Sekuyiminyaka eyi-111 iChina yaqala ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi i-shilongba, okuyisiteshi sokuqala sokuphehla ugesi ngo-1910. Kule minyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, imboni yamanzi nogesi yaseShayina yenze impumelelo emangalisayo kusukela ekufakweni kwesiteshi sikagesi i-shilongba hydropower esingu-480kw kuya ku-370 million kuphela. KW, ekleliswe kuqala emhlabeni.Sisembonini yamalahle, futhi sizozwa izindaba ezithile mayelana nokuphehlwa kwamanzi, kodwa akukho okuningi esikwaziyo ngemboni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Namuhla, ake siqonde kafushane ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi kusukela kuzimiso nezici zamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi kanye nesimo samanje nokuthuthuka komkhuba wokuphehlwa ngamanzi e-China.
01 umgomo wokuphehla ugesi wamanzi
Eqinisweni, amandla kagesi kuyinqubo yokuguqula amandla anamandla amanzi abe amandla emishini, bese esuka kumandla ayimishini abe amandla kagesi.Ngokuvamile, kuwukusebenzisa amanzi omfula agezayo ukuze uvule injini ukuze uphehle ugesi, futhi amandla aqukethwe emfuleni noma engxenyeni yomgodi wawo ancike kumthamo wamanzi nokwehla.
Umthamo wamanzi omfula ulawulwa ngumuntu osemthethweni, futhi ukwehla KULUNGILE.Ngakho-ke, lapho kwakhiwa iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ukwakhiwa kwamadamu kanye nokuphambukisa kungakhethwa ukuze kugxiliswe ukwehla, ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi.
Ukwakhiwa kwedamu ukwakha idamu lapho kufinyelelwa khona ngethonsi elikhulu, kusungulwe indawo yokugcina amanzi futhi kukhuphule izinga lamanzi, njengeSiteshi Samandla Kagesi Emihosha Emithathu;Ukuphambukisa kubhekisela ekuphambukeni kwamanzi echibini elikhuphuka nomfula ukuya ezansi nomfula ngokusebenzisa umgudu wokuphambukisa, njengesiteshi sikagesi samanzi i-Jinping II.
02 izici zamandla kagesi
Izinzuzo zamandla kagesi ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokuvuselelwa, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu nokuvumelana nezimo, izindleko eziphansi zokunakekela nokunye.
Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuvuselelwa kufanele kube inzuzo enkulu yokuphehlwa kwamanzi.I-Hydropower isebenzisa amandla emanzini kuphela, ayiwadli amanzi, futhi ngeke ibangele ukungcola.
Isethi yejeneretha ye-turbine yamanzi, imishini yamandla eyinhloko yokukhiqiza amandla kagesi, ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi iyaguquguquka ukuze iqale futhi isebenze.Ingakwazi ukuqalisa ngokushesha ukusebenza isuka esimweni esimile emizuzwini embalwa futhi iqedele ukukhuphula umthwalo nokunciphisa umsebenzi emizuzwaneni embalwa.Amandla kagesi angasetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokushefa okuphezulu kakhulu, ukushintshanisa imvamisa, ukulinda ukulayisha kanye nokulinda kwengozi kohlelo lwamandla.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi akuwudli uphethiloli, akudingi inani elikhulu labasebenzi kanye nezinsiza ezitshalwe ezimayini nasekuthuthweni kukaphethiloli, kunemishini elula, ama-opharetha ambalwa, amandla asizayo amancane, impilo ende yesevisi yemishini kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokusebenza nokugcinwa, ngakho-ke amandla izindleko zokukhiqizwa kwesiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ziphansi, yi-1/5-1/8 kuphela yaleso siteshi samandla ashisayo, futhi izinga lokusebenzisa amandla esiteshi samandla kagesi liphezulu, lifinyelela ngaphezu kwama-85%, Ukusebenza kahle okushisayo kwezitshalo zamandla aphehlwa ngamalahle. cishe ama-40% kuphela.
Ububi bokuphehlwa ngamanzi ikakhulukazi buhlanganisa ukuthonya okukhulu kwesimo sezulu, okulinganiselwe izimo zendawo, ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ekuqaleni kanye nokulimala kwemvelo.
I-Hydropower ithintwa kakhulu imvula.Ukuthi kusenkathini eyomile kanye nenkathi yemvula kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokuthengwa kwamalahle ezimbonini zikagesi ezishisayo.Ukuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi kuzinzile ngokonyaka nangesifundazwe, kodwa kuya ngokuthi “usuku” luchazwa nini inyanga, ikota kanye nesifunda.Ayikwazi ukunikeza amandla azinzile nathembekile njengamandla ashisayo.
Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kweNingizimu nenyakatho ngenkathi yemvula kanye nenkathi eyomile.Kodwa-ke, ngokwezibalo zokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi enyangeni ngayinye kusukela ngo-2013 kuya ku-2021, sekukonke, isikhathi esimanzi saseShayina sicishe sibe nguJuni kuya ku-Okthoba kanti isikhathi esomile sisukela ngoDisemba kuya kuFebhuwari.Umehluko ekukhiqizeni amandla phakathi kwalokhu okubili ungaba ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, singabona futhi ukuthi ngaphansi kwesizinda sokwandisa umthamo ofakiwe, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuNdasa kulo nyaka kuphansi kakhulu kunaseminyakeni edlule, futhi ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngoNdasa kufana nalokhu ngo-2015. Lokhu kwanele ukusenza sibone “ukungazinzi” kwamandla kagesi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngenyanga ngayinye kusukela ngo-2013 kuya ku-2021 (izigidi ezingu-100 kwh)
Ikhawulelwe yimibandela yenhloso.Iziteshi zikagesi azikwazi ukwakhiwa lapho kunamanzi khona.Isayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, ukwehla, isivinini sokugeleza kwamanzi, ukufuduka kwezakhamuzi ngisho nokwehlukana kokuphatha konke kubekela imingcele ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.Isibonelo, iphrojekthi yokongiwa kwamanzi yase-Heishan Gorge okukhulunywe ngayo ku-National People's Congress ngo-1956 ayizange iphasiswe ngenxa yokungaxhumani kahle kwezithakazelo phakathi kwe-Gansu ne-Ningxia.Kuze kube kulo nyaka, kwavela futhi esiphakamisweni sezikhathi ezimbili, Lapho ukwakhiwa kungaqala namanje akwaziwa.
Utshalomali oludingekayo kugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi lukhulu.Imisebenzi ye-earth rock kanye ne-concrete yokwakha iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi mikhulu, futhi izindleko ezinkulu zokuhlaliswa kabusha kufanele zikhokhelwe;Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwasekuqaleni akubonakali nje kuphela emalini, kodwa futhi nangesikhathi.Ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlaliswa kabusha kanye nokuxhumana kweminyango eyahlukene, umjikelezo wokwakhiwa kweziteshi eziningi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi uzobambezeleka kakhulu kunalokho obekuhleliwe.
Sithatha i-Baihetan Hydropower Station esakhiwa njengesibonelo, le phrojekthi yaqalwa ngo-1958 futhi yafakwa “eluhlelweni lweminyaka emihlanu lwesithathu” ngo-1965. Nokho, ngemva kokusonteka okuningana, ayizange iqalwe ngokusemthethweni kwaze kwaba ngu-August 2011. Kuze kube manje, I-Baihetan Hydropower Station ayikakaqedwa.Ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kokuklama kokuqala, umjikelezo wokwakha wangempela uzothatha okungenani iminyaka eyi-10.
Amadamu amakhulu adala ukugcwala okukhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme zedamu, kwesinye isikhathi acekele phansi izindawo eziphansi, izigodi zemifula, amahlathi kanye nezindawo ezinotshani.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izophinde ithinte i-ecosystem yasemanzini ezungeze isitshalo.Inomthelela omkhulu ezinhlanzi, izinyoni zasemanzini nezinye izilwane.
03 isimo samanje sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi e-China
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi kuye kwagcina ukukhula, kodwa izinga lokukhula eminyakeni emihlanu yakamuva liphansi
Ngo-2020, amandla okukhiqiza ugesi ngamanzi azoba ngu-1355.21 kWh, nokunyuka konyaka ngo-3.9%.Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweminyaka Emihlanu, amandla omoya kanye ne-Optoelectronics athuthuke ngokushesha ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweminyaka Eyi-13, kweqa izinhloso zokuhlela, kuyilapho ugesi wamanzi waqeda cishe ingxenye yezinhloso zokuhlela.Kule minyaka engama-20 edlule, ingxenye yokuphehlwa kukagesi emanzini ibilokhu izinzile, igcinwe iku-14% - 19%.
Ngokwezinga lokukhula kokuphehlwa kukagesi waseShayina, kuyabonakala ukuthi izinga lokukhula kwamandla kagesi lehlile eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, eligcinwe licishe libe ngama-5%.
Ngicabanga ukuthi izizathu zokwehla kokwehla, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvalwa kwamandla kagesi amancane, okuvezwe ngokucacile ohlelweni lwe-13 lweminyaka emihlanu lokuvikela nokulungisa imvelo.Kuneziteshi zikagesi ezincane ezingama-4705 ezidinga ukulungiswa futhi zihoxiswe esiFundazweni saseSichuan kuphela;
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-China ishoda ngezinsiza ezinkulu zokuthuthukisa ugesi wamanzi.I-China yakhe iziteshi eziningi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi njengeMigobho Emithathu, iGezhouba, iWudongde, iXiangjiaba neBaihetan.Izinsiza zokwakha kabusha iziteshi ezinkulu zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi zingaba kuphela “ijika elikhulu” lomfula i-Yarlung Zangbo.Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi isifunda sihilela ukwakheka komhlaba, ukulawulwa kwemvelo kweziqiwi zemvelo kanye nobudlelwano namazwe azungezile, Bekunzima ukukuxazulula ngaphambili.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kungabonakala futhi ngesilinganiso sokukhula kokuphehlwa kukagesi eminyakeni engama-20 yakamuva ukuthi izinga lokukhula kwamandla ashisayo livumelaniswa ngokuyisisekelo nezinga lokukhula lokuphehlwa kwamandla, kuyilapho izinga lokukhula kwamandla kagesi lingenamsebenzi izinga lokukhula kokuphehlwa kukagesi okuphelele, okubonisa isimo “sokukhuphuka njalo ngemva konyaka”.Nakuba kunezizathu zengxenye ephezulu yamandla ashisayo, kukhombisa nokuntengantenga kwamandla kagesi ngezinga elithile.
