ne-Baihetan Hydropower Stations zeqembu le-Three Gorges kanye nezindawo eziphakathi nendawo zesiteshi samandla wamanzi soMfula iYalong. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphrojekthi yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla wamanzi ezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula iYarlung Zangbo ifakiwe ohlelweni lweminyaka emihlanu lwe-14, olunama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-70 ezinsizakusebenza ngobuchwepheshe, okulingana neziteshi zamandla wamanzi ezingaphezu kwezintathu ze-Three Gorges, Lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla wamanzi azoletha intuthuko enkulu futhi;
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehla kwesilinganiso samandla okushisa kusobala ukuthi kuyabikezelwa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokombono wokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuphepha kwamandla kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, amandla okushisa azoqhubeka nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwawo ensimini yamandla.
Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, isivinini sokuthuthuka kwamandla kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi asikwazi ukuqhathaniswa nesamandla amasha. Ngisho nangesilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwamandla okuphelele, singase sibekwe ohlwini ngabafika sekwephuzile kwamandla amasha. Uma isikhathi siqhubeka, kungashiwo ukuthi sizodlulwa amandla amasha.
ULiu Shiyu, umqondisi womnyango wokuhlela we-General Electric Power Planning Institute, ubikezela ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi se-14th Five Year Plan, amandla afakiwe wamandla amasha eShayina azodlula i-800 million KW, okubalwa u-29%; Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kwaminyaka yonke kufinyelela ku-1.5 trillion kwh, kudlula amandla angaphansi kwamanzi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-14-2022