Ukukhula kokukhiqizwa kwamandla
Mayelana nenani lokuphehlwa kukagesi, singabona futhi ukuthi nakuba imboni yokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi ithuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, kanti ukuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi ngo-2020 kuphindwe kahlanu kunalokho ngo-2001, isilinganiso sengqikithi yokuphehlwa kukagesi ayikashintshi. ngokuphawulekayo.
Enqubweni yokunciphisa ingxenye yamandla ashisayo, amandla kagesi awazange adlale indima enkulu.Nakuba ikhula ngokushesha, ingagcina kuphela ingxenye yayo esiphelele sokuphehlwa kukagesi ngaphansi kwesizinda sokwanda okukhulu kokuphehlwa kukagesi kazwelonke.Ukwehliswa kwengxenye yamandla ashisayo ikakhulukazi ngenxa yeminye imithombo yamandla ahlanzekile, njengamandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, igesi yemvelo, amandla enuzi, njll.
Ukugxiliswa okweqile kwezinsiza zikagesi wamanzi
Isamba sokuphehlwa kukagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ezifundazweni zaseSichuan naseYunnan sithatha cishe ingxenye yokukhiqizwa kukagesi kuzwelonke, futhi inkinga ewumphumela ukuthi izindawo ezinothile ngemithombo yamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi zingase zingakwazi ukumunca ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngamanzi, okuholela ekumoshweni kwamandla.Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamanzi angcolile kanye nogesi emifuleni emikhulu eShayina ivela esiFundazweni saseSichuan, efinyelela ku-20.2 kWh, kanti ngaphezu kwengxenye kagesi olahlwayo esifundazweni saseSichuan uvela emfuleni omkhulu woMfula iDadu.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ugesi waseChina uthuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule.I-China icishe yaqhuba ukukhula kwamandla kagesi emhlabeni jikelele.Cishe amaphesenti angama-80 okukhula kokusetshenziswa kukagesi ngamanzi emhlabeni wonke avela eShayina, kanti ukusetshenziswa kukagesi waseShayina kubala ngaphezu kwama-30% okusetshenziswa kukagesi ngamanzi emhlabeni jikelele.
Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yalokhu kusetshenziswa kukagesi omkhulu kangaka eChina ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuyisisekelo kungaphezulu kancane kunesilinganiso somhlaba, ngaphansi kuka-8% ngo-2019. Ngisho noma ingafaniswa namazwe athuthukile njengeCanada neNorway, ingxenye yamandla kagesi. ukusetshenziswa kuphansi kakhulu kunaseBrazil, izwe elisathuthuka.I-China inama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-680 wezinsiza zikagesi ngamanzi, ikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni.Ngo-2020, umthamo ofakiwe wamandla kagesi azoba ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-370.Ngokwaleli phuzu, imboni kagesi yaseChina isenayo indawo enkulu yokuthuthuka.
04 inkambiso yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo kagesi wamanzi eChina
Amandla kagesi azosheshisa ukukhula kwawo eminyakeni embalwa ezayo futhi azoqhubeka nokukhula esilinganisweni sokuphehlwa kukagesi usuwonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweminyaka Engu-14, amandla kagesi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 angasebenza e-China, okuhlanganisa i-Wudongde kanye ne-Baihetan Hydropower Stations yeqembu le-Three Gorges kanye nezindawo ezimaphakathi nesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi sase-Yalong River.Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphrojekthi yokuthuthukisa ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula i-Yarlung Zangbo ifakiwe ohlelweni lwe-14 lweminyaka emihlanu, olunama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-70 wezinsiza ezisebenzisekayo ngobuchwepheshe, okulingana neziteshi ezingaphezu kwezintathu zokuphehla ugesi ze-Three Gorges, Lokhu kusho ukuthi ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. izoletha intuthuko enkulu futhi;
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuncishiswa kwesikali samandla ashisayo kubonakala kubikezelwa.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokombono wokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuphepha kwamandla kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe, amandla okushisa azoqhubeka nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwawo emkhakheni wamandla.
Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, isivinini sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi angeke siqhathaniswe nesamandla amasha.Nasesigabeni sokuphehlwa kukagesi okuphelele, kungase kubekwe ohlwini ngabafika kamuva bamandla amasha.Uma isikhathi siqhubeka, kungashiwo ukuthi kuzothathwa amandla amasha.
U-Liu Shiyu, umqondisi womnyango wokuhlela we-General Electric Power Planning Institute, ubikezela ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Yeminyaka Emihlanu, umthamo ofakiwe wamandla amasha eShayina uzodlula izigidi ezingu-800 KW, ezibalelwa ku-29%;Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngonyaka kufinyelela ku-1.5 trillion kwh, ukudlula ugesi wamanzi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-14-2022
